An Analysis of Amphetamine Toxicity and Patterns of Use

REFERENCES

• Angrist , B. and Gershon , S. 1971 . Possible Dose Response Relationships in Amphetamine Psychosis. In Press
   Google Scholar
• Angrist , B. and Gershon , S. 1970 . “The Phenomenology of Experimentally Induced Amphetamine Psychosis: Preliminary Observations.” . Biol. Psychiatry. , Vol. 2 : 95 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Angrist , B. , Schweitzer , J. , Friedhoff , A. J. , Gershon , S. , Hekimian , L. F. and Floyd , A. 1969 . “The Clinical Symptomatology of Amphetamine Psychosis and Its Relationship to Amphetamine Levels in Urine.” . Int. Pharmacopsychiatry. , Vol. 2 : 125 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Bach-y-rita , G. , Lion , J. R. , Clement , C. K. and Ervin , F. R. 1971 . “Episodic Dyscontrol: A Study of 130 Violent Patients.” . Am. J. Psychiatry. , Vol. 127 : 1473 – 1478 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejerot , N. 1968 . “An Epidemic of Phenmetrazine Dependence—Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects.”. ” . In Adolescent Drug Dependence. Edited by: Wilson , C. W. M. London : Pergamon Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , D. S. 1961 . “Amphetamine Addiction and Disturbed Sexuality.” . Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. , Vol. 4 : 74 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , D. S. 1965 . “Comparison of Amphetamine Psychosis and Schizophrenia.” . Br. J. Psychiatry. , Vol. 111 : 701 – 707 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , D. S. 1972 . “The Precipitants of Amphetamine Addiction.” . Br. J. Psychiatry. , Vol. 119 : 171 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , D. S. and Trethowan , W. H. 1961 . “Amphetamine Addiction.” . J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. , Vol. 133 : 489 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg , D. F. 1970 . “The Non-Medical Use of Dangerous Drugs in the U.S.: A Comprehensive View.” . Int. J. Addic. , Vol. 5 : 777 – 834 .
   Google Scholar
• Blumberg , A. G. , Cohen , M. , Heaton , A. M. and Klein , D. F. 1971 . “Coven Drug Abuse Among Voluntary Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients.” . J.A.M.A. , Vol. 217 : 1659 – 1661 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers , M. B. and Freedman , D. X. 1973 . “Psychosis Associated with Drug Use.” . American Handbook of Psychiatry , Vol. 6 In Press
   Google Scholar
• Carey , J. T. and Mandel , J. 1968 . “A San Francisco Bay Area ‘Speed Scene.'” . J. Health Soc. Behavior. , Vol. 9 : 164 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers , C. D. 1970 . “Some Considerations for the Treatment of Non-Narcotic Drug Abuses.”. ” . In Major Modalities In The Treatment of Drug Abuse. Edited by: Brill , L. and Lieberman , L. Boston : Little, Brown and Company. .
   Google Scholar
• Catron , B. P. , Halpern , M. , McCarron , M. , Lundberg , G. D. , McCormick , R. , Pincus , I. J. , Tatter , D. and Haverback , B. J. 1970 . “Necrotizing Angiitis Associated with Drug Abuse.” . N. Engl. J. Med. , Vol. 283 : 1003 – 1011 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , C. S. , White , E. H. and Schonlar , J. C. 1971 . “Interpersonal Patterns of Personality for Drug Abusing Patients and Their Therapeutic Implications.” . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. , Vol. 24 : 266 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Council , P. H. 1958 . Amphetamine Psychosis. London Mandsley Monographs #5
   Google Scholar
• Council , P. H. 1968 . “Clinical Aspects of Amphetamine Dependence.”. ” . In The Pharmacological and Epidemiological Aspects of Adolescent Drug Dependence. Edited by: Wilson , C. W. M. New York : Pergamon Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Carvey , R. H. and Baselt , R. C. 1968 . “Methamphctamine Poisoning.” . J. Forensic Sci. Soc. , Vol. 8 : 118 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• DeAlarcon , R. 1972 . “Drug Abuse as a Communicable Disease.” . The Milroy Lectures. , In Press
   Google Scholar
• DeAlarcon , R. 1972 . “An Epidemiological Evaluation of a Public Health Measure Aimed At Reducing the Availability of Methylamphetamine.” . Psychol. Med. , Vol. 2 : 293 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , L. 1971 . “Principles of Drug Therapy in Child Psychiatry with Special Reference to Stimulant Drugs.” . Am. J. Orthopsychiatry. , Vol. 41 : 371 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , L. 1972 . “The Hyperkinetic Child and Stimulant Drugs.” . N. Engl. J. Med. , Vol. 287 : 149 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellinwood , E. H. 1967 . “Amphetamine Psychosis: 1. Description of the Individuals and Process.” . J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. , Vol. 144 : 273 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellinwood , E. H. 1968 . “Amphetamine Psychosis: 2. Theoretical Implications.” . Int. J. Neuropsychiatry. , Vol. 4 : 45 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellinwood , E. H. 1971 . “Assault and Homicide Associated with Amphetamine Abuse.” . Am. J. Psychiatry. , Vol. 127 : 1170 – 1175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espelin , D. E. and Done , A. K. 1969 . “Amphetamine Poisoning: Effectiveness of Chlorpromazine.” . N. Engl. J. Med. , Vol. 278 : 1361 – 1365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , C. M. , Smith , D. E. , Schoenfeld , E. and Hine , C. H. 1969 . “Behavioral Mediators in the Polyphasie Mortality Curve of Aggregate Amphetamine Toxicity.” . J. Psychedelic Drugs. , Vol. 2 : 55 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Fischmann , M. W. and Schuster , C. R. 1973 . “Behavioral Toxicity of Chronic Methamphetamine in the Rhesus Monkey.”. ” . In Behavioral Toxicology. Edited by: Weiss , B and Laties , V. Appleton : Centruy-Crofts. .
   Google Scholar
• Fischmann , V. S. 1968 . “Stimulant Users in the California Rehabilitation Center.” . Int. J. Addict. , Vol. 3 : 113 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Fish , B. 1971 . “The ‘One Child, One Drug’ Myth of Stimulants in Hyperkinesis.” . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. , Vol. 25 : 193 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Freedman , D. X. 1970 . “Amphetamine and Cocaine Abuse: Letters to the Editor.” . Postgrad. Med. , Vol. 47 : 57 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Freedman , D. X. Report of the Conference on the Use of Stimulant Drug in the Treatment of Behaviorally Disturbed Young School Children. Washington , D. C : Office of Child Development, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. .
   Google Scholar
• Freud , S. 1963 . The Cocaine Papers. Vienna : Duquin Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Gay , G. R. , Winkler , J. J. and Newmeyer , J. A. 1971 . “Emerging Trends of Heroin Abuse in the San Francisco Bay Area.” . J. Psychedelic Drugs. , Vol. 4 : 53 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , L. S. and Gilman , A. 1970 . The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics. New York : The Macmillan Company. .
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin , D. W. , Alderson , P. and Tosenthal , R. 1971 . “Clinical Significance of Hallucinations in Psychiatric Disorders.” . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. , Vol. 24 : 76 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Gottschalk , L. A. , Bates , D. E. , Fox , R. A. and James , J. M. 1971 . “Psychoactive Drug Use.” . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. , Vol. 25 : 395 – 397 .
   Google Scholar
• Griffith , J. D. 1966 . “A Study of Illicit Amphetamine Drug Traffic in Oklahoma City.” . Am. J. Psychiatry. , Vol. 123 : 560 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith , J. D. , Davis , J. and Oates , J. 1971 . “Amphetamines: Addiction to a Non-Addicting Drug.”. ” . In Advances m Neuropsychopharmacology. Edited by: Vinar , O. Amsterdam : North Holland Publishing Company. .
   Google Scholar
• Griffith , J. D. , Cavenaugh , J. , Held , J. and Oates , J. A. 1972 . “Dextroamphetamine: Evaluation of Psychotomimetic Properties in Man.” . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. , Vol. 26 : 97 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Hawks , D. , Micheson , M. , Ogborne , A. and Edwards , G. 1969 . “The Abuse of Methylamphetamine.” . Br. Med. J. , Vol. 2 : 715 – 721 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofer , R. and Pittel , S. M. “Characteristics of Amphetamine Uses in a Hippie Subculture.” . Presented at American Psychological Association Annual Meeting . September .
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz , M. J. 1969 . “Flashbacks: Recurrent Intrusive Images After the Use of LSD.” . Am. J. Psychiatry. , Vol. 126 : 565 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , J. and Borges , P. 1971 . “Needle Sharing in the Haight: Some Socialpsychological Implications.” . J. Psychedelic Drugs. , Vol. 4 : 71 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , P. H. and Crawford , G. A. 1972 . “A Contagious Disease Model for Researching and Interviewing in Heroin Epidemics.” . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. , Vol. 27 : 149 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , P. H. and Jaffe , J. H. “Heroin Epidemics in Chicago.” . Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress of Psychiatry.
   Google Scholar
• Jones , E. 1953 . The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud New York : Basic Books, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Jonsson , L. E. and Gunne , L. M. 1970 . “Clinical Studies of Amphetamine Psychosis.”. ” . In Amphetamine and Related Compounds. Edited by: Costa , E. and Garrattini , S. 929 – 936 . New York : Raven Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Kornetsky , C. 1970 . “Psychoactive Drugs in the Immature Organism.” . Psychopharmacologia. , Vol. 17 : 105 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosman , M. E. and Unna , K. R. 1968 . “The Effects of Chronic Administration of the Amphetamine and Other Stimulants on Behavior.” . Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. , Vol. 9 : 240 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , J. C. , Fischmann , V. S. and Littlefield , D. C. 1967 . “Amphetamine Abuse.” . J.A.M.A. , Vol. 201 : 305 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langrod , J. 1970 . Secondary Drug Use Among Heroin Users. In Press
   Google Scholar
• Louira , D. B. , Hensle , T. and Rose , J. 1967 . “The Major Medical Complications of Heroin Addiction.” . Ann. Intern. Med. , Vol. 67 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , W. R. , Sloan , J. W. , Sapira , J. D. and Jadinski , D. R. 1971 . “Physiologic, Subjective, and Behavioral Effects of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Ephedrine, Phenmetrazine, and Methylphenidate in Man.” . Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. , Vol. 12 : 245 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meilinger , G. D. , Balter , M. B. and Manheimer , D. I. 1971 . “Patterns of Psychotherapeutic Drug Use Among Adults in San Francisco.” . Arch. Cen. Psychiatry. , Vol. 25 : 385 – 394 .
   Google Scholar
• Mendelson , W. , Johnson , N. and Stewart , M. A. 1971 . “Hyperactive Children as ‘Teenagers: A Following Study.” . J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. , Vol. 153 : 273 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menkes , M. M. , Rown , J. S. and Menkes , J. H. 1967 . “A Twenty-Five Year Followup Study of the Hyperkinetic Child with Minimal Brain Dysfunction.” . Pediatrics , Vol. 39 : 393 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers , F. N. , Jawetz , E. and Goldfien , A. 1968 . A Review of Medical Pharmacology. 46 – 59 . Los Altos , California : Lange Medical Publications. .
   Google Scholar
• National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse . 1972 . Drag Use in America: Problem In Perspective. Washington : U. S. Government Printing Office. .
   Google Scholar
• Oswald , I. and Thacore , U. R. 1963 . “Amphetamine and Phenmetrazine Addiction Physiological Abnormalities in the Abstinence Syndrome.” . Br, Med. J. , Vol. 427 : 31
   Google Scholar
• Parry , H. J. , Baiter , M. B. , Mellinger , G. D. , Cisin , I. G. and Manheimer , D. I. 1973 . “National Patterns of Psychotherapeutic Drug Use.” . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. , In Press
   Google Scholar
• Randrup , A. and Munkvad , I. 1970 . “Biochemical, Anatomical and Psychological Investigations of Stereotyped Behavior Induced by Amphetamines.”. ” . In Amphetamine and Related Compounds. Edited by: Costa , E. and Garattini , S. New York : Raven Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Robbins , E. S. , Robbins , L. , Frosch , W. A. and Stern , M. 1968 . “College Student Drug Use.” . Am. J. Psychiatry. , Vol. 126 : 1743 – 1751 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockwell , E. A. and Ostwalt , P. 1968 . “Amphetamine Use and Abuse in Psychiatric Patients.” . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. , Vol. 18 : 612 – 616 .
   Google Scholar
• Rumbaugh , C. , Bergeron , R. T. , Scanlon , R. L. , Teal , J. S. , Segali , H. D. , Fang , H. C. H. and McCormick , R. 1971 . “Cerebral Vascular Changes Secondary to Amphetamine Abuse in the Experimental Animal.” . Radiology. , Vol. 101 : 345 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumbaugh , C. , Fang , H. C. H. and McCormick , R. 1971 . “Cerebral Angiographic Changes in the Drug Abuse Patient.” . Radiology. , Vol. 101 : 335 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuckit , M. , Pius , F. N. , Reich , T. , King , L. J. and Winokur , G. 1969 . “Alcoholism 1. Two Types of Alcoholism in Women.” . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. , Vol. 20 : 301 – 306 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , P. D. and Buckell , M. 1971 . “Delinquency and Amphetamines.” . Br. J. Psychiatry. , Vol. 119 : 179 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shick , J. F. E. and Freedman , D. X. 1973 . “Research in Non-Narcotic Drug Abuse.” . American Handbook of Psychiatry , Vol. 6 In Press
   Google Scholar
• Shick , J. F. E. and Smith , D. E. 1970 . “An Analysis of the LSD Flashback.” . J. Psychedelic Drugs. , Vol. 3 : 13 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Shick , J. F.E and Smith , D. E. 1973 . “The Illicit Use of Psychotomimetic Amphetamines with Special Reference to STP (DOM) Toxicity.” . J. Psychedelic Drugs. , In Press
   Google Scholar
• Shick , J. F. E. , Smith , D. L. and Meyers , F. H. 1970 . “Patterns of Drug Use in the Haight-Ashbury Neighborhood.” . Clin Tox , Vol. 3 : 19 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. E. 1969 . “The Characteristics of Dependence in High-Dose Methamphetamine Abuse.” . Int. J. Addict. , Vol. 4 : 453 – 459 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D. E. 1969 . “Physical vs. Psychological Dependence and ‘Tolerance in High-Dose Methamphetamine Abuse.” . Clin. Tox. , Vol. 2 : 99 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. E. 1969 . “Speed Freaks vs. Acid Heads: Conflict Between Drug Subcultures.” . Clin. Pediatr. , Vol. 8 : 185 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. E. 1970 . The New Social Drug. Englewood Cliffs : Prentice-Hall, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D. E. and Fischer , C. M. 1969 . “Acute Amphetamine Toxicity.” . J. Psychedelic Drugs. , Vol. 2 : 49 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D. E. and Fischer , C. M. 1970 . “An Analysis of 310 Cases of Acute High-Dose Methamphetamine Toxicity in Haight-Ashbury.” . Clin. Tox. , Vol. 3 : 117 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. E. , Wesson , D. R. and Lannon , R. A. 1970 . “New Developments in Barbiturate Abuse.” . Clin. Tox. , Vol. 3 : 57 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R. C. 1969 . “Traffic in Amphetamines: Patterns of Illegal Manufacture and Distribution.” . J. Psychedelic Drugs. , Vol. 2 : 20 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , R. C. 1969 . “The World of the Haight-Ashbury Speed Freak.” . J. Psychedelic Drugs. , Vol. 2 : 77 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Snyder , S. H. 1972 . “Catecholamines in the Brain as Mediators of Amphetamine Psychosis.” . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. , Vol. 27 : 169 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Snyder , S. H. , Taylor , K. M. , Coyle , J. T. and Meyerhoff , J. L. 1970 . “The Role of Brain Dopamine in Behavioral Relation and the Actions of Psychotropic Drugs.” . Am. J. Psychiatry. , Vol. 127 : 199 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinklenberg , J. 1970 . “A Current View of the Amphetamines.” . Presented at the Western Institute of Drug Problems, Portland State University . August 1970 , Portland , Oregon .
   Google Scholar
• Tinklenberg , J. 1972 . “Drugs and Crime: A Consultant's Report.” Prepared for the National Commission of Marijuana and Drug Abuse
   Google Scholar
• Tinklenberg , J. and Woodrow , K. M. 1973 . “Drug Use Among Youthful Assaultive and Sexual Offenders.”. ” . In Aggression: Proceedings of the 1972 Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease. Edited by: Frazier , S. H. Baltimore : Williams and Wilkins Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Viva . 1970 . Superstar. 225 – 259 . New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons. .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , G. , Minde , K. , Werry , J. S. , Douglas , V. and Nemeth , E. 1971 . “Studies on the Hyperactive Child VIII. Five Year Follow-Up.” . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. , Vol. 24 : 409 – 414 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , S. R. , Raskino , R. and Morganstern , N. L. 1970 . “Intra cerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Following Use of Methamphetamine.” . Int. Surgery. , Vol. 53 : 123 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Weissman , A. 1968 . “Psychopharmacological Effects of Thiothixene and Related Compounds.” . Psychopharmacologia. , Vol. 12 : 142 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieder , H. and Kaplan , E. H. 1969 . “Drug Use in Adolescents— Psychodynamic Meaning and Pharmacogenic Effect.” . The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. , Vol. 24 : 389 – 431 .
   Google Scholar
• Winokur , G. , Reich , T. , Rimmer , J. and Pitts , F. N. 1970 . “Alcoholism III. Diagnosis and Familial Psychotic Illness in 259 Alcoholic Probands.” . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. , Vol. 23 : 104 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Woods , S. M. 1972 . “Violence: Psychotherapy of Pseudohomo-sexual Panic.” . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. , Vol. 27 : 255 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Utena , H. 1966 . “Behavioral Abberations in Methampheta-mine-lntoxicated Animals and Chemical Correlates in the Brain.”. ” . In Progress in Brain Research. Edited by: Tokizane , T. and Schade , J. P. 192 – 207 . Elsevier Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Zaks , M. S. , Hughes , P. , Jaffe , J. and Dolkart , M. B. 1969 . Young People in the Park. Presented at American Orthopsychiatric Assoication Annual Meeting . 1969 .
   Google Scholar
• Zalis , E. G. , Lundberg , G. E. and Knutson , R. A. 1967 . “The Pathophysiology of Acute Amphetamine Poisoning with Pathologies Correlations.” . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , Vol. 158 : 115 – 127 .
   Google Scholar