1,363
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Mitochondrial variability in the Mediterranean area: a complex stage for human migrations

, , , , &
Pages 5-19 | Received 22 Nov 2017, Accepted 05 Dec 2017, Published online: 30 Jan 2018

References

  • Achilli A, Rengo C, Magri C, Battaglia V, Olivieri A, Scozzari R, Cruciani F. 2004. The molecular dissection of mtDNA haplogroup H confirms that the Franco-Cantabrian glacial refuge was a major source for the European gene pool. Am J Hum Genet 75:910–918.
  • Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, Damgaard PB, et al. 2015. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522:167–172.
  • Andrews RM, Kubacka I, Chinnery PF, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM. Howell N. 1999. Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA. Nat Genet 23:147.
  • Anthony DW. 2007. The Horse, The Wheel and Language. How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Badro DA, Douaihy B, Haber M, Youhanna SC, Salloum A, Ghassibe-Sabbagh M, Johnsrud B, et al. 2013. Y-chromosome and mtDNA genetics reveal significant contrasts in affinities of modern Middle Eastern populations with European and African populations. PLoS One 8:e54616.
  • Barral-Arca R, Pischedda S, Gómez-Carballa A, Pastoriza A, Mosquera-Miguel A, López-Soto M, Martinón-Torres F, et al. 2016. Meta-Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Iberian Peninsula. PLoS One 11:e0159735.
  • Behar DM, van Oven M, Rosset S, Metspalu M, Loogväli EL, Silva NM, Kivisild T, et al. 2012. A Copernican reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root. Am J Hum Genet 90:675–684.
  • Benazzi S, Douka K, Fornai C, Bauer CC, Kullmer O, Svoboda J, Pap I, et al. 2011. Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour. Nature 479:525–528.
  • Boattini A, Sarno S, Pedrini P, Medoro C, Carta M, Tucci S, Ferri G, et al. 2015. Traces of medieval migrations in a socially stratified population from Northern Italy. Evidence from uniparental markers and deep-rooted pedigrees. Heredity (Edinb) 114:155–162.
  • Bollongino R, Nehlich O, Richards MP, Orschiedt J, Thomas MG, Sell C, Fajkosová Z, et al. 2013. 2000 years of parallel societies in Stone Age Central Europe. Science 342:479–481.
  • Bosch E, Calafell F, Gonzalez-Neira A, Flaiz C, Mateu E, Scheil HG, Huckenbeck W, et al. 2006. Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns. Ann Hum Genet 70:459–487.
  • Bramanti B, Thomas MG, Haak W, Unterlaender M, Jores P, Tambets K, Antanaitis-Jacobs I, et al. 2009. Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and central Europe’s first farmers. Science 326:137–140.
  • Brett M, Fentress E. 1996. The Berbers. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Brisighelli F, Capelli C, Alvarez-Iglesias V, Onofri V, Paoli G, Tofanelli S, Carracedo A, et al. 2009. The Etruscan timeline: a recent Anatolian connection. Eur J Hum Genet 17:693–696.
  • Carpenter R. 1958. Phoenicians in the West. Am J Archaeol 62:35–53.
  • Cerezo M, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Perego UA, Gómez-Carballa A, Brisighelli F, Lancioni H, et al. 2012. Reconstructing ancient mitochondrial DNA links between Africa and Europe. Genome Res 22:821–826.
  • Childe VG. 1964. The Dawn of European Civilization. 6th ed. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Cohen MN, Armelagos GJ. 1984. Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture. Cambridge: University of Florida; Academic Press.
  • Cunliffe B. 2001. The Oxford illustrated history of prehistoric Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • De Angelis F, Martínez-Labarga C, Götherström A, Catalano P, Gazzaniga V, Rickards O. 2018. Rome wasn't built in a day: biomolecular analysis of ancient Romans. AJPA Special issue for AAPA18 Annual Meeting (in press).
  • de la Rua C, Izagirre N, Alonso S, Hervella M. 2015. Ancient DNA in the Cantabrian fringe populations: a mtDNA study from prehistory to late antiquity. Quaternary Int 364:306–311.
  • Di Bernardo G, Del Gaudio S, Galderisi U, Cascino A, Cipollaro M. 2009. Ancient DNA and family relationships in a Pompeian house. Ann Hum Genet 73:429–437.
  • Di Gaetano C, Cerutti N, Crobu F, Robino C, Inturri S, Gino S, Guarrera S, et al. 2009. Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome. Eur J Hum Genet 17:91–99.
  • Dolukhanov P. 1993. Foraging and farming groups in north-eastern and north-western Europe: identity and interaction. In: Chapman J, Dolukhanov P, editors. Cultural Transformations and Interactions in Eastern Europe. Aldershot: Avebury. p 122–45.
  • Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131:479–491.
  • Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S. 2005. Arlequin ver. 3.0: An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinform Online 1:47–50.
  • Fan L, Yao YG. 2013. An update to MitoTool: using a new scoring system for faster mtDNA haplogroup determination. Mitochondrion 13:360–363.
  • Fernandez E, Perez-Perez A, Gamba C, Prats E, Cuesta P, et al. 2014. Ancient DNA analysis of 8000 B.C. near Eastern farmers supports an early Neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands. PLoS Genet 10:e1004401.
  • Fiorito G, Di Gaetano C, Guarrera S, Rosa F, Feldman MW, Piazza A, Matullo G. 2016. The Italian genome reflects the history of Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Eur J Hum Genet 24:1056–1062.
  • Fu Q, Mittnik A, Johnson PLF, Bos K, Lari M, Bollongino R, Sun C, et al. 2013. A revised timescale for human evolution based on ancient mitochondrial genomes. Curr Biol 23:553–559.
  • Fu Q, Posth C, Hajdinjak M, Petr M, Mallick S, Fernandes D, Furtwängler A, et al. 2016. The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature 534:200–205.
  • Gamba C, Fernández E, Oliver A, Tirado M, Baeza C, López-Parra AM, Arroyo-Pardo E. 2008. Population genetics and DNA preservation in ancient human remains from Eastern Spain. Forensic Sci Int Genet 1:462–464.
  • Gamba C, Jones ER, Teasdale MD, McLaughlin RL, Gonzalez-Fortes G, Mattiangeli V, Domboróczki L, et al. 2014. Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory. Nat Commun 5:5257.
  • Gamble C, Davies W, Pettitt P, Richards M. 2004. Climate change and evolving human diversity in Europe during the last glacial. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359:243–253.
  • Green RE, Malaspinas AS, Krause J, Briggs AW, Johnson PL, Uhler C, Meyer M, et al. 2008. A complete Neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing. Cell 134:416–426.
  • Günther T, Valdiosera C, Malmström H, Ureña I, Rodriguez-Varela R, Sverrisdóttir ÓO, Daskalaki EA, et al. 2015. Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:11917–11922.
  • Günther T, Jakobsson M. 2016. Genes mirror migrations and cultures in prehistoric Europe-a population genomic perspective. Curr Opin Genet Dev 41:115–123.
  • Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, Brandt G, et al. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522:207–211.
  • Hammer Ø, Harper Da T, Ryan PD. 2001. PAST: Paleontological Statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electronica 4:9.
  • Hernández CL, Reales G, Dugoujon JM, Novelletto A, Rodríguez JN, Cuesta P, Calderón R. 2014. Human maternal heritage in Andalusia (Spain): its composition reveals high internal complexity and distinctive influences of mtDNA haplogroups U6 and L in the western and eastern side of region. BMC Genet 15:11.
  • Hernández CL, Soares P, Dugoujon JM, Novelletto A, Rodríguez JN, Rito T, Oliveira M, et al. 2015. Early Holocenic and historic mtDNA African signatures in the Iberian Peninsula: The Andalusian Region as a Paradigm. PLoS One 10:e0139784.
  • Hernández CL, Dugoujon JM, Novelletto A, Rodríguez JN, Cuesta P, Calderón R. 2017. The distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup H in southern Iberia indicates ancient human genetic exchanges along the western edge of the Mediterranean. BMC Genet 18:46.
  • Herrnstadt C, Elson JL, Fahy E, Preston G, Turnbull DM, Anderson C, Ghosh SS, et al. 2002. Reduced-median-network analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA coding-region sequences for the major African, Asian, and European haplogroups. Am J Hum Genet 70:1152–1171.
  • Hervella M, Izagirre N, Alonso S, Fregel R, Alonso A, Cabrera VM, de la Rúa C. 2012. Ancient DNA from hunter-gatherer and farmer groups from Northern Spain supports a random dispersion model for the Neolithic expansion into Europe. PLoS One 7:e34417.
  • Hewitt G. 2000. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary Ice Ages. Nature 405:907–913.
  • Higham T, Douka K, Wood R, Ramsey CB, Brock Basell L, Camps M, Arrizabalaga A, et al. 2014. The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance. Nature 512:306–309.
  • Hitti P. 1990. The Arabs: A Short History. Washington DC: Gateway.
  • Hofmanová Z, Kreutzer S, Hellenthal G, Sell C, Diekmann Y, Díez-Del-Molino D, van Dorp L, et al. 2016. Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113:6886–6891.
  • Hublin JJ. 2011. Palaeoanthropology: African origins. Nature 476:395.
  • Hublin JJ, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM, Bergmann I, et al. 2017. New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens. Nature 546:289–292.
  • Hughey JR, Paschou P, Drineas P, Mastropaolo D, Lotakis DM, Navas PA, Michalodimitrakis M, et al. 2013. A European population in Minoan Bronze Age Crete. Nat Commun 4:1861.
  • Ingman M, Kaessmann H, Pääbo S, Gyllensten U. 2000. Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans. Nature 408:708–713. (Erratum in: Nature 2001, 410:611).
  • Isern N, Fort J, de RVL. 2017. The ancient cline of haplogroup K implies that the Neolithic transition in Europe was mainly demic. Sci Rep 7:11229.
  • Jankova-Ajanovska R, Zimmermann B, Huber G, Röck AW, Bodner M, Jakovski Z, Janeska B, et al. 2014. Mitochondrial DNA control region analysis of three ethnic groups in the Republic of Macedonia. Forensic Sci Int Genet 13:1–2.
  • Jones ER, Gonzalez-Fortes G, Connell S, Siska V, Eriksson A, Martiniano R, McLaughlin RL, et al. 2015. Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians. Nat Commun 6:8912.
  • Jones ER, Zarina G, Moiseyev V, Lightfoot E, Nigst PR, Manica A, Pinhasi R, Bradley DG. 2017. The Neolithic transition in the Baltic was not driven by admixture with early European Farmers. Curr Biol 27:576–582.
  • King RJ, Di Cristofaro J, Kouvatsi A, Triantaphyllidis C, Scheidel W, Myres NM, Lin AA, et al. 2011. The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean. BMC Evol Biol 11:69.
  • Kristiansen K. 2007. Eurasian transformations: mobility, ecological change, and the trasmission of social institutions in the third millenium and the early second millenium B.C.E. In: Hornborg B, Crumley C, editors. TheWorld System and the Earth System: Global Socio environmental Change and Sustainability Since the Neolithic. Abingdon: Left Coast Press. p 149–162.
  • Kruskal JB. 1964. Non metric multidimensional scaling ad numerical method. Psychometrika 29:115–129.
  • Lao O, Lu TT, Nothnagel M, Junge O, Freitag-Wolf S, Caliebe A, Balascakova M, et al. 2008. Correlation between genetic and geographic structure in Europe. Curr Biol 18:1241–1248.
  • Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Mittnik A, Renaud G, Mallick S, Kirsanow K, Sudmant PH, et al. 2014. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513:409–413.
  • Lazaridis I, Nadel D, Rollefson G, Merrett DC, Rohland N, Mallick S, Fernandes D, et al. 2016. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East. Nature 536:419–424.
  • Lazaridis I, Mittnik A, Patterson N, Mallick S, Rohland N, Pfrengle S, Furtwängler A, et al. 2017. Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans. Nature 548:214–218.
  • Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T, Ruan J, Homer N, Marth G, et al. 2009. The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools . Bioinformatics 25:2078–2079.
  • Maca-Meyer N, González AM, Larruga JM, Flores C, Cabrera VM. 2001. Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions. BMC Genet 2:13.
  • Macaulay V, Hill C, Achilli A, Rengo C, Clarke D, Meehan W, Blackburn J, et al. 2005. Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes. Science 308:1034–1036.
  • Macciardi F, Scorrano G, Martinez-Labarga C, Oakes M, Martini F, Lo Vetro D, Fabbri P, Lelli R, Yu D, Tuniz C, Sandmeyer S, Rickards O. 2016. Sequencing the whole genomes of two Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH) from the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic: considerations on methods. In: Rickards O, Sarti L editors. Biological and cultural heritage of the Central-Southern Italian population through 30 thousand years (EPIC). Roma: Universitalia Editrice S.r.l. p. 183–198.
  • Mallory J. 1987. In Search of the Indo-Europeans. Language, Archaeology and Myth. London: Thames & Hudson.
  • Marques SL, Goios A, Rocha AM, Prata MJ, Amorim A, Gusmao L, Alvesa C, Alvareza L. 2015. Portuguese mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity: An update and a phylogenetic revision. Forensic Sci Int Genet 15:27–32.
  • Martiniano R, Caffell A, Holst M, Hunter-Mann K, Montgomery J, Müldner G, McLaughlin RL, et al. 2015. Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons. Nat Commun 7:10326.
  • Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N, Mallick S, Patterson N, Roodenberg SA, Harney E, et al. 2015. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528:499–503.
  • Matisoo-Smith EA, Gosling AL, Boocock J, Kardailsky O, Kurumilian Y, Roudesli-Chebbi S, Badre L, et al. 2016. A European mitochondrial haplotype identified in ancient Phoenician remains from Carthage, North Africa. PLoS One 11:e0155046.
  • Mellars P. 2006. Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model. PNAS USA 103:9381–9386.
  • Modi A, Gigli E, Vai S, Scorrano G, Lelli R, Rolfo MF, Martínez-Labarga C, Rickards O, Caramelli D, Lari M. 2016. Complete mitochondrial genomes of three Early Neolithics from Central Italy. In: Rickards O, Sarti L, editors. Biological and cultural heritage of the Central-Southern Italian population through 30 thousand years (EPIC). Roma: Universitalia Editrice S.r.l. p 199–208.
  • Murray O. 1993. Early Greece. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Norman D. 1975. The Arabs and Medieval Europe. London: Longmann Group Limited.
  • Olalde I, Schroeder H, Sandoval-Velasco M, Vinner L, Lobón I, Ramirez O, Civit S, et al. 2015. A common genetic origin for early farmers from Mediterranean Cardial and Central European LBK Cultures. Mol Biol Evol 32:3132–3142.
  • Omrak A, Günther T, Valdiosera C, Svensson EM, Malmström H, Kiesewetter H, Aylward W, et al. 2016. Genomic evidence establishes Anatolia as the source of the European Neolithic gene pool. Curr Biol 26:270–275.
  • Ottoni C, Primativo G, Hooshiar Kashani B, Achilli A, Martínez-Labarga C, Biondi G, Torroni A, Rickards O. 2010. Mitochondrial haplogroup H1 in north Africa: an early holocene arrival from Iberia. PLoS One 5:e13378.
  • Pala M, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Kashani BH, Perego UA, Sanna D, Metspalu E, et al. 2009. Mitochondrial haplogroup U5b3: a distant echo of the epipaleolithic in Italy and the legacy of the early Sardinians. Am J Hum Genet 84:814–821.
  • Pardo-Seco J, Gomez-Carballa A, Amigo J, Martinon-Torres F, Salas A. 2014. A genome-wide study of modern-day Tuscans: revisiting Herodotus's theory on the origin of the Etruscans. PLoS One 9:e105920.
  • Pinhasi R, Fort J, Ammerman AJ. 2005. Tracing the origin and spread of agriculture in Europe. PLoS Biol 3:e410.
  • Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik A, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, Valentin F, et al. 2016. Pleistocene mitochondrial genomes suggest a single major dispersal of Non-Africans and a late glacial population turnover in Europe. Curr Biol Mar 26:827–833.
  • Prüfer K, de Filippo C, Grote S, Mafessoni F, Korlević P, Hajdinjak M, Vernot B, et al. 2017. A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Vindija Cave in Croatia. Science 358:655–658.
  • Rasmussen M, Li Y, Lindgreen S, Pedersen JS, Albrechtsen A, Moltke I, Metspalu M, et al. 2010. Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo. Nature 463:757–762.
  • Reich D, Green RE, Kircher M, Krause J, Patterson N, Durand EY, Viola B, et al. 2010. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468:1053–1060.
  • Renfrew AC. 1987. Archaeology and Language. The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. London: Penguin.
  • Rezakhan K. 2010. The road that never was: The Silk Road and Trans-Eurasian Exchange. Compar Stud South Asia Africa Middle East 30:420–433.
  • Rootsi S, Magri C, Kivisild T, Benuzzi G, Help H, Bermisheva M, Kutuev I, et al. 2004. Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistoric gene flow in europe. Am J Hum Genet 75:128–137.
  • Sankararaman S, Patterson N, Li H, Pääbo S, Reich D. 2012. The date of interbreeding between Neandertals and modern humans. PLoS Genet 8:e1002947.
  • Sazzini M, Sarno S, Luiselli D. 2014. The Mediterranean human population: an anthropological genetics perspective. In: Goffredo S, Dubinsky Z, editors. The Mediterranean Sea: Its history and present challenges. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. p 529–551.
  • Schueneman VJ, Peltzer A, Welte B, van Pelt WP, Molak M, Wang CC, Furtwangler A. 2017. Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods. Nat Commun 8:15694.
  • Scorrano G, Lelli R, Martínez-Labarga C, Scano G, Contini I, Hafez HS, Rudan P, Rickards O. 2016. Variability and distribution of COL1A2 (type I collagen) polymorphisms in the central-eastern Mediterranean Basin. Ann Hum Biol 43:73–77.
  • Scorrano G, Finocchio A, D, Angelis F, Martínez-Labarga C, Frezza D, Šarac J, Contini I, et al. 2017. The Genetic Landscape of Serbian Populations through Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing and Non-Recombining Region of the Y Chromosome Microsatellites. Coll Antropol 41:275–296.
  • Seguin-Orlando A, Korneliussen TS, Sikora M, Malaspinas AS, Manica A, Moltke I, Albrechtsen A, et al. 2014. Paleogenomics: Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years. Science 346:1113–1118.
  • Skoglund P, Malmström H, Raghavan M, Storå J, Hall P, Willerslev E, Gilbert MT, et al. 2012. Origins and genetic legacy of Neolithic farmers and hunter-gatherers in Europe. Science 336:466–469.
  • Skoglund P, Malmström H, Omrak A, Raghavan M, Valdiosera C, Günther T, Hall P, et al. 2014. Genomic diversity and admixture differs for Stone-Age Scandinavian foragers and farmers. Science 344:747–750.
  • Soares P, Achilli A, Semino O, Davies W, Macaulay V, Bandelt HJ, Torroni A, Richards MB. 2010. The archaeogenetics of Europe. Curr Biol 20:174–183.
  • Sokolov AS, Nedoluzhko AS, Boulygina ES, Tsygankova SV, Sharko FS, Gruzdeva NM, Shishlov AV, et al. 2016. Six complete mitochondrial genomes from Early Bronze Age humans in the North Caucasus. J Archaeol Sci 73:138–144.
  • Stoneking M. 2008. Human origins. The molecular perspective. EMBO Rep 9:46–50.
  • Tallavaara M, Luoto M, Korhonen N, Järvinen H, Seppä H. 2015. Human population dynamics in Europe over the Last Glacial Maximum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:8232–8237.
  • The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium. 2015. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature 526:68–74.
  • Tofanelli S, Brisighelli F, Anagnostou P, Busby GB, Ferri G, Thomas MG, Taglioli L, et al. 2016. The Greeks in the West: genetic signatures of the Hellenic colonisation in southern Italy and Sicily. Eur J Hum Genet 24:429–436.
  • Torroni A, Bandelt HJ, Macaulay V, Richards M, Cruciani F, Rengo C, Martinez-Cabrera V, et al. 2001. A signal, from human mtDNA, of postglacial recolonization in Europe. Am J Hum Genet 69:844–852.
  • van Oven M, Kayser M. 2009. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Hum Mutat 30:E386–E394.
  • Vernesi C, Di Benedetto G, Caramelli D, Secchieri E, Simoni L, Katti E, Malaspina P, et al. 2001. Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:13460–13463.
  • Weissensteiner H, Pacher D, Kloss-Brandstätter A, Forer L, Specht G, Bandelt HJ, Kronenberg F, et al. 2016. HaploGrep 2: mitochondrial haplogroup classification in the era of high-throughput sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res 44:W58–W63.
  • Zvelebil M. 2001. The agricultural transition and the origins of Neolithic society in Europe. Doc Praehistorica XXVIII:1–29.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.