Chromium content in different kinds of Spanish infant formulae and estimation of dietary intake by infants fed on reconstituted powder formulae

References

• Abbott Laboratories 1998. Proceedings of meeting the special nutrient needs of low-birth-weight and premature infants in the hospital. Columbus, OH: Ross Products Division of Abbott Laboratories. pp 3–61
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , RA . 1989 . Essentiality of chromium in humans . Science of the Total Environment , 86 : 75 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , RA , Bryden , NA , Patterson , KY , Villon , C , Andon , MB and Moser-Veillon , PB . 1993 . Breast milk chromium and its association with chromium intake, chromium excretion and serum chromium . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 57 : 519 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , RA and Kozlovsky , AS . 1985 . Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected diets . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 41 : 1177 – 1183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australia/New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA) . 2002 . “ Proposal P93. Review of infant formula: Supplementary final assessment (inquiry - s. 24), Statement of reasons and draft variations to volume 1 and volume 2 of the food standards code ” . Melbourne : Anstat Pty. Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Australia/New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA) . 2005 . Food standards code , Melbourne : Anstat Pty. Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Aquilo , E , Spagnoli , R , Seri , S , Bottone , G and Spennati , G . 1996 . Trace element content in human milk during lactation of preterm newborns . Biological Trace Element Research , 51 : 63 – 69 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biego , GH , Joyeux , M , Hartemann , P and Debry , G . 1998 . Determination of mineral contents in different kinds of milk and estimation of dietary intake in infants . Food Additives and Contaminants , 15 : 775 – 781 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bratakos , MS , Lazos , ES and Bratakos , SM . 2002 . Chromium content of selected Greek foods . Science of the Total Environment , 290 : 47 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brätter , P , Navarro , I , Negretti de Brätter , V and Raab , A . 1998 . Speciation as an analytical aid in trace element research in infant nutrition . Analyst , 123 : 821 – 826 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey , CE and Hambidge , KM . 1984 . Chromium in human milk from American mothers . British Journal of Nutrition , 52 : 73 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocho , JA , Cervilla , JR , Rey-Goldar , ML , Fernandez- Lorenzo , JR and Fraga , JM . 1991 . Chromium content in human milk, cow's milk, and infant formulas . Biological Trace Element Research , 32 : 105 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Coni , E , Falconieri , P , Ferrante , E , Semeraro , P , Beccaloni , E , Stacchini , A and Caroli , S . 1990 . Reference values for essential and toxic elements in human milk. Annali dell’Instituto Superiore di Sanitá , 26 : 119 – 130 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Canadian Paediatric Society and Nutrition Committee (CPS) . 1995 . Nutrient needs and feeding of premature infants . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 152 : 1765 – 1785 .
   Google Scholar
• Cubadda , F , Giovannangeli , S , Iosi , F , Raggi , A and Stacchini , P . 2003 . Chromium determination in foods by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with ultrasonic nebulization . Food Chemistry , 81 : 463 – 468 .
   Google Scholar
• Dabeka , RW and Ihnat , M . 1996 . “ Considerations in the estimation of recovery in inorganic analysis ” . In The use of recovery factors in trace analysis , Edited by: Parkany , M . 5 – 24 . Cambridge : Royal Society of Chemistry .
   Google Scholar
• Deelstra , H , Van Schoor , O , Robberecht , H , Clara , R and Eylenbosch , W . 1988 . Daily chromium intake by infants in Belgium . Acta Paediatrica Scandinava , 77 : 402 – 407 .
   Google Scholar
• Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM) . 2003 . Safe upper levels for vitamins and minerals. Food standards agency of UK. . Available: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/vitmin2003.pdf. Accessed May 2003
   Google Scholar
• Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (FNB) . 2001 . “ Chromium ” . In Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc , 197 – 223 . Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Food Standards Agency. 2003 . Multi-element survey of infant foods (42/03). Food survey information sheets for 2003. . Available at: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis41_2003.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Food Standards Agency . 2004 . Proposal for a recast commission directive on infant formulae and follow-on formulae. 1 September 2004, SANCO D4/HL/mm/D440180 Rev.1 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldhaber , SB . 2003 . Trace element risk assessment: Essentiality vs. toxicity . Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology , 38 : 232 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunshin , H , Yoshikawa , M , Doudou , T and Kato , N . 1985 . Trace elements in human milk, cow's milk, and infant formula . Agricultural and Biological Chemistry , 49 : 21 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathcock , JN . 2004 . Vitamin and mineral safety. , 2nd , Washington : Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN). . Available at: http://crnusa.org/safety.html
   Google Scholar
• Ikem , A , Nwankwoala , A , Odueyungbo , S , Nyavor , K and Egiebor , N . 2002 . Levels of 26 elements in infant formula from USA, UK, and Nigeria by microwave digestion and ICP–OES . Food Chemistry , 77 : 439 – 447 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar , GV . 1989 . Nutritional chemistry of chromium . Science of Total Environment , 86 : 69 – 74 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jorhem , L and Sundström , B . 1993 . Levels of lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, nickel, chromium, manganese, and cobalt in foods on the Swedish market . Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , 6 : 223 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , CJ . 2002 . Nutrient requirements for preterm infant formulas . Journal of Nutrition , 132 : 1395S – 1577S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koletzko , B , Baker , S , Cleghorn , G , Neto , UF , Gopalan , S , Hernell , O , Hock , QS , Jirapinyo , P , Lonnerdal , B Pencharz , P . 2005 . Global standard for the composition of infant formula: Recommendations of an ESPGHAN coordinated international expert group . Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition , 41 : 584 – 599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krachler , M , Prohaska , T , Koellensperger , G , Rossipal , E and Stingeder , G . 2000 . Concentrations of selected trace elements in human milk and in infant formulas determined by magnetic sector field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry . Biological Trace Element Research , 76 : 97 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumpulainen , J , Lehto , J , Koivistoinen , P , Uusitupa , M and Vuori , E . 1983 . Determination of chromium in human milk, serum and urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry without preliminary ashing . Science of the Total Environment , 31 : 71 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lameiras , J , Soares , ME , Bastos , ML and Ferreira , M . 1998 . Quantification of total chromium and hexavalent chromium in UHT milk by ETAAS . Analyst , 123 : 2091 – 2095 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food UK (MAFF). 1995 . Multielement analysis of infant foods (62/1995). Food surveillance information sheets. . Available at: http://archive.food.gov.uk/maff/archive/food/infsheet/1995/no62/62multi.htm
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food UK (MAFF). 1996 . Multi-element analysis of infant foods: Follow-up survey (93/1996). Food surveillance information sheets. . Available at: http://archive.food.gov.uk/maff/archive/food/infsheet/1996/no93/93baby.htm
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food UK (MAFF). 1999 . Metals and other elements in infant foods (190/1999). Food surveillance information sheets. . Available at: http://archive.food.gov.uk/maff/archive/food/infsheet/1999/no190/190inf.htm
   Google Scholar
• Miller-Ihli , NJ . 1996 . Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of the chromium content of selected US foods . Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , 9 : 290 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Mohamedshah , FY , Moser-Veillon , PB , Yamini , S , Douglass , LW , Anderson , RA and Veillon , C . 1998 . Distribution of a stable isotope of chromium (53Cr) in serum, urine, and breast milk in lactating women . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 67 : 1250 – 1255 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muzzarelli , RAA , Eugeni , CE , Tanfani , F , Caramia , G and Pezzola , D . 1983 . Atomic absorption determination of chromium, manganese, iron, copper and zinc in human, cow's and powdered milks . Milchwissenschaft , 38 : 453 – 457 .
   Google Scholar
• Pallant , J . 2003 . “ SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis using SPSS for Windows Versions 10 and 11 ” . Maidenhead, , UK : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , KY , Lewis , SA , Hardison , NW and Veillon , C . Chromium content of infant formula as determined by isotope dilution/mass spectrometry. Production, regulation, and analysis of infant formula. a topical conference. Arlington, VA : Association of Official Analytical Chemists .
   Google Scholar
• Raiten , DJ , Talbot , JM and Waters , JH . 1998 . Assessment of nutrient requirements for infant formulas . Journal of Nutrition , 128 : 2059S – 2294S .
   Google Scholar
• Reilly , C . 2002 . “ Transition metals: Chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and molybdenum ” . In In: Metal contamination of food: Its significance for food quality and human health , 137 – 146 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Reilly , C . 2004 . “ Chromium ” . In The nutritional trace elements , 180 – 192 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Rivero , FA , Fernández , ML and Sanz-Medel , A . 2001 . The potential of double focusing ICP–MS for studying elemental distribution patterns in whole milk, skimmed milk and milk whey of different milks . Analytica Chimica Acta , 442 : 191 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• SHS North America. 2005 . Neonate infant formula. , Gaithersburg, MD : SHA North America. . Available at: http://www.shsna.com//pages/neocate_inf_formula.htm. Accessed Nov 18 2005
   Google Scholar
• Soares , ME , Bastos , ML and Ferreira , M . 2000 . Selective determination of chromium (VI) in powder milk infant formulas by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry after ion exchange . Journal of AOAC International , 83 : 220 – 223 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tinggi , U , Reilly , C and Patterson , C . 1997 . Determination of manganese and chromium in foods by atomic absorption spectrometry after wet digestion . Food Chemistry , 60 : 123 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viñas , P , Campillo , N , López-García , I and Hernández-Córdoba , M . 1997 . Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric determination of molybdenum, aluminium, chromium and manganese in milk . Analytica Chimica Acta , 356 : 267 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wappelhorst , O , Kühn , I , Heidenreich , H and Markert , B . 2002 . Transfer of selected elements from food into human milk. Nutrition , 18 : 316 – 322 .
   Google Scholar
• WHO . 1996 . “ Chromium. Guidelines for drinking-water quality ” . In Health criteria and other supporting information , 2nd , Vol. 2 , Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• WHO . 2003 . “ Chromium in Drinking-Water ” . In Background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality , Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization and International Atomic Energy Organization (WHO/IAEA) . 1989 . Minor and trace elements in breast milk , Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• Zlotkin , S . 2003 . “ Special micronutrients concerns in premature infants: Implications for enteral and parenteral feeding. ” . In Micronutrients Deficiencies in the First Month of Life. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series Pediatric Program. , Edited by: Delagne , FM and West , KP . Vol. 52 , 231 – 244 . Basel : Vevey/S. Karger AG .
   Google Scholar