Heads I Win, Tails You Lose: Anti-Black Racism as Fluid, Relentless, Individual and Systemic

References

• Asbury, K., & Plomin, R. (2013). G is for genes [Kindle version]. Chichester, England: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, J. (1995, April). Address as part of the symposium “Teaching Culturally Different Students: Political Assumptions of the Educational Research.” Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. San Francisco, CA.
   Google Scholar
• BBC News Online. (2007). Lab suspends DNA pioneer Watson. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7052416.stm
   Google Scholar
• Bell, D. (1992). Racial realism. Connecticut Law Review, 24(2), 363–379.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, D. (1998). Afrolantica Legacies. Chicago, IL: Third World Press.
   Google Scholar
• Black Peoples Progressive Association and Redbridge Community Relations Council. (1978). Cause for concern: West Indian pupils in Redbridge. Ilford, London: BPPA & RCRC.
   Google Scholar
• Bradbury, A. (2013). Understanding early years Inequality: Policy, assessment and young children's identities. London, England: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, P. L., & Welner, K. G. (Eds.). (2013). Closing the opportunity gap: What America must do to give every child an even chance. Oxford, England: Oxford Unity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. W. (2002). The first decade: Critical reflections, or “A foot in the closing door.” UCLA Law Review, 49, 1343–1372.
   Google Scholar
• Delgado, R. (1995). The Rodrigo chronicles: Conversations about America and race. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Delgado, R. (2009). Liberal McCarthyism and the origins of critical race theory. Iowa Law Review, 94, 1505–1545.
   Google Scholar
• Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2000). Introduction. In R. Delgado & J. Stefancic (Eds.), Critical race theory: The cutting edge (2nd ed., pp. xv–xix). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education (DfE). (2010a). GCSE and equivalent attainment by pupil characteristics in England, 2009/10 ( SFR 37/2010). London, England: Department for Education.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education (DfE). (2010b). The Importance of Teaching White Paper Equalities Impact Assessment. London, England: DfE.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education (DfE). (2013). GCSE and equivalent attainment by pupil characteristics in England, 2011/12 ( SFR 04/2013). London, England: Department for Education.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education (DfE). (2014). GCSE and equivalent attainment by pupil characteristics in England, 2012/13 ( SFR 05/2014). London, England: Department for Education.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education & Skills (DfES). (2005a). 14–19 education and skills (2005 White Paper). London, England: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education & Skills (DfES). (2005b). Youth cohort study: The activities and experiences of 16 year olds: England and Wales 2004 ( SFR 04/2005 Revised). London, England: Department for Education and Skills.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education & Skills (DfES). (2006). Ethnicity and education: The evidence on minority ethnic pupils aged 5–16 ( Research Topic Paper 2006 Edition). Nottingham, England: DfES Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Dixson, A. D., & Rousseau, C. K. (2006). And we are still not saved: Critical race theory in education ten years later. In A. D. Dixson & C. K. Rousseau (Eds.), Critical race theory in education: All God's children got a song (pp. 31–54). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Drew, D., & Gray, J. (1990). The fifth year examination achievements of Black young people in England and Wales. Educational Research, 32(3), 107–117. doi:10.1080/0013188900320203.
   Google Scholar
• Dumas, M. J., & ross, k. m. (2016). “Be real Black for me”: Imagining BlackCrit in Education. Urban Education, 51(4), 415–442.
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn, D. (1990). “Race,” ethnicity and education: Teaching and learning in multi-ethnic schools. London, England: Unwin Hyman/Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn, D. (2008). Racism and education: Coincidence or conspiracy? London, England: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn, D. (2016). Softly, softly: Genetics, intelligence and the hidden racism of the new geneism. Journal of Education Policy, 31(4), 365–388. doi:10.1080/02680939.2016.1139189.
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn, D., & Mirza, H. S. (2000). Educational inequality: Mapping race, class and gender—A synthesis of research evidence ( Report #HMI 232). London, England: Office for Standards in Education.
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn, D., Rollock, N., Vincent, C., & Ball, S. J. (2012). “You got a pass, so what more do you want?”: Race, class and gender intersections in the educational experiences of the Black middle class. Race Ethnicity and Education, 15(1), 121–139. doi:10.1080/13613324.2012.638869.
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn, D., Rollock, N., Warmington, P., & Demack, S. (2016). Race, racism and education: Inequality, resilience and reform in policy & practice. Retrieved from http://soc-for-ed-studies.org.uk/documents/GillbornD-et-al_Race-Racism-and-Education.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn, D., & Youdell, D. (2000). Rationing education: Policy, practice, reform and equity. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredson, L. S. (1997). Mainstream science on intelligence: An editorial with 52 signatories, history, and bibliography. Intelligence, 24(1), 13–23. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90011-8.
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredson, L. S. (2011). Intelligence. Instant Expert 13. Retrieved from http://www.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/2011InstantExpertIntelligence.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredson, L. S. (2013). Resolute ignorance on race and Rushton. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(3), 218–223. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.021.
   Google Scholar
• Guinier, L. (2004). From racial liberalism to racial literacy: Brown v. Board of Education and the interest-divergence dilemma. The Journal of American History, 91, 92–118. doi:10.2307/3659616.
   Google Scholar
• Hansard. (2007). Early Day Motion 2148. Retrieved from http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2006-07/2148
   Google Scholar
• Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. (1994). The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. New York, NY: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt-Grubbe, C. (2007, October 14). The Elementary DNA of Dr. Watson, The Sunday Times. Retrieved from http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article2630748.ece
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, A. R. (1969). How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement. Harvard Educational Review, 39, 1–123. doi:10.17763/haer.39.1.l3u15956627424k7.
   Google Scholar
• John, G. (2006). Taking a stand: Gus John speaks on education, race, social action & civil unrest 1980–2005. Manchester, England: The Gus John Partnership.
   Google Scholar
• Kamin, L. J. (1995, February). Behind the curve. Scientific American, 82–86.
   Google Scholar
• Kinchloe, J. L., Steinberg, S. L., & Gresson, A. (Eds.). (1996). Measured lies: The bell curve examined. London, England: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G. (2006). From the achievement gap to the educational debt: Understanding achievement in US schools. Educational Researcher, 35(7), 3–12. doi:10.3102/0013189X035007003.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J. (2016, September 16). Inherent intelligence has more impact than grit. Times Educational Supplement, 22–23. Retrieved from https://www.tes.com/news/tes-magazine/tes-magazine/inherent-intelligence-has-more-impact-grit
   Google Scholar
• Milner, H. R., IV. (2012). Beyond a test score: Explaining opportunity gaps in educational practice. Journal of Black Studies, 43(6), 693–718. doi:10.1177/0021934712442539.
   Google Scholar
• Montague, A. (Ed.). (1999). Race and IQ. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, C. (2013, May 15). In defense of Jason Richwine. National Review Online. Retrieved from http://www.nationalreview.com/article/348323/defense-jason-richwine
   Google Scholar
• New Scientist. (2016). Media centre: Audience and brand. Retrieved from http://mediacentre.newscientist.com/audience-and-brand
   Google Scholar
• Paton, G. (2013, July 25). GCSE results “influenced by children's genes, not teaching.” Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/10200429/GCSE-results-influenced-by-childrensgenes-not-teaching.html
   Google Scholar
• Pilkington, A. (2003). Racial disadvantage and ethnic diversity in Britain. London, England: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Rampton, A. (1981). West Indian children in our schools ( Cmnd 8273). London, England: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Rausch, C. (2012). “Fixing” children: Producing a hierarchy of learners in primary school processes (Unpublished PhD thesis). University of London, Institute of Education, London, England.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, B. (Ed.). (2007). Tell it like it is: How our schools fail Black children. Stoke-on-Trent, England: Trentham.
   Google Scholar
• Richwine, J. (2009). IQ and immigration policy (Unpublished PhD thesis). Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, S. (2014, January 24). Is genius in the genes? Times Educational Supplement, 26–30.
   Google Scholar
• Rushton, J. P. (1997). Race, evolution, and behaviour: A life history perspective. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Silverstein, J. (2015, April 13). Genes don't cause racial-health disparities, society does. The Atlantic. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/04/genes-dont-cause-racial-health-disparities-society-does/389637/
   Google Scholar
• Sivanandan, A. (1990). Communities of resistance: Writings on Black struggles for socialism. London, England: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Skiba, R. (2012). “As nature has formed them”: The history and current status of racial difference research. Teachers College Record, 114(5), 1–49.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, B. (2013, December 12). Genetics, not your school, is biggest factor in exam success: DNA twice as significant as environmental factors. Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2522299/Genetics-school-biggest-factor-exam-success-DNA-twice-significant-environmental-factors.html
   Google Scholar
• Stefancic, J., & Delgado, D. (1996). No mercy: How conservative think tanks and foundations changed America's social agenda. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Swann, L. (1985). Education for all: Final report of the committee of inquiry into the education of children from ethnic minority groups ( Cmnd 9453). London, England: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, E. (2016). The foundations of critical race theory in education. In E. Taylor, D. Gillborn, & G. Ladson-Billings (Eds.), Foundations of critical race theory in education (2nd ed., pp. 1–11). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. (2016, October 25). Race realism & the Alt Right. Retrieved from http://www.counter-currents.com/2016/10/race-realism-and-the-alt-right/
   Google Scholar
• Thompson Dorsey, D. N., & Venzant Chambers, T. T. (2014). Growing C-D-R (Cedar): Working the intersections of interest convergence and whiteness as property in the affirmative action legal debate. Race Ethnicity and Education, 17(1), 56–87. doi:10.1080/13613324.2013.812628.
   Google Scholar
• Tikly, L., Haynes, J., Caballero, C., Hill, J., & Gillborn, D. (2006). Evaluation of Aiming High: African Caribbean achievement project ( Research Report RR801). London, England: Department for Education and Skills.
   Google Scholar
• Wakefield, M. (2013, July 27). Revealed: How exam results owe more to genes than teaching. The Spectator. Retrieved from http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/8970941/sorry-but-intelligence-really-is-in-the-genes/
   Google Scholar
• Warmington, P. (2014). Black British intellectuals and education: Multiculturalism's hidden history. London, England: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Weigel, D. (2016, August 22). The “race realist” theory of how Trump can win, explained. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/08/22/the-race-realist-theory-of-how-trump-can-win-explained/?utm_term=.d614f6f4fc22
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. (2016, August 26). “The races are not equal”: Meet the alt-right leader in Clinton's campaign ad. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/aug/26/jared-taylor-alt-right-clinton-trump
   Google Scholar
• Zamudio, M. M., Russell, C., Rios, F. A., & Bridgeman, J. L. (2011). Critical race theory matters: Education and ideology. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar