Intake of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Risk of Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Skin: A Longitudinal Community-Based Study in Australian Adults

REFERENCES

• Black , H S and Rhodes , L E . 2006 . The potential of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer . Cancer Detect Prev , 30 : 224 – 232 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• IARC . 2004 . “ Mechanisms of carcinogenesis ” . In Contributions of Molecular Epidemiology , Edited by: Buffler , P Jr. , Baan , R , Bird , M and Boffetta , P . Lyon , , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes , L E , Shahbakhti , H , Azurdia , R M , Moison , R MW Stenwinkel , MJST . 2003 . Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, on UVR-related cancer risk in humans. An assessment of early genotoxic markers . Carcinogenesis , 24 : 919 – 925 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve , V E , Bosnic , M and Boehm-Wilcox , C . 1996 . Dependence of photocarcinogenesis and photoimmunosuppression in the hairless mouse on dietary polyunsaturated fat . Cancer Lett , 108 : 271 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black , H S , Thornby , J I , Gerguis , J and Lenger , W . 1992 . Influence of dietary omega-6, -3 fatty acid sources on the intiation and promotion stages of photocarcinogenesis . Photochem Photobiol , 56 : 195 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , M A and Black , H S . 1991 . Modification of membrane composition, eicosanoid metabolism, and immunoresponsiveness by dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid sources, modulators of ultraviolet-carcinogenesis . Photochem Photobiol , 54 : 381 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderveen , E E , Grekin , R C , Swanson , N A and Kragballe , K . 1986 . Arachidonic acid metabolites in cutaneous carcinomas: evidence suggesting that elevated levels of prostaglandins in basal cell carcinomas are associated with an aggressive growth pattern . Arch Dermatol , 122 : 407 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , M J , McArdle , F , Storey , A , Jones , S A McArdle , A . 2002 . Effects of micronutrient supplements on u.v.-induced skin damage . Proc Nutr Soc , 61 : 187 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , G , Bibus , D M , Bode , A M , Ma , W-Y Holman , R T . 2001 . Omega 3 but not omega 6 fatty acids inhibit AP-1 activity and cell transformation in JB6 cells . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 98 : 7510 – 7515 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahbakhti , H , Watson , R EB , Azurdia , R M , Ferreira , C Z Garmyn , M . 2004 . Influence of eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid, on ultraviolet-B generation of prostaglandin-E2 and proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in human skin in vivo . Photochem Photobiol , 80 : 231 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serini , S , Donato , V , Piccioni , E , Trombino , S Monego , G . 2010 . Docosahexaenoic acid reverts resistance to UV-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes: involvement of COX-2 and HuR . J Nutr Biochem , 22 : 874 – 885 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Pols , J C , Xu , C , Boyle , G M , Hughes , M C Carr , S J . 2011 . Serum omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and cutaneous p53 expression in an Australian population . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 20 : 530 – 536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartsch , H , Nair , J and Owen , R W . 1999 . Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancers of the breast and colorectum: emerging evidence for their role as risk modifiers . Carcinogenesis , 20 : 2209 – 2218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakim , I A , Harris , R B and Ritenbaugh , C . 2000 . Fat intake and risk of squamous cell arcinoma of the skin . Nutr Cancer , 36 : 155 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dam , R M , Huang , Z , Giovannucci , E , Rimm , E B Hunter , D J . 2000 . Diet and basal cell carcinoma of the skin in a prospective cohort of men . Am J ClinNutr , 71 : 135 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , Al , Battistutta , D , Hart , V , Leslie , D and Marks , G . 1994 . The Nambour Skin Cancer and Actinic Eye Disease Prevention Trial: Design and baseline characteristics of participants . Control Clin Trials , 15 : 512 – 522 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green , A , Williams , G , Nèale , R , Hart , V Leslie , D . 1999 . Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial . Lancet , 354 : 723 – 729 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks , G C , Hughes , M C and van der Pols , J C . 2006 . Relative validity of food intake estimates using a food frequency questionnaire is associated with sex, age, and other personal characteristics . J Nutr , 136 : 459 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann , N J , Sinclair , A J , Percival , P , Lewis , J L Meyer , B J . 