190
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Psilocybin Mushroom Pandemic

Pages 73-84 | Published online: 17 Jan 2012

REFERENCES

  • Wasson , R. G. 1972 . Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Italy : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. .
  • Wasser , P. G. 1967 . “The Pharmacology of Amanita Muscaria.” . In Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs. Edited by: Efron , D. H. , Holmstedt , B. and Kline , N. S. 419 – 439 . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office. . Public Health Service Publ. No. 1645
  • Lowy , B. 1974 . “Amanita Muscaria and the Thunderbolt Legend in Guatemala and Mexico.” . Mycologia. , Vol. 66 : 188 – 190 .
  • Bourke , J. G. 1936 . Scatalogic [sic] Rites of All Nations. Washington , D.C. : American Anthropological Association. .
  • Wasson , R. G. 1972 . “The Divine Mushroom of Immortality.” . In Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens. Edited by: Furst , P. T. 185 – 200 . New York : Praeger Publishers. .
  • Schultes , R. E. 1939 . “Plantae Mexicanae II: The Identification of Teonanacatl, A Narcotic Basidiomycete of the Aztecs.” . Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University. , Vol. 7 ( 3 ) : 37 – 54 .
  • Tyler , V. E. Jr. and Groger , D. 1964 . “Occurrence of 5-Hydroxytryptamine and 5-Hydroxytryptophan in Panaeolus sphinctrinus.” . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Vol. 53 ( 4 ) : 462 – 463 .
  • Ola'h , G. M. 1969 . “A taxinomical [sic] and physiological study of the genus panaeolus with the latin descriptions of the new species.” . Revue de Mycologie. , Vol. 33 ( 4 ) : 284 – 290 .
  • Ola'h , G. M. 1970 . “Le Genre Panaeolus: Essai taxinomique et physiologique . Revue de Mycologie, Memoire bors-serie. , No. 10
  • Pollock , S. H. Manuscript in preparation
  • Singer , R. [1949] 1951 . “The Agaricales (Mushrooms) in Modern Taxonomy.” . Lilloa: Revista de Botanica. , Vol. 22 : 1 – 832 . 472 506
  • Singer , R. 1958 . “Mycological Investigations on Teonanacatl, The Mexican Hallucinogenic Mushroom. Part I. The History of Teonanacatl, Field Work and Culture Work.” . Mycologia. , Vol. 50 : 239 – 261 .
  • Heim , R. 1956 . “Les champignons divinatoires utilises dans les rites des Indiens Mazateques, recueillis au cours de leur premier voyage au Mexique, en 1953, par Mme Valentina Pavlovna Wasson et M. R. Gordon Wasson.” . Comptes Rendus Hehd. des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris) , Vol. 242 : 965 – 968 .
  • Heim , R. 1956 . “Les champignons divinatoires recueillis par Mme Valentina Pavlovna Wasson et M. R. Gordon Wasson au cours de leurs missions de 1954 et 1955 dans les Pays Mije, mazateque, zapoteque et nahua du Mexique meridional et central.” . Comptes Rendus Hehd. des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris) , Vol. 242 : 1389 – 1395 .
  • Heim , R. 1957 . “Les Agarics hallucinogenes du genre psilocybe recueillis au cours de notre recente mission dans le Mexique meridional et central en compagnie de M. R. Gordon Wasson.” . Comptes Rendus Hebd. des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris) , Vol. 244 : 695 – 700 .
  • Heim , R. 1957 . “Sur les Psilocybes hallucinatoires des Azteques et sur le microendemisme des Agarics utilises par les Indiens du Mexique a des fins divinatoires.” . Comptes Rendus Hebd. des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris) , Vol. 245 : 1761 – 1765 .
  • Heim , R. and Hofmann , A. 1958 . “Isolement de la psilocybine a partir du Stropharia cubensis Earle et d'autres especes de champignons hallucinogenes mexicains appartenant au genre Psilocybe.” . Comptes Rendus Hebd. des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris) , Vol. 247 : 557 – 561 .
  • Catalfomo , P. and Tyler , V. E. Jr. 1964 . “The Production of Psilocybin in Submerged Culture by Psilocybe cubensis.” . Lloydia. , Vol. 27 : 53 – 63 .
  • Earle , F. S. 1906 . “Algunos Hongos Cubanos.” . Informe anual. Estacion central agronomica de Cuba. , Vol. 1 : 225 – 242 .
  • Patouillard , N. 1907 . “Champignons nouveaux de Tonkin.” . Bulletin de la Societe mycologique de France. , Vol. 23 : 69 – 79 .
  • Murrill , W. A. 1941 . “Some Florida Novelties.” . Mycologia. , Vol. 33 : 279
  • Singer , R. 1936 . “Das System der Agaricales.” . Annales Mycologici. , Vol. 34 : 340
  • Singer , R. 1948 . “Diagnoses Fungorum Novorum Agaricalium.” . Sydowia: Annales Mycologici. , Vol. 2 : 37
  • Singer , R. and Smith , A. H. 1958 . “Mycological Investigations on Teonanacatl, the Mexican Hallucinogenic Mushroom. Part II. A Taxonomic Monograph of Psilocybe, Section Caerulescentes.” . Mycologia. , Vol. 50 : 262 – 303 .
  • Benedict , R. G. , Brady , L. K. , Smith , A. H. and Tyler , V. E. Jr. 1962 . “Occurrence of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Certain Conocybe Psilocybe Species.” . Lloydia. , Vol. 25 : 156 – 159 .
  • Benedict , R. G. , Tyler , V. E. and Watling , R. 1967 . “Blueing in Conocybe, Psilocybe and a Stropharia Species and the Detection of Psilocybin.” . Lloydia. , Vol. 30 : 150 – 157 .
  • Singer , R. 1962 . The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. New York : Hafner. .
  • Hofmann , A. , Heim , R. and Tscherter , H. 1963 . “Presence de la psilocybine dans une espece europeene d'Agaric, le Psilocybe semilanceata Fr.” . Comptes Rendus Hebd. des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris) , Vol. 257 : 10 – 12 .
  • Hall , M. C. 1973 . “Problems in Legislating Against Abuse of Hallucinogenic Fungi in Australia.” . Bulletin on Narcotics. , Vol. 25 ( 3 ) : 27 – 36 .
  • Snell , W. H. and Dick , E. A. 1971 . A Glossary of Mycology. Cambridge : Harvard University Press. .
  • Hofmann , A. , Heim , R. , Brock , A. and Kobel , H. 1958 . “Psilocybin, ein psychotroper Wirkstoff aus dem mexikosischen Rauschpilz Psilocybe mexicana Heim.” . Experientia. , Vol. 14 : 107 – 109 .
  • Stein , S. I. , Closs , G. L. and Gabel , N. W. 1959 . “Observations on Psychoneurophysiologically Significant Mushrooms.” . Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata. , Vol. 11 : 205 – 216 .
  • Heim , R. and Wasson, R. G. & Collaborators . [1958] 1959 . Les Champignons Hallucinogens du Mexique… 260 Paris : Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. .
  • Hofmann , A. 1960 . “Psychotomimetica, Chemische, Pharmakologische und Medezinische Aspekte.” . Svensk Kemish Tidskrift. , Vol. 72 : 723 – 745 .
  • Tyler , V. E. 1961 . “Indole Derivatives in Certain North American Mushrooms.” . Lloydia. , Vol. 24 : 71 – 74 .
  • McCawley , E. L. , Brummett , R. E. and Dana , G. W. 1962 . “Convulsions from Psilocybin Mushroom Poisoning,” . Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society. , Vol. 5 : 27 – 33 .
  • Leung , A. Y. , Smith , A. H. and Paul , A. G. 1965 . “Production of Psilocybin in Psilocybe baeocystis Saprophytic Culture.” . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. , Vol. 54 ( 11 ) : 1576 – 1579 .
  • Ola'h , G. M. and Heim , R. 1967 . “Une nouvelle espece nord-americaine de Psilocybe hallucinogene: Psilocybe quebecensis G. Ola'h et R. Heim.” . Comptes Rendus Hebd. des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris). Serie D. , Vol. 264 : 1601 – 1604 .
  • Leung , A. W. and Paul , A. G. 1968 . “Baeocystin and Norbaeocystin: New Analogs of Psilocybin from Psilocybe baeocystis.” . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. , Vol. 57 ( 10 ) : 1667 – 1671 .
  • Wasson , R. G. 1957 . “Seeking the Magic Mushroom.” . Life. , 13 May : 100 – 102 . 109 – 120 . Also In: Life (International Edition). (10 Jun, 1957)
  • Wasson , V. P. 1957 . “I Ate the Sacred Mushrooms.” . This Week. , 19 May
  • 1970 . “Hippies Flocking to Mexico for ‘Mushroom Trips.’” . New York Times. , 23 Jul : 6C
  • Sandford , J. 1973 . In Search of the Magic Mushroom. New York : Clarkson N. Potter. .
  • Heim , R. , Genest , K. , Hughes , D. W. and Belec , G. 1966 . “Botanical and Chemical Characterization of a Forensic Mushroom Specimen of the Genus Psilocybe.” . Journal of the Forensic Science Society. , Vol. 6 : 192 – 201 .
  • Heim, R. & Collaborators . 1967 . Nouvelles Investigations sur les Champignons Hallucinogenes. Paris : Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. .
  • Benedict , R. G. , Brady , L. R. and Tyler , V. E. 1962 . “An Occurrence of Psilocin in Psilocybe baeocystis.” . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. , Vol. 51 : 393 – 394 .
  • Superweed , M. J. 1972 . Home Grown Highs. San Francisco : Stone Kingdom. .
  • Heim , R. , Hofmann , A. and Tscherter , H. 1966 . “Sur une intoxication collective a syndrome psilocybien causee en France par un Copelandia.” . Comptes Rendus Hebd. des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris) Serie D. , Vol. 262 : 509 – 523 .
  • Cerletti , A. , Taeschler , M. and Weidmann , H. 1968 . “Pharmacologic Studies on the Structure-Activity Relationship of Hydroxyindole Alkylamines.” . Advances in Pharmacology. , Vol. 6B : 233 – 246 .
  • Blackington , A. H. 1958 . Beverly Times. , 22 Oct
  • Schultes , R. E. 1969 . “The Plant Kingdom and Hallucinogens (Part I).” . Bulletin on Narcotics. , Vol. 21 ( 3 ) : 3 – 16 .
  • Pollock , S. H. 1974 . “A Novel Experience with Panaeolus: A Case Study from Hawaii.” . Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. , Vol. 6 ( 1 ) : 85 – 89 .
  • Johnson , D. W. and Gunn , J. W. Jr. 1972 . “Dangerous Drugs: Adulterants, Diluents, and Deception in Street Samples.” . Journal of Forensic Sciences. , Vol. 17 ( 4 ) : 629 – 639 .
  • Kok , J. C.P. , Kamp , P. E. and van Welsum , R. A. 1973 . “The Results of the Street Drug Identification Program in Amsterdam.” . Pacific Information Service on Street Drugs. , Vol. 2 ( 5–6 ) : 35 – 40 .
  • Brown , J. K. and Malone , M. H. 1973 . “Status of Drug Quality in the Street-Drug Market.” . Pacific Information Service on Street Drugs. , Vol. 3 ( 1 ) : 1 – 7 .
  • Mattke , D. J. and Steinigen , M. 1973 . “The Chemical Composition of Illicit Drugs in Munich.” . Pacific Information Service on Street Drugs. , Vol. 3 ( 2 ) : 10 – 16 .
  • Sperling , A. 1972 . “Analysis of Hallucinogenic Drugs.” . Journal of Chromatographic Science. , Vol. 10 : 268 – 275 .
  • Holguin , H. 1974 . “Ultimos dias de una comuna hippie: Ya pucden otra vez crecer tranquilos los hongos en La Miel.” . Cromos. , Vol. 144 20 May : 60 – 65 .
  • Weil , A. T. 1973 . “Stalking the Wild Mushroom High.” . Boston after Dark. , 14 Aug : 18
  • Castaneda , C. 1968 . The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge. Berkeley : University of California Press. .
  • Castaneda , C. 1971 . Separate Reality. New York : Simon and Schuster. .
  • Agurrel , S. and Nilsson , J. L.G. 1968 . “A Biosynthetic Sequence from Tryptophan to Psilocybin.” . Tetrahedron Letters. , : 1063 – 1064 . No. 9
  • Agurrel , S. and Nilsson , J. L.G. 1968 . “Biosynthesis of Psilocybin: Part II. Incorporation of Labelled Tryptamine Derivatives.” . Acta Chemica Scandinavica. , Vol. 22 ( 4 ) : 1210 – 1218 .
  • Ola'h , G. M. 1974 . Personal communication
  • Aberdeen , J. E.C. and Jones , W. 1958 . “A Hallucinogenic Toadstool.” . Australian Journal of Science. , Vol. 21 : 149
  • McCarthy , J. P. 1971 . “Some Less Familiar Drugs of Abuse.” . Medical Journal of Australia. , Vol. 2 ( 21 ) : 1078 – 1081 .
  • Fischer , R. 1971 . “A Cartography of the Ecstatic and Meditative States.” . Science. , Vol. 174 ( 4012 ) : 897 – 904 .
  • Shaffer , J. H. , Hill , R. M. and Fischer , R. 1973 . “Psychophysics of Psilocybin and delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol.” . Agents and Actions. , Vol. 3 ( 1 ) : 48 – 51 .
  • Fischer , R. 1974 . Pharmacologist. , Vol. 16 ( 2 ) : 237 Presentation of papers (a) No. 262 and (b) 264 at the Drug Abuse: Psychotropic Drugs session of the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics meeting held at the University of Montreal, August 20, 1974. Abstracts of No. 262 “Hallucinogens, a Re-Evaluation” by R. Fischer and No. 264 “Cortical and/or Subcortical Effects as a Function of Hallucinogen Drug Structure?” by H. Goldman and R. Fischer appeared in
  • McCloskey , K. 1974 . Pharmacologist. , Vol. 16 ( 2 ) : 237 Presentation of paper No. 263 at the Drug Abuse: Psychotropic Drug session of the ASPET meeting held in Montreal, August 20, 1974. The abstract of No. 263 by K.L. McCloskey and D.N. Franz appeared in
  • Hollister , L. E. 1968 . Chemical Psychosis: LSD and Related Drugs. Springfield : Charles C. Thomas. .
  • Horita , A. and Weber , L. J. 1961 . “Dephosphorylation of Psilocybin to Psilocin by Alkaline Phosphatase.” . Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. , Vol. 106 : 32 – 34 .
  • Hofmann , A. , Heim , R. Brack , A. 1959 . “Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen.” . Helvetica Chimica Acta. , Vol. 42 : 1557 – 1572 .
  • Ludwig , A. M. and Levine , J. 1966 . “The Clinical Effects of Psychedelic Agents.” . Clinical Medicine. , Vol. 73 Jun : 6 – 24 .
  • Snyder , S. H. , Faillace , L. and Hollisterm , L. 1967 . “2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine (STP): A New Hallucinogenic Drug.” . Science. , Vol. 158 Nov : 669 – 670 .
  • Roscoe , C. W. 1973 . “Re: Chemical Nomenclature of Drugs.” . Pacific Information Service on Street Drugs. , Vol. 2 ( 4 ) : 28
  • Solursh , L. P. and Clement , W. R. 1968 . “Hallucinogenic Drug Abuse: Manifestations and Management.” . Canadian Medical Association Journal. , Vol. 98 Feb : 407 – 410 .
  • Shick , J. F.E. and Smith , D. E. 1972 . “The Illicit Use of the Psychotomimetic Amphetamines with Special Reference to STP (DOM) Toxicity.” . Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. , Vol. 5 ( 2 ) : 131 – 138 .
  • Orr , H. 1975 . “Reversal of Datura Stramonium Delirium with Physostigmine: Report of Three Cases.” . Anesthesia and Analgesia, Current Researches. , Vol. 54 ( 1 ) : 158
  • Grossman , C. M. and Malbin , B. 1954 . “Mushroom Poisoning: A Review of the Literature and Report of Two Cases Caused by Previously Underscribed Species.” . Annales of Internal Medicine. , Vol. 40 : 249 – 259 .
  • Buck , R. W. 1961 . “Mushroom Toxins A Brief Review of the Literature.” . New England Journal of Medicine. , Vol. 265 : 681 – 686 .
  • Harrison , D. C. , Coggins , C. H. , Welland , F. H. and Nelson , S. 1965 . “Mushroom Poisoning in Five Patients.” . American Journal of Medicine. , Vol. 38 : 787 – 792 .
  • 1973 . “The Deadly Mushroom.” . Newsweek. , 15 Jan : 48 – 49 .
  • Mitchell , D. H. 1974 . “Mushroom Poisoning: Superstition to Science.” . Life and Health. , Vol. 89 ( 6 ) : 10 – 15 .
  • Imai , S. 1932 . “On Stropharia caerulescens, A New Species of Poisonous Toadstool.” . Transactions Sapporo Natural History Society. , Vol. 12 ( 3 ) : 148 – 151 .
  • Wasson , R. G. 1961 . “The Hallucinogenic Fungi of Mexico: An Inquiry into the Origins of the Religious Idea Among Primitive Peoples.” . Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University. , Vol. 19 ( 7 ) : 137 – 162 .
  • Munn , H. 1973 . “The Mushrooms of Language.” . In Hallucinogens and Shamanism Edited by: Harner , M. J. 86 – 122 . New York : Oxford University Press. .
  • Huxley , A. 1962 . Island. New York : Harper and Row. .
  • Ott , J. 1975 . Personal communication
  • Weil , A. T. 1975 . Personal communication
  • Cullinan , E. R. and Henry , D. 1945 . “Fungus Poisoning in the Nairobi District.” . East African Medical Journal. , Vol. 22 : 252 – 254 .
  • Charters , A. D. 1957 . “Mushroom Poisoning in Kenya.” . Transactions of the Royal Society of tropical Medicine and Hygiene. , Vol. 51 ( 3 ) : 265 – 270 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.