Dollars to Discriminate: The (Un)intended Consequences of School Vouchers

REFERENCES

• ACLU v. Wisconsin, Complaint to U.S. Department of Justice (. June 7, 2011). . Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/complaint_to_doj_re_milwaukee_voucher_program_final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S. 287 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Americans with Disabilities Act, §§ 12131–12134; 28 C.F.R. 35 et seq.
   Google Scholar
• Apple, M. (1993). Official knowledge: Democratic education in a conservative age. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Arizona Empowerment Scholarship Account, Ariz. Rev. Stat. . §§ 15-2401–15-2404.
   Google Scholar
• Bastian, A. (1990). School choice: Unwrapping the package. In W. Boyd & H Walberg (Eds.), Choice in education: Potential and problems (pp. 177–186). Berkeley, CA: McCutchan Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Bob Jones University v. United States, 461 U.S. 574 (1983).
   Google Scholar
• Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 530 U.S. 640 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Brownstein, A. (1999). Evaluating school voucher programs through a liberty, equality, and free speech matrix. Connecticut Law Review, 31(3), 871–945.
   Google Scholar
• Brumfield v. Dodd, 425 F. Supp. 528 (. E.D. La. 1977).
   Google Scholar
• Brumfield v. Dodd, 2014 WL 3828724 (. E.D. La. 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Brumfield v. Dodd, 806 F. 3d 289 (. 5th Cir. 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Carson Smith Special Needs Scholarship Program, . Utah Code §§ 53A-1a-701–710.
   Google Scholar
• Chubb, J.E., & Moe, T.M. (1990). Politics, markets, & America's schools. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
   Google Scholar
• Cleveland Scholarship and Tutoring Program, . Ohio Rev. Code §§ 3313.975–3313.979.
   Google Scholar
• Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist, 413 U.S. 756 (1973).
   Google Scholar
• Cudahy, T. (1991). Federal statutory requirements for accommodating handicapped students in school choice programs. The University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1991, 293–313.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel, P. (1993). A comprehensive analysis of educational choice: Can the polemic of legal problems be overcome?. DePaul Law Review, 43(1), 1–96.
   Google Scholar
• Eulitt v. Maine Department of Education, 386 F.3d 344 (. 1st Cir. 2004).
   Google Scholar
• First, P. (2006). Researching legal topics from a policy study perspective. In S. Permuth & R. Mawdsley (Ed.), Research methods for studying legal issues in education. Dayton, OH: Education Law Association. No. 72, pp. 131–162
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Georgia Department of Education. (2014). Georgia special needs scholarship program frequently asked questions. . Retrieved from https://www.gadoe.org/External-Affairs-and-Policy/Policy/Documents/SB10%20FAQ%20for%20Parents.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Georgia Special Needs Scholarship, . Ga. Code Ann. §§ 20-2-2110–20-2-2118.
   Google Scholar
• Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430 (1968).
   Google Scholar
• Green v. Kennedy, 309 F. Supp. 1127 (. D.D.C. 1970).
   Google Scholar
• Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 377 U.S. 218 (1964).
   Google Scholar
• Hart v. State of North Carolina, Complaint (. Dec. 11, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Hart v. State of North Carolina, 13 CVS 16771 (. Super. Ct. Div. Aug. 21, 2014). . Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1279134/nc-ruling.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hart v. State of North Carolina, 774 S.E.2d 281 (. N.C. 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Heffner, E. (2014, February 24). Judge's order halts voucher suit. Lincoln-Times News. . Retrieved from http://www.lincolntimesnews.com/2014/02/24/judges-order-halts-voucher-suit/
   Google Scholar
• Indiana Choice Scholarship Program, . Ind. Code § 20-51 et seq.
   Google Scholar
• John M. McKay Scholarship, Fla. Stat. . §§ 1002.39 & 1002.421.
   Google Scholar
• Jon Peterson Special Needs Scholarship Program, Ohio Rev. . Code §§ 3310.41–3310.43.
   Google Scholar
• Kavey, M. (2003). Private voucher schools and the First Amendment right to discriminate. Yale Law Journal, 113(3), 743–784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozol, J. (1991). Savage inequalities: Children in America's schools. New York, NY: Crown Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974).
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J., & Adler, L. (2006). Qualitative research redux: Researching contemporary legal issues concerning education. In S. Permuth & R. Mawdsley (Ed.), Research methods for studying legal issues in education. Dayton, OH: Education Law Association. No. 72, pp. 5–25.
   Google Scholar
• LeFave, J. (2014, Fsebruary 10). Schools differ on LGBT policies. Herald Times, p. A10.
   Google Scholar
• Liebman, J. (1991). Voice, not choice: A review of Politics, Markets, and America's Schools by John Chubb and Terry Moe. Yale Law Journal, 10, 259–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsey Nicole Henry Scholarships for Students with Disabilities, . 70 Okla. Stat. §§ 13-101.1–101.2.
   Google Scholar
• Locke v. Davey, 540 U.S. 712 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Louisiana Const. . art. VIII, § 13.
   Google Scholar
• Louisiana Federation of Teachers v. State, 2013-0120 (La. 5/7/13), 118 So. 3d 1033 (. La. 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Louisiana School Choice Pilot Program for Certain Students with Exceptionalities, La. Rev. Stat. . § 17:4031.
   Google Scholar
• Louisiana Student Scholarship for Educational Excellence Program, La. Rev. Stat. . §§ 17:4011–4025.
   Google Scholar
• Louisiana School Voucher Program Heads to U.S. Appeals Court. (2015, . June 1). The Times Picayune. . Retrieved from http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2015/06/louisiana_school_voucher_appea.html.
   Google Scholar
• Maine Town Tuitioning Program, . 20-A M.R.S.A. § 2951 and § 5204.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, M. (2013). The legal status of school vouchers: The saga continues. Education Law Reporter, 297(1), 655–671.
   Google Scholar
• McKinney, J. (1992). Special education and parental choice: An oxymoron in the making. Education Law Reporter, 76, 667–677.
   Google Scholar
• McKinney, J. (1994). The legal and policy aspects of school district open enrollment plans: Special education law and policy in conflict. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
   Google Scholar
• Mead, J.F. (2012). How legislation and litigation shape school choice. In G. Miron, K. Welner, P.H. Hinchey, & W.J. Mathis (Eds.), Exploring the school choice universe: Evidence and recommendations (pp. 39–64). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Mead, J.F. (2015a). Private in name only: A statutory and constitutional analysis of Milwaukee's private school voucher program. Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice, 21(2), 331–380.
   Google Scholar
• Mead, J.F. (2015b). The right to an education or the right to shop for schooling: Examining voucher programs in relation to state constitutional guarantees. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 42(3), 703–743.
   Google Scholar
• Mickelson, R.A., Bottia, M.C., & Southworth, S. (2012). School choice and segregation by race, ethnicity, class, and achievement. In G. Miron, K. Welner, P.H. Hinchey, & W.J. Mathis (Eds.), Exploring the school choice universe: Evidence and recommendations (pp. 167–192). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Milwaukee Parental Choice Program . (Wis. Stat. § 119.23).
   Google Scholar
• Mississippi Dyslexia Therapy Scholarship for Students with Dyslexia Program . (Miss. Code Ann. §§ 37-173-1–37-173-31).
   Google Scholar
• Moore, D., & Davenport, S. (1990). School choice: The new improved sorting machine. In W. Boyd & H. Walberg (Eds.), Choice in education: Potential and problems (pp. 187–223). Berkeley, CA: McCutchan Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Nate Rogers Scholarship for Students with Disabilities Program, Miss. . Code Ann. §§ 37-175-1–27-175-29.
   Google Scholar
• North Carolina Opportunity Scholarships, . N.C. G.S.A. §§ 115C-562.1–115C-562.7.
   Google Scholar
• North Carolina Special Education Scholarship Grants for Children with Disabilities, . N.C.G.S.A. §§ 115C-112.5–115C-112.9.
   Google Scholar
• Norwood v. Harrison, 413 U.S. 455 (1973).
   Google Scholar
• Ohio Autism Scholarship Program, Ohio Rev. . Code §§ 3310.51–3310.64
   Google Scholar
• Ohio Income Based Scholarship Program, Ohio Rev. . Code §§ 3310.01–3310.17.
   Google Scholar
• Orfield, G., & Frankenberg, E. (Eds.). (2013). Educational delusions? Why choice can deepen inequality and how to make schools fair. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, 551 U.S. 701 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Povich, E. (2013). Tax dollars for private school tuition gain in states. Retrieved from http://www.pewstates.org/projects/stateline/headlines/tax-dollars-for-private school-tuition-gain in states-85899495243
   Google Scholar
• Racine & Wisconsin Parental Choice Programs, Wis. Stat. . § 118.60.
   Google Scholar
• Ravitch, D. (2013). Reign of error: The hoax of the privatization movement and the danger to America's public schools. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts v. United States Jaycees, 468 U.S. 609 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U.S. 160 (1976).
   Google Scholar
• Russo, C. (2006). Legal research: The traditional method. In S. Permuth & R. Mawdsley (Eds.), Research methods for studying legal issues in education. Dayton, OH: Education Law Association. No. 72, pp. 5–25
   Google Scholar
• Schimmel, D. (1996). Research that makes a difference: Complementary methods for examining legal issues in education. Dayton, OH: Education Law Association.
   Google Scholar
• Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, . 29 U.S.C. § 794; 34 C.F.R. 104 et seq.
   Google Scholar
• Severson, K. (2013, January 21). Backed by state money, Georgia scholarships go to schools barring gays. New York Times, p. A16.
   Google Scholar
• Shanker, A., & Rosenberg, B. (1992). Politics, markets, and American schools: A rejoinder. In Kane, P.R. (ed.) Independent schools, independent thinkers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Sher, D. (2013, August 21). School vouchers aren't just bad policy—they’re unpopular, too [Blog post]. ACLU Washington Legislative Office. . Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/blog/religion-belief/school-vouchers-arent-just-bad-policy-theyre-unpopular-too
   Google Scholar
• Stuit, D., & Doan, S. (2013). School choice regulations: Red tape or red herring. Retrieved from http://www.edexcellence.net/publications/red-tape-or-red-herring.html
   Google Scholar
• Superfine, B.M. (2009). The evolving role of the courts in educational policy: The tension between judicial, scientific, and democratic decision-making in Kitzmiller v. Dover. American Educational Research Journal, 46(4), 898–923.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Superfine, B.M. (2010). Court-driven reform and equal educational opportunity: Centralization, decentralization, and the shifting judicial role. Review of Educational Research, 80(1), 108–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Superfine, B.M. (2013). Equality in education law and policy, 1954–2010. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Superfine, B.M., & Goddard, R.D. (2009). The expanding role of the courts in educational policy: The preschool remedy and an adequate education. Teachers College Record, 111(7), 1796–1833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennessee Code Annotated (T.C.A.) § 49-10-1401–49-10-1406 (2016).
   Google Scholar
• Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, . 42 U.S.C 2000d; 28 C.F.R. 42.102 et seq. (1964).
   Google Scholar
• Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, . 20 U.S.C. § 1681 et. seq.; 34 C.F.R. 106.34 et seq.; 71 Federal Reg 65302006).
   Google Scholar
• Underwood, J. (1991a). Choice in education: The Wisconsin experience. Education Law Reporter, 68, 229–239.
   Google Scholar
• Underwood, J. (1991b). School choice and handicapped students. Educational Considerations, 19(1), 51–55.
   Google Scholar
• Underwood, J. (1992). Choice is not a panacea. Education Law Reporter, 71, 599–608.
   Google Scholar
• United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Const. amend. XIV.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights. (2014). Questions and answers on Title IX and sexual violence. . Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/qa-201404-title-ix.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Educational Opportunities Section. (2013, . April 9). Letter from Anurima Bhargava et al. to Tony Evers, State Superintendent, Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. . Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/04_09_13_letter_to_wisconsin_dpi_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Educational Opportunities Section. (2015, December 23). Letter from Colleen Phillips to Tony Evers, State Superintendent, Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. . Retrieved from http://media.jrn.com/documents/DOJ+investigation.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vermont Agency of Education. (2012). Public high school choice. . Retrieved from http://education.vermont.gov/laws/2012/act-129
   Google Scholar
• Vermont Tuition Paying Towns, . 16 V.S.A. §§ 821–822.
   Google Scholar
• Viteritti, J.P. (1999). Choosing equality: School choice, the Constitution, and civil society. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Washington, DC Opportunity Scholarship Program, . DC Code § 38-1851.01 et seq.
   Google Scholar
• Welner, K. (2013). Much ado about politics (and much ignored in research evidence): Analyzing the voucher/desegregation dispute between Gov. Jindal and the US Department of Education. Retrieved from http://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/much-ado
   Google Scholar
• Wong, M. (1993). The implications of school choice for children with disabilities. Yale Law Journal, 103(3), 827–859.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2002).
   Google Scholar