2003 . Development of a database of fatty acids in Australian foods . Nutr Dietetics , 60 : 42 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Ashton , B A , Ambrosini , G L , Marks , G C , Harvey , P WJ and Bain , C . 1997 . Development of a dietary supplement database . Austr NZ J Public Health , 21 : 699 – 702 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNaughton , S A , Hughes , M C and Marks , G C . 2007 . Validation of a FFQ to estimate the intake of PUFA using plasma phospholipid fatty acids and weighed foods records . Br J Nutr , 97 : 561 – 568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , A , Beardmore , G , Hart , V , Leslie , D Marks , R . 1988 . Skin cancer in a Queensland population . J Am Acad Dermatol , 19 : 1045 – 1052 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valery , P C , Neale , R , Williams , G , Pandeya , N Siller , G . 2004 . The effect of skin examination surveys on the incidence of basal cell carcinoma in a Queensland community sample: a 10-year longitudinal study . J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc , 9 : 148 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willett , W C . 1998 . Nutritional Epidemiology, , 2nd ed , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , W , Mulvey , E P and Shaw , E C . 1995 . Regression analyses of counts and rates: Poisson, overdispersed Poisson, and negative binomial models . Psychol Bull , 118 : 392 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou , G . 2004 . A modified Poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data . Am J Epidemiol , 159 : 702 – 706 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman , K J and Greenland , S . 1998 . Modern Epidemiology, , 2nd ed , New York : Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Marcil , I and Stern , R S . 2000 . Risk of developing a subsequent nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a critical review of the literature and meta-analysis . Arch Dermatol , 136 : 1524 – 1530 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raasch , B A and Buettner , P G . 2002 . Multiple nonmelanoma skin cancer in an exposed Australian population . Int J Dermatol , 41 : 652 – 658 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , A , Battistutta , D , Hart , V , Leslie , D and Weedon , D . 1996 . Skin cancer in a subtropical Australian population: incidence and lack of association with occupation . Am J Epidemiol , 144 : 1034 – 1040 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , A and Battistutta , D . 1990 . Incidence and determinants of skin cancer in a high-risk Australian population . Int J Cancer , 46 : 356 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , R B , Foote , J A , Hakim , I A , Bronson , D L and Alberts , D S . 2005 . Fatty acid composition of red blood cell membranes and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 14 : 906 – 912 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilkington , S M and Rhodes , L E . 2010 . “ Omega-3 fatty acids and skin ” . In Nutrition for Healthy Skin: Strategies for Cosmetic and Clinical Practice , Edited by: Krutmann , J and Humbert , P . Berlin, Heidelberg , , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Ibiebele , T I , van der Pols , J C , Hughes , M C , Marks , G C Williams , G M . 2007 . Dietary pattern in association with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a prospective study . Am J Clin Nutr , 85 : 1401 – 1408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , M C , van der Pols , J C , Marks , G C and Green , A C . 2006 . Food intake and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in a community: The Nambour Skin Cancer Cohort Study . Int J Cancer , 119 : 1953 – 1960 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Pols , J C , Hughes , M C , Ibiebele , T I , Marks , G C and Green , A C . 2011 . Food intake and risk of basal cell carcinoma in an 11-year prospective study of Australian adults . Eur J Clin Nutr , 65 : 39 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese , E J and Baldwin , L A . 2001 . U-shaped relationships in biology, toxicology, and public health . Annu Rev Public Health , 22 : 15 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Castelnuovo , A , Rotondo , S , Iacoviello , L , Donati , M B and de Gaetano , G . 2002 . Meta-analysis of wine and beer consumption in relations to vascular risk . Circulation , 105 : 2836 – 2844 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitan , E B , Wolk , A and Mittleman , M A . 2009 . Fish consumption, marine omega-3 fatty acids, and incidence of heart failure: a population-based prospective study of middle-aged and elderly men . Euro Heart J , 30 : 1495 – 1500 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar