School Choice and the Empowerment Imperative

REFERENCES

• Alexander , M. 2010 . The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness , New York , NY : The New Press .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , W. R. and Jewell , J. O. 1996 . “ The miseducation of Black America: Black education since An American Dilemma ” . In An American dilemma revisited , Edited by: Clayton , O. 169 – 190 . New York , NY : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. D. 1988 . The education of blacks in the south, 1860–1935 , Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Anyon , J. 2005 . Radical possibilities: public policy, urban education, and a new social movement , New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Arons , S. 1989 . “ Educational choice as a civil rights strategy ” . In Public values, private schools , Edited by: Devins , N. E. 63 – 87 . London , , UK : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barnz , D. 2012 . Won't back down [Motion picture] , United States : Walden Media .
   Google Scholar
• Boaz , D. 1991 . “ The public school monopoly: America's Berlin wall ” . In Liberating schools: Education in the inner city , Edited by: Boaz , D. 1 – 49 . Washington , DC : Cato Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Bolick , C. Statement of Clint Bolick, Vice President and Director for Litigation, Institute for Justice . Empowering Success: Flexibility and School Choice. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Education Reform of the Committee on Education and the Workforce , House of Representatives, 107th Congress
   Google Scholar
• Braddock , I I , J. H., Crain , R. L. and McPartland , J. M. 1984 . A long-term view of school desegregation: Some recent studies of graduates as adults . Phi Delta Kappan , 66 : 259 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braddock , J. H. II and McPartland , J. M. 1988 . The social and academic consequences of school desegregation . Equity and Choice , 4 : 5 – 10 . 63 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Buras , K. 2012 . “It's all about the dollars”: Charter schools, educational policy, and the racial market in New Orleans ” . In The assault on public education: Conronting the politics of corporate school reform , 160 – 188 . New York , NY : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burch , P. 2009 . Hidden markets: The new education privatization , New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Bush , G. W. 2009 . President Bush discusses No Child Left Behind Retrieved from http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2009/01/20090108-2.html
   Google Scholar
• Carl , J. 1996 . Unusual allies: Elite and grass-roots origins of parent choice in Milwaukee . Teachers College Record , 98 : 266 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chubb , J. and Moe , T. 1990 . Politics, markets, and America's schools , Washington , DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Clotfelter , C. T. 2004 . After Brown: The rise and retreat of school desegregation , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. and Farrar , E. 1977 . Power to the parents? The story of education vouchers . The Public Interest , 48 : 72 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Dawson , M. 2012 . The future of black politics . The Boston Review , Retrieved from http://www.bostonreview.net/BR37.1/ndf_michael_dawson_black_politics.php
   Google Scholar
• DeBray-Pelot , E. 2006 . Politics, ideology and education: Federal policy during the Clinton and Bush Administrations , New York , NY : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Demarrais , K. 2006 . “The haves and the have mores”: Fueling a conservative ideological war on public education (or tracking the money) . Educational Studies , 39 : 203 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Duggan , L. 2003 . The twilight of equality? Neoliberalism, cultural politics, and the attack on democracy , Boston , MA : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Edsall , T. and Edsall , M. 1992 . Chain reaction: The impact of race, rights and taxes on American politics New York, Norton , NY
   Google Scholar
• Empower America . 2003 . Mission . Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/20030622093625/www.empoweramerica.org/stories/storyReader$2
   Google Scholar
• Empowering success: Flexibility and school choice: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Education Reform of the Committee on Education and the Workforce, House of Representatives, 107th Cong . 2001 .
   Google Scholar
• Empowerment Scholarship Program . 2011 . Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §15–2401 .
   Google Scholar
• Engel , M. 2000 . The struggle for control of public education: Market ideology vs. democratic values , Philadelphia , PA : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Excellent Education for Everyone . n.d. . Retrieved from http://www.nje3.org
   Google Scholar
• Fantini , M. and Gittell , M. 1973 . Decentralization: Achieving reform , New York , NY : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Forman , J. J. 2005 . The secret history of school choice: How progressives got there first . The Georgetown Law Journal , 93 : 1287 – 1319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankenberg , E. and Lee , C. 2002 . Race in American public schools: Rapidly resegregating school districts , Cambridge , MA : The Civil Rights Project, Harvard University .
   Google Scholar
• Frankenberg , E. , Siegel-Hawley , G. and Wang , J. 2010 . Choice without equity: Charter school segregation and the need for civil rights standards , Los Angeles : The Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles at UCLA . Available from http://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu
   Google Scholar
• Ganz , M. 2006 . “Left behind”: Social movements, parties, and the politics of reform , Cambridge , MA : The Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations, Harvard University . Working Paper No. 34
   Google Scholar
• Guggenheim , D. 2010 . Waiting for “Superman” [Motion picture] , United States : Walden Media .
   Google Scholar
• Hacker , J. and Pierson , P. 2010 . Winner-take-all politics: How Washington made the rich richer—and turned its back on the middle class , New York , NY : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , D. 2005 . A brief history of neoliberalism , New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heck , R. H. 2004 . Studying educational and social policy , Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Hemphill , C. 2008 . Parent power and mayoral control: Avenues for parent and community involvement in New York City schools , New York , NY : The Commission on School Governance .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , P. T. , Pierce , L. C. and Guthrie , J. W. 1997 . Reinventing public education: How contracting can transform America's schools , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holt , M. 2000 . Not yet “Free At Last”: The unfinished business of the civil rights movement , Oakland , CA : Institute for Contemporary Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Howe , K. 1994 . Standards, assessment, and euality of educational opportunity . Educational Researcher , 23 ( 8 ) : 27 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Jencks , C. 1966 . Is the public school obsolete? . The Public Interest , 2 : 18 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Jennings , J. 2010 . School choice or schools’ choice? Managing in an era of accountability . Sociology of Education , 83 : 227 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantor , H. and Brenzel , B. 1993 . “ Urban education and the “truly disadvantaged”: The historical roots of the contemporary crisis, 1945–1990 ” . In The “underclass” debate: Views from history , Edited by: Katz , M. 366 – 402 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kluger , R. 1975 . Simple justice , New York , NY : Vintage .
   Google Scholar
• Lacireno-Paquet , N. , Holyoke , T. T. , Moser , M. and Henig , J. R. 2002 . Creaming versus cropping: Charter school enrollment practices in response to market incentives . Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis , 24 : 145 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings , G. 2006 . From the achievement gap to the education debt: Understanding achievement in U.S. schools. . Educational Researcher , 35 ( 7 ) : 3 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Lassiter , M. D. and Davis , A. B. 1998 . “ Massive resistance revisited: Virginia's White moderates and the Byrd Organization ” . In The moderates’ dilemma: Massive resistance to school desegregation in Virginia , Edited by: Lassiter , M. D. and Davis , A. B. 1 – 21 . Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia .
   Google Scholar
• Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights under Law, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, I., National Council for Educating Black Children, National Urban League Rainbow PUSH Coalition, & Schott Foundation for Public Education . 2010 . Framework for providing all students an opportunity to learn through reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act Retrieved January 13, 2011 from http://www.naacpldf.org/files/case_issue/Framework%20for%20Providing%20All%20Students%20an%20Opportunity%20to%20Learn%202.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Linn , R. L. and Welner , K. G. , eds. 2007 . Race-conscious policies for assigning students to schools: Social science research and the Supreme Court cases , Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Education .
   Google Scholar
• Luntz , F. 2010 . The language of choice in education , Alexandria , VA : The Word Doctors .
   Google Scholar
• Mickelson , R. 2005 . “ Are choice, diversity, equity, and excellence possible? Early evidence from post-Swann Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, 2002–2004 ” . In School choice and diversity: What the evidence says , Edited by: Scott , J. 129 – 144 . New York , NY : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moe , T. M. 2001 . Schools, vouchers, and the American public , Washington , DC : Brookings Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , F. H. , Drown , R. , Muir , E. and Meter , N. V. 2001 . “ Public money and privatization in k-12 education ” . In Education finance in the new millenium: AEFA 2001 yearbook , Edited by: Chaikind , S. and Fowler , W. 173 – 190 . Larchmont , NY : Eye on Education, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Oakes , J. 1985 . Keeping track: how schools structure inequality , New Haven , CT : Yale Press .
   Google Scholar
• Obama , B. 2009 . Remarks by the President to the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce on a complete and competitive American education , Washington , DC : The White House Office of the Press Secretary .
   Google Scholar
• Orfield , G. 1996 . Metropolitan school segregation: Impacts on metropolitan society . Minnesota Law Review , 80 ( 743 )
   Google Scholar
• Orfield , G. 2001 . Schools more separate: Consequences of a decade of resegregation , Cambridge , MA : The Civil Rights Project, Harvard University .
   Google Scholar
• Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, 05–908, 426 F. 3d 1162 . 2007 .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , O. 1997 . The ordeal of integration: Progress and resentment in America's “racial” crisis , Washington, D.C. : Civitas .
   Google Scholar
• Pedroni , T. C. 2007 . Market movements: African American involvement in school voucher reform , New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Perlstein , D. 2004 . Justice, justice: School politics and the eclipse of liberalism , New York , NY : Peter Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Reardon , S. and Bischoff , K. 2011 . More unequal and more separate: Growth in the residential segregation of families by income, 1970–2009 , New York , NY : Russell Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Reckhow , S. 2010 . “ Disseminating and legitimating a new approach: The role of foundations ” . In Politics, governance, and the new portfolio models for urban school reform , Edited by: Bulkley , K. , Henig , J. and Levin , H. 277 – 304 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard Education Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rich , A. 2004 . Think tanks, public policy, and the politics of expertise , Cambridge , MA : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , G. 2008 . A battle brews over who controls the schools . Gotham Gazette. , Retrieved from http://old.gothamgazette.com/article/iotw/20080219/200/2433, February 19
   Google Scholar
• Sadovnik , A. R. , O’Day , J. , Borman , K. and Bohrnstedt , G. 2007 . No Child Left Behind and the reduction of the achievement gap: Sociological perspectives on federal educational policy , London , , UK : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• The School Choice Advocate . 2011 . 2011's new programs , 3 – 4 . Indianapolis , IN : The Freidman Foundation for Educational Choice .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , J. 2009 . The politics of venture philanthropy in school choice policy and advocacy . Educational Policy , 23 ( 1 ) : 106 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , J. 2011a . Market-driven education reform and the racial politics of advocacy . Peabody Journal of Education , 86 : 580 – 599 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , J. 2011b . “ School choice as a civil right: The political construction of a claim and its implication for school desegregation ” . In Looking to the Future: Legal and policy options for racially integrated education in the south and the nation , Edited by: Frankenberg , E. and DeBray-Pelot , E. 32 – 51 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , J. 2011c . “ When community control meets educational privatization: The search for empowerment in two urban charter schools ” . In Black educational choice in a climate of school reform: Consequences for K-12 student learning and development , Edited by: Slaughter-Defoe , D. , Stevenson , H. , Arrington , E. , Johnson , D. and Shange , S. 191 – 204 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC-CLIO (Praeger) .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , S. 2001 . The democratic potential of charter schools , Vol. 136 , New York : Peter Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Snider , W. 1989 . Conservatives’ civil-rights agenda puts spotlight on choice . Education Week. , Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/1989/10/11/09090016.h09.html, October 11
   Google Scholar
• Thernstrom , A. and Thernstrom , S. 2003 . No excuses: Closing the racial achievement gap in learning , New York , NY : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Tyack , D. 1974 . The one best system: A history of American urban education , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vanacore , A. 2011 . Opponents of New Orleans school reform gaining ground, supporters . The Times-Picayune , 4 Retrieved from http://mobile.nola.com/advnola/db_/contentdetail.htm?contentguid=wPDKEw06&full=true#display
   Google Scholar
• Walker , V. S. 1996 . Their highest potential: An African American school community in the segregated south , Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wells , A. S. and Crain , R. 1994 . Perpetuation theory and the long-term effects of school desegregation . Review of Educational Research , 64 : 531 – 555 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , A. S. and Crain , R. 1997 . Steppin’ over the color line: African American students in suburban White schools , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wells , A. S. , Lopez , A. , Scott , J. and Jellison-Holme , J. 1999 . Charter schools as postmodern paradox: rethinking stratification in an age of deregulated school choice . Harvard Educational Review , 69 : 172 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , A. S. and Crain , R. 1997 . Steppin’ over the color line: African American students in suburban White schools , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wells , A. S. , Slayton , J. and Scott , J. 2002 . Defining democracy in the neoliberal age: charter school reform and educational consumption . American Education Research Journal , 39 : 337 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilgoren , J. 2000 . Young Blacks turn to school vouchers as civil rights issue , Retrieved October 9, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/09/national/09/VOUC.html
   Google Scholar
• Willie , C. V. , Edwards , R. and Alves , M. J. 2002 . Student diversity, choice, and school improvement , Westport , CT : Bergin and Garvey .
   Google Scholar
• Zehr , M. A. 2011 . New urban playbook: Hand over schools to charter operators . Education Week Online Edition , Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2011/03/21/26detroit.h30.html
   Google Scholar