The Effect of Age-Stigma Concealment on Social Evaluations

References

• Abrams, D., Swift, H. J., & Drury, L. (2016). Old and unemployable? How age-based stereotypes affect willingness to hire job candidates. Journal of Social Issues, 72(1), 105–121. doi:10.1111/josi.12158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam, M., & Dover, J. S. (2001). On beauty: Evolution, psychosocial considerations, and surgical enhancement. Archives of Dermatology, 137(6), 795–807.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bater, K. L., Ishii, M., Joseph, A., Su, P., Nellis, J., & Ishii, L. E. (2016). Perception of hair transplant for androgenetic alopecia. JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery, 18(6), 413–418. doi:10.1001/jamafacial.2016.0546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendelow, G. (1993). Using of visual imagery to explore gendered notions of pain. In C. Renzetti and R. Lee (Eds.), Doing research on sensitive topics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Blair, I. V., Judd, C. M., & Chapleau, K. M. (2004). The influence of Afrocentric facial features in criminal sentencing. Psychological Science, 15(10), 674–679. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00739.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, M. B., & Lui, L. N. (1989). The primacy of age and sex in the structure of person categories. Social Cognition, 7(3), 262–274. doi:10.1521/soco.1989.7.3.262
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash, T. F. (1990). Losing hair, losing points?: The effects of male pattern baldness on social impression formation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(2), 154–167. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00404.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chasteen, A. L., Bashir, N. Y., Gallucci, C., & Visekruna, A. (2011). Age and antiaging technique influence reactions to age concealment. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 66, 719–724. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr063
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, L. H., Repta, R., & Griffin, M. (2006). Non-surgical cosmetic procedures: Older women’s perceptions and experiences. Journal of Women & Aging, 19, 69–87. doi:10.1300/J074v19n03_06
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford, S., Iyengar, V., Cabeza, R., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2015). Moral foundations vignettes: A standardized stimulus database of scenarios based on moral foundations theory. Behavior Research Methods, 47(4), 1178–1198. doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0551-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, P. (2019, June 7). Nice résumé. Wait, you’re how old? The New York Times, Section B, p. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Cuddy, A. J. C., Norton, M. I., & Fiske, S. T. (2005). The old stereotype: The pervasiveness and persistence of the elderly stereotype. Journal of Social Issues, 61(2), 267–285. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00405.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daros, A. R., Ruocco, A. C., & Rule, N. O. (2016). Identifying mental disorder from the faces of women with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 40(4), 255–281. doi:10.1007/s10919-016-0237-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasgupta, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 800–814. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.5.800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasgupta, N., & Rivera, L. M. (2008). When social context matters: The influence of long-term contact and short-term exposure to admired outgroup members on implicit attitudes and behavioral intentions. Social Cognition, 26(1), 112–123. doi:10.1521/soco.2008.26.1.112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, G. A., Karl, K. A., & Peluchette, J. V. (2019). Hair matters: Toward understanding natural black hair bias in the workplace. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 26, 389–401. doi:10.1177/1548051819848998
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch, F. M., Zalenski, C. M., & Clark, M. E. (1986). Is there a double standard of aging? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 771–785. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01167.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickler, J. (2011, April 4). Plastic surgery rebounds as job seekers try to look younger. CNNMoney. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2011/04/04/pf/plastic_surgery_economy/index.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(3), 285–290. doi:10.1037/h0033731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebner, N. C. (2008). Age of face matters: Age-group differences in ratings of young and old faces. Behavior Research Methods, 40(1), 130–136. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.1.130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, K. J., Zerbe, W. J., & Franken, R. E. (1993). The influence of rater and ratee age on judgments of work-related attributes. The Journal of Psychology, 127(3), 271–228. doi:10.1080/00223980.1993.9915561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gimlin, D. (2010). Imagining the other in cosmetic surgery. Body & Society, 16, 57–76. doi:10.1177/1357034X10383881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York, NY: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Grahe, J. E., & Bernieri, F. J. (1999). The importance of nonverbal cues in judging rapport. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 23(4), 253–269. doi:10.1023/A:1021698725361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, J. (2014, January 13). The rise of the older worker—and age-discrimination lawsuits. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/the-law-page/the-rise-of-the-older-worker-and-one-type-of-lawsuit/article16316868.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, M. B. (1994). Growing old gracefully: Age concealment and gender. Journal of Gerontology, 49(4), P149–158. doi:10.1093/geronj/49.4.P149
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Havas, D. A., Glenberg, A. M., Gutowski, K. A., Lucarelli, M. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2010). Cosmetic use of botulinum toxin-A affects processing of emotional language. Psychological Science, 21(7), 895–900. doi:10.1177/0956797610374742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hebl, M. R., & Mannix, L. M. (2003). The weight of obesity in evaluating others: A mere proximity effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(1), 28–38. doi:10.1177/0146167202238369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedge, J. W., Borman, W. C., & Lammlein, S. E. (2006). The aging workforce: Realities, myths, and implications for organizations. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M. (1996). Why tell if you’re not asked? Self-disclosure, intergroup contact, and heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. In Out in force: Sexual orientation and the military (pp. 197–225). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, U., Adams, R., Jr., & Kleck, R. (2005). Who may frown and who should smile? Dominance, affiliation, and the display of happiness and anger. Cognition & Emotion, 19, 515–536. doi:10.1080/02699930441000364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoda, M., Stone-Romero, E. F., & Coats, G. (2003). The effects of physical attractiveness on job-related outcomes: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Personnel Psychology, 56(2), 431–462. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00157.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, R., & Huby, M. (2004). The construction and interpretation of vignettes in social research. Social Work and Social Sciences Review, 11(1), 36–51. doi:10.1921/17466105.11.1.36
   Google Scholar
• Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., & Shaner, J. L. (1997). Stereotyping of older adults: The role of target facial cues and perceiver characteristics. Psychology and Aging, 12(1), 107–114. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.12.1.107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, L. A., Hunter, J. E., & Hodge, C. N. (1995). Physical attractiveness and intellectual competence: A meta-analytic review. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58(2), 108–122. doi:10.2307/2787149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. D., & Mohr, J. J. (2016). Conceptualizing the closet: Differentiating stigma concealment and nondisclosure processes. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(1), 80–92. doi:10.1037/sgd0000147
   Google Scholar
• Jones, E. E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A. H., Markus, H., Miller, D. T., & Scott, R. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York, NY: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Kaw, E. (1993). Medicalization of racial features: Asian American women and cosmetic surgery. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 7(1), 74–89. doi:10.1525/maq.1993.7.1.02a00050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, D. (2010, February 19). Face value: Why more men are getting Botox. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/fashion-and-beauty/beauty/beauty-features/face-value-why-more-men-are-getting-botox/article1474635/.
   Google Scholar
• Kleck, R. E., & Strenta, A. C. (1985). Gender and responses to disfigurement in self and others. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 3(3), 257–267. doi:10.1521/jscp.1985.3.3.257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch, L. M., Gross, A. M., & Kolts, R. (2001). Attitudes toward Black English and code switching. Journal of Black Psychology, 27(1), 29–42. doi:10.1177/0095798401027001002
   Google Scholar
• Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., & Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(3), 390–423. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaPiere, R. T. (1934). Attitudes vs. actions. Social Forces, 13(2), 230–237. doi:10.2307/2570339
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. B. (2018). The interactions between botulinum-toxin-based facial treatments and embodied emotions. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 14720. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33119-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loman, L.A., & Larkin, W.E. (1976). Rejection of the mentally ill: An experiment in labeling. The Sociological Quarterly, 17(4), 555–560. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1976.tb01722.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacInnis, D. J., & Price, L. L. (1987). The role of imagery in information processing: Review and extensions. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(4), 473–491. doi:10.1086/209082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majid, A., Sanford, A. J., & Pickering, M. J. (2006). Covariation and quantifier polarity: What determines causal attribution in vignettes? Cognition, 99(1), 35–51. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2004.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Man, D. (2009). Reducing the incidence of ear deformity in facelift. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 29(4), 264–271. doi:10.1016/j.asj.2009.02.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlowe, C. M., Schneider, S. L., & Nelson, C. E. (1996). Gender and attractiveness biases in hiring decisions: Are more experienced managers less biased? Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(1), 11–21. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.1.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscarella, F., & Cunningham, M. R. (1996). The evolutionary significance and social perception of male pattern baldness and facial hair. Ethology and Sociobiology, 17(2), 99–117. doi:10.1016/0162-3095(95)00130-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestler, S., & Back, M. D. (2013). Applications and extensions of the lens model to understand interpersonal judgments at zero acquaintance. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(5), 374–379. doi:10.1177/0963721413486148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newheiser, A. K., & Barreto, M. (2014). Hidden costs of hiding stigma: Ironic interpersonal consequences of concealing a stigmatized identity in social interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 58–70. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newheiser, A. K., Barreto, M., Ellemers, N., Derks, B., & Scheepers, D. (2015). Regulatory focus moderates the social performance of individuals who conceal a stigmatized identity. British Journal of Social Psychology, 54(4), 787–797. doi:10.1111/bjso.12107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(4), 250–256. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.4.250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2013). Act your (old) age: Prescriptive, ageist biases over succession, consumption, and identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(6), 720–734. doi:10.1177/0146167213480043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planalp, S. (1996). Varieties of cues to emotion in naturally occurring situations. Cognition & Emotion, 10, 137–154. doi:10.1080/026999396380303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posthuma, R. A., & Campion, M. A. (2009). Age stereotypes in the workplace: Common stereotypes, moderators, and future research directions. Journal of Management, 35(1), 158–188. doi:10.1177/0149206308318617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, D. M., & Earnshaw, V. A. (2013). Concealable stigmatized identities and psychological well‐being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(1), 40–51. doi:10.1111/spc3.12005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ragins, B. R., Singh, R., & Cornwell, J. M. (2007). Making the invisible visible: Fear and disclosure of sexual orientation at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1103–1118. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Re, D. E., & Rule, N. O. (2015). CEO facial appearance, firm performance, and financial success. In M. Fetscherin (Ed.), CEO branding: Meaning, measuring, managing (pp. 219–238). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Remedios, J. D., Chasteen, A. L., Rule, N. O., & Plaks, J. E. (2011). Impressions at the intersection of ambiguous and obvious social categories: Does gay + black = likable? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 1312–1315. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Bailon, R., Ruiz, J., & Moya, M. (2009). The impact of music on automatically activated attitudes: Flamenco and gypsy people. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12, 381–396. doi:10.1177/1368430209102849
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2008). Brief exposures: Male sexual orientation is accurately perceived at 50 ms. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 1100–1105. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rule, N. O., Bjornsdottir, R. T., Tskhay, K. O., & Ambady, N. (2016). Subtle perceptions of male sexual orientation influence occupational opportunities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(12), 1687–1704. doi:10.1037/apl0000148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rule, N. O., Macrae, C. N., & Ambady, N. (2009). Ambiguous group membership is extracted automatically from faces. Psychological Science, 20(4), 441–443. doi:10.1111/j.1467-928.2009.02314.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rule, N. O., Slepian, M. L., & Ambady, N. (2012). A memory advantage for untrustworthy faces. Cognition, 125(2), 207–218. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rule, N. O., Tskhay, K. O., Freeman, J. B., & Ambady, N. (2014). On the interactive influence of facial appearance and explicit knowledge in social categorization. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(6), 529–535. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoemann, A. M., & Branscombe, N. R. (2011). Looking young for your age: Perceptions of anti-aging actions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(1), 86–95. doi:10.1002/ejsp.738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart, L., & Wegner, D. M. (2000). The hidden costs of stigma. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebl, & J. G. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 220–242). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R. A. (1991). The effects of visual and verbal advertising information on consumers’ inferences. Journal of Advertising, 20(4), 13–24. doi:10.1080/00913367.1991.10673351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, M. L., Kleck, R. E., Strenta, A., & Mentzer, S. J. (1979). Avoidance of the handicapped: An attributional ambiguity analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(12), 2297–2306. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.12.2297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolte, J. F. (1994). The context of satisficing in vignette research. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134(6), 727–733. doi:10.1080/00224545.1994.9923007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres, S. (2009). Vignette methodology and culture-relevance: Lessons learned through a project on successful aging with Iranian immigrants to Sweden. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 24(1), 93–114. doi:10.1007/s10823-009-9095-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2013). Accuracy in categorizing perceptually ambiguous groups: A review and meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(1), 72–86. doi:10.1177/1088868312461308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R. N., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). Imagining intergroup contact reduces implicit prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(1), 129–142. doi:10.1348/014466609X419901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhulst, B., Lodge, M., & Lavine, H. (2010). The attractiveness halo: Why some candidates are perceived more favorably than others. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 34(2), 111–117. doi:10.1007/s10919-009-0084-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, M., & Vetter, T. (2016). Changing the personality of a face: Perceived Big Two and Big Five personality factors modeled in real photographs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(4), 609–624. doi:10.1037/pspp0000064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, W. L., Slaughter, R., Meyer, E., & Edgerton, M. (1965). Mechanisms of psychosocial adjustment in patients seeking “face-lift” operation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 27(2), 183–192. doi:10.1097/00006842-196503000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis, J., & Todorov, A. (2006). First impressions: Making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face. Psychological Science, 17(7), 592–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2001). Spontaneous prejudice in context: Variability in automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 815–827. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.5.815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar