Paternal lineages in southern Iberia provide time frames for gene flow from mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world

References

• Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, et al. 2008. The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. Am J Hum Genet. 83:725–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso S, Flores C, Cabrera V, Alonso A, Martín P, Albarrán C, Izagirre N, et al. 2005. The place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome diversity landscape. Eur J Hum Genet. 13:1293–1302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosio B, Hernández C, Novelletto A, Dugoujon JM, Rodríguez JN, Cuesta P, Fortes-Lima C, et al. 2010. Searching the peopling of the Iberian Peninsula from the perspective of two Andalusian subpopulations: a study based on Y-chromosome Haplogroups J and E. Coll Antropol. 34:1215–1228.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ambrosio B, Novelletto A, Hernández C, Dugoujon JM, Fortes-Lima C, Rodriguez JN, Calderón R. 2012. Y-STR genetic diversity in autochthonous Andalusians from Huelva and Granada provinces (Spain). Forensic Sci Int Genet. 6:e66–e71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, Zerjal T, Fathallah DM, Makrelouf M, Pascali VL, et al. 2004. A predominantly Neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa. Am J Hum Genet. 75:338–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aura Tortosa JE, Jordá Pardo JF, Badal García E, Guillem Calatayud P, Perez Ripoll M, Rodrigo García MJ. 2002. The far south: the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in Nerja Cave (Andalucía, Spain). Quat Int. 93–94:19–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A, Kivisild T, Churnosov M, Evseeva I, Pocheshkhova E, et al. 2008. Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. Am J Hum Genet. 82:236–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balanovsky O. 2017. Toward a consensus on SNP and STR mutation rates on the human Y-chromosome. Hum Genet. 136:575–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balaresque P, Bowden GR, Adams SM, Leung H-Y, King TE, Rosser ZH, Goodwin J, et al. 2010. A predominantly Neolithic origin for European paternal lineages. PLoS Biol. 8:e1000285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton R, Bouzouggar A, Hogue J, Lee S, Collcutt S, Ditchfield P. 2013. Origins of the Iberomaurusian in NW Africa: New AMS radiocarbon dating of the Middle and Later Stone Age deposits at Taforalt Cave, Morocco. J Hum Evol. 65:266–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batini C, Hallast P, Zadik D, Delser PM, Benazzo A, Ghirotto S, Arroyo-Pardo E, et al. 2015. Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing. Nat Commun. 6:7152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N, Olivieri A, Pala M, Myres NM, King RJ, et al. 2009. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. Eur J Hum Genet. 17:820–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behar DM, Garrigan D, Kaplan ME, Mobasher Z, Rosengarten D, Karafet TM, Quintana-Murci L, et al. 2004. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations. Hum Genet. 114:354–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekada A, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, Pestano J, Benhamamouch S, González AM. 2013. Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape. PLoS One. 8:e56775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocquet-Appel JP, Naji S, Linden M, Vander, Kozlowski JK. 2009. Detection of diffusion and contact zones of early farming in Europe from the space-time distribution of 14C dates. J Archaeol Sci. 36:807–820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botigué LR, Henn BM, Gravel S, Maples BK, Gignoux CR, Corona E, Atzmon G, et al. 2013. Gene flow from North Africa contributes to differential human genetic diversity in southern Europe. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.110:11791–11796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouzouggar A, Barton RNE, Blockley S, Bronk-Ramsey C, Collcutt SN, Gale R, Higham TFG, et al. 2008. Reevaluating the age of the Iberomaurusian in Morocco. African Archaeol Rev. 25:3–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt G, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Roth C, Alt KW, Haak W. 2015. Human paleogenetics of Europe-the known knowns and the known unknowns. J Hum Evol. 79:73–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busby GBJ, Brisighelli F, Sanchez-Diz P, Ramos-Luis E, Martinez-Cadenas C, Thomas MG, Bradley DG, et al. 2012. The peopling of Europe and the cautionary tale of Y chromosome lineage R-M269. Proc Biol Sci. 279:884–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderón R, Ambrosio B, Guitard E, González-Martín A, Aresti U, Dugoujon JM. 2006. Genetic position of Andalusians from Huelva in relation to other European and North African populations: a study based on GM and KM allotypes. Hum Biol. 78:663–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderón R, Hernández CL, Cuesta P, Dugoujon J-M. 2015. Surnames and Y-chromosomal markers reveal low relationships in Southern Spain. PLoS One. 10:e0123098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro Baroja J. 2000. Los moriscos del Reino de Granada: Ensayo de historia social. 2nd ed. Madrid, Spain: Istmo.
   Google Scholar
• Chiaroni J, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL. 2009. Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.106:20174–20179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Cavalleri GL, Lillie AS, et al. 2004. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Hum Genet. 114:127–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortés Sánchez M, Jiménez Espejo FJ, Simón Vallejo MD, Gibaja Bao JF, Carvalho AF, Martinez-Ruiz F, Gamiz MR, et al. 2012. The Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in southern Iberia. Quat Res. 77:221–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Antonelli C, Pascone R, Valesini G, Scalzi V, Vona G, et al. 2011. Strong intra- and inter-continental differentiation revealed by Y chromosome SNPs M269, U106 and U152. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 5:e49–e52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz Berrocal M. 2012. The early neolithic in the Iberian Peninsula and the Western Mediterranean: a review of the evidence on migration. J World Prehist. 25:123–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuenca-Solana D. 2015. The use of shells by hunter-fisher-gatherers and farmers from the early upper palaeolithic to the neolithic in the European Atlantic façade: a technological perspective. J Isl Coast Archaeol. 10:52–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Angelis F, Scorrano G, Martínez-Labarga C, Scano G, Macciardi F, Rickards O. 2018. Mitochondrial variability in the Mediterranean area: a complex stage for human migrations. Ann Hum Biol. 45:5–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Gaetano C, Cerutti N, Crobu F, Robino C, Inturri S, Gino S, Guarrera S, et al. 2009. Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome. Eur J Hum Genet. 17:91–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Giacomo F, Luca F, Popa LO, Akar N, Anagnou N, Banyko J, Brdicka R, et al. 2004. Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe. Hum Genet. 115:357–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sibai M, Platt DE, Haber M, Xue Y, Youhanna SC, Wells RS, Izaabel H, et al. 2009. Geographical structure of the Y-chromosomal genetic landscape of the levant: a coastal-inland contrast. Ann Hum Genet. 73:568–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics. 131:479–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Excoffier L, Lischer HEL. 2010. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Mol Ecol Resour. 10:564–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Haber M, Martínez-Cruz B, Zalloua P, Ben Ammar El Gaaied A, Comas D. 2013. Genome-wide and paternal diversity reveal a recent origin of human populations in North Africa. PLoS One. 8:e80293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fechner A, Quinque D, Rychkov S, Morozowa I, Naumova O, Schneider Y, Willuweit S, et al. 2008. Boundaries and clines in the west Eurasian Y-chromosome landscape: insights from the European part of Russia. Am J Phys Anthropol. 137:41–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenner JN. 2005. Cross-cultural estimation of the human generation interval for use in genetics-based population divergence studies. Am J Phys Anthropol. 128:415–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finocchio A, Trombetta B, Messina F, Akar N, Loutradis A, Michalodimitrakis EI, Cruciani F, et al. 2018. A finely resolved phylogeny of Y chromosome Hg J illuminates the processes of Phoenician and Greek colonizations in the Mediterranean. Sci Rep. 8:7465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francalacci P, Morelli L, Angius A, Berutti R, Reinier F, Atzeni R, Pilu R, et al. 2013. Low-pass DNA sequencing of 1200 Sardinians reconstructs European Y-Chromosome phylogeny. Science. 341:565–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves R, Freitas A, Branco M, Rosa A, Fernandes AT, Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, et al. 2005. Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. Ann Hum Genet. 69:443–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grugni V, Raveane A, Mattioli F, Battaglia V, Sala C, Toniolo D, Ferretti L, et al. 2018. Reconstructing the genetic history of Italians: new insights from a male (Y-chromosome) perspective. Ann Hum Biol. 45:44–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, Brandt G, et al. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature. 522:207–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallast P, Batini C, Zadik D, Maisano Delser P, Wetton J, Arroyo-Pardo E, Cavalleri G, et al. 2015. The Y-chromosome tree bursts into leaf: 13,000 high-confidence SNPs covering the majority of known clades. Mol Biol Evol. 32:661–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández CL, Reales G, Dugoujon J-M, Novelletto A, Rodríguez JN, Cuesta P, Calderón R. 2014. Human maternal heritage in Andalusia (Spain): its composition reveals high internal complexity and distinctive influences of mtDNA haplogroups U6 and L in the western and eastern side of region. BMC Genet. 15:11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández CL, Soares P, Dugoujon JM, Novelletto A, Rodríguez JN, Rito T, Oliveira M, et al. 2015. Early holocenic and historic mtDNA African signatures in the Iberian peninsula: The Andalusian region as a paradigm. PLoS One. 10:e0139784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández CL, Calderón R. 2017. Matrilineal heritage in Southern Iberia reveals deep genetic links between continents. Coll Antropol. 41:1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hernández CL, Dugoujon JM, Novelletto A, Rodríguez JN, Cuesta P, Calderón R. 2017. The distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup H in southern Iberia indicates ancient human genetic exchanges along the western edge of the Mediterranean. