From Subhuman to Human Kind: Implicit Bias, Racial Memory, and Black Males in Schools and Society

References

• Alexander, M. (2012). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York, NY: The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Armour, J. D. (1997). Negrophobia and reasonable racism: The hidden costs of being black in America. New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, D. A. (1980). Brown v. Board of education and the interest-convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93(3), 518–533. doi:10.2307/1340546.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, D. (1993). The racism is permanent thesis: Courageous revelation or unconscious denial of racial genocide. Capital University Law Review, 22, 571–587.
   Google Scholar
• Bhabha, H. (1994). Location of culture. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A. L. (2011). “Same old stories:” The black male in social science and educational literature, 1930s to the present.” Teachers College Record, 113(9), 2047–2079.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, K. R. (1998). The color of crime. New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, W. (1900). The Negro a beast, or in the image of God. St. Louis, MO: American Book and Bible House.
   Google Scholar
• Center for Law and Society. (2010). We dream a world. Retrieved from https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/wedream-a-world-20110104.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, T. K. (2007). Interrogating classroom relationships and events: Using portraiture and critical race theory in education research. Educational Researcher, 36(3), 156–162. doi:10.3102/0013189X07301437.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, K. M. (2011). Discursive positioning in a fifth-grade writing lesson: The making of a “bad, bad boy.” Urban Education, 46(4), 741–785. doi:10.1177/0042085911399339.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, D. B. (2006). Inhuman bondage: The rise and fall of slavery in the new world. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Curry, T. J. (2017). The Man-Not: Race, class, genre, and the dilemmas of Black manhood. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dixson, A. D., & Rousseau, C. K. (2006). Critical race theory in education: All God's children got a song. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Donnor, J. K. (2011). Moving beyond Brown: Race and education after Parents v. Seattle School District No. 1. Teachers College Record, 113(4), 735–754.
   Google Scholar
• Du Bois, W. E. B. (1994). The souls of black folk. New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1904)
   Google Scholar
• Du Bois, W. E. B. (1999). Darkwater: Voices from within the Veil. New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1920)
   Google Scholar
• Dumas, M. J. (2016). My brother as “problem”: Neoliberal governmentality and interventions for Black young men and boys. Educational Policy, 30(1), 94–113. doi:10.1177/0895904815616487.
   Google Scholar
• Dumas, M. J., & Nelson, J. D. (2016). (Re)Imagining Black boyhood: Toward a critical framework for educational research. Harvard Educational Review, 86(1), 27–47. doi:10.17763/0017-8055.86.1.27.
   Google Scholar
• Eberhardt, J. L., Goff, P. A., Purdie, V. J., & Davies, P. G. (2004). Seeing black: Race, crime, and visual processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 876–893. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.876.
   Google Scholar
• Ellison, R. (1994). Invisible man. New York, NY: Quality. (Original work published 1947)
   Google Scholar
• Fanon, F. (1967). Black skin, white masks. New York, NY: Grove Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, A. A. (2001). Bad boys: Public schools in the making of Black masculinity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. New York, NY: Pantheon.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972–1977. New York, NY: Pantheon.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, G. M. (1987). The Black image in the White mind: The debate on Afro-American character and destiny, 1817–1914. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, K. L., & Ray, R. (2015). Why police kill black males with impunity: Applying Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP) to address the determinants of policing behaviors and “justifiable” homicides in the USA. Journal of Urban Health, 93(1), 122–140.
   Google Scholar
• Gilliam, W., Maupin, A., Reyes, C., Accavitti, R., & Shic, F. (2016, September 28). Do early educators' implicit biases regarding sex and race relate to behavior expectations and recommendations of preschool expulsions and suspensions? Retrieved from http://www.occ-cmc.org/stam2016/SessionMaterials/STAMEditedGilliam_10_11_16_508C.
   Google Scholar
• Goff, P. A., Eberhardt, J. L., Williams, M. J., & Jackson, M. C. (2008). Not yet human: Implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 292–306. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292.
   Google Scholar
• Goff, P. A., Jackson, M. C., Di Leone, B. A. L., Culotta, C. M., & DiTomasso, N. A. (2014). The essence of innocence: Consequences of dehumanizing Black children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(4), 526–545. doi:10.1037/a0035663.
   Google Scholar
• Golden, T. (1994). My brother. In T. Golden (Ed.), Black male: Representations of masculinity in contemporary American art (pp. 19–43). New York, NY: Whitney Museum of Art.
   Google Scholar
• Hacking, I. (1995). The looping effects of human kinds. In D. Sperber, D. Premack, & A. J. Premack (Eds.), Causal cognition: A multidisciplinary approach (pp. 351–394). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hannerz, U. (1970). The significance of soul. In R. Rainwater (Ed.), Soul (pp.15–30). New York, NY: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Harry, B., & Anderson, M. G. (1994). The disproportionate placement of African American males in special education programs: A critique of the process. The Journal of Negro Education, 63(4), 602–619. doi:10.2307/2967298.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, T. C. (2013). Black male(d): Peril and promise in the education of African American males. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, W. D. (1968). White over black: American attitudes toward the Negro, 1550–1812. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, I. (1969/1970). Educating the disadvantaged. New York, NY: AMS.
   Google Scholar
• Keil, C. (1977). The expressive Black male role: The bluesman. In D. Wilkinson, & R. Taylor (Eds.), The Black male in America: Perspectives on his status in contemporary society (pp. 60–84). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Kochman (1972). Rappin' and stylin' out: Communication in urban America. Chicago: University of Illinois.
   Google Scholar
• Kunesh, C. E., & Noltemeyer, A. (2015). Understanding disciplinary disproportionality: Stereotypes shape pre-service teachers' beliefs about Black boys' behavior. Urban Education. doi:10.1177/0042085915623337.
   Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education. Teachers College Record, 97(1), 47–68.
   Google Scholar
• Leibow, E. (1967). Tally's corner: A study of Negro streetcorner men. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, C. (2003). Reducing overrepresentation of African American males in special education: The role of school social workers. Race, Gender & Class, 10(2), 71–83.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, C. W. (1997). The racial contract. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moynihan, P. (1967). The Negro family: The case for national action. In R. Rainwater, & W. Yancey (Eds.), The Moynihan report and the politics of controversy (pp. 47–132). Cambridge, MA: MIT.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, D. D. (1998). National manhood: Capitalist citizenship and the imagined fraternity of white men. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Noguera, P. A. (2009). The trouble with black boys: … And other reflections on race, equity, and the future of public education. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Omi, M., & Winant, H. (2014). Racial formation in the United States. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Payne, B. H. (1867). The Negro: What is his ethnological status? Cincinnati, OH: Cornell University.
   Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. (1964). Profile of the Negro American. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand.
   Google Scholar
• Popkewitz, T. (1997). A changing terrain of knowledge and power: A social epistemology of educational research. Educational Researcher, 26(9), 18–29. doi:10.3102/0013189X026009018.
   Google Scholar
• Popkewitz, T. (2001). The production of reason and power: Curriculum history and intellectual traditions. In T. Popkewitz, B. Franklin, & M. Pereyra (Eds.), Cultural history and education: Critical essays and knowledge (pp. 33–44). New York, NY: Routledge Falmer.
   Google Scholar
• Rainwater, L. (1970). Soul. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Russell-Brown, K. (2009). The color of crime. New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saint-Aubin, A. (2002). A grammar of black masculinity: A body of science. The Journal of Men's Studies, 10(3), 247–270. doi:10.3149/jms.1003.247.
   Google Scholar
• Silverstein, B. (1975). Children of the dark ghetto: A developmental psychology. New York, NY: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Skiba, R. J., Michael, R. S., Nardo, A. C., & Peterson, R. L. (2002). The color of discipline: Sources of racial and gender disproportionality in school punishment. The Urban Review, 34(4), 317–342. doi:10.1023/A:1021320817372.
   Google Scholar
• Solórzano, D. G., & Yosso, T. J. (2002). Critical race methodology: Counter-storytelling as an analytical framework for education research. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 23–44. doi:10.1177/107780040200800103.
   Google Scholar
• Todd, A. R., Simpson, A. J., Thiem, K. C., & Neel, R. (2016). The generalization of implicit racial bias to young Black boys: Automatic stereotyping or automatic prejudice? Social Cognition, 34(4), 306–323. doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.4.306.
   Google Scholar
• Todd, A. R., Thiem, K. C., & Neel, R. (2016). Does seeing faces of young black boys facilitate the identification of threatening stimuli? Psychological Science, 27(3), 384–393. doi:10.1177/0956797615624492.
   Google Scholar
• Tokson, E. H. (1982). The popular image of the Black man in English drama, 1550–1688. Boston, MA: GK Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Weatherspoon, F. D. (2004). Racial profiling of African-American males: Stopped, searched, and stripped of constitutional protection. The John Marshall Law School Law Review, 38, 439.
   Google Scholar
• Wynter, S. (2006). “On how we mistook the map for the territory and re-imprisoned ourselves in our unbearable wrongness of being, of Désêtre: Black studies toward the human project.” In L. Gordon, & J. Gordon (Eds.), Not only the master's tools: African-American studies in theory and practice. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.
   Google Scholar
• Yancy, G. (2008). Black bodies, white gazes: The continuing significance of race. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Young, A., Jr. (2004). The minds of marginalized Black men: Making sense of mobility, opportunity, and future life chances. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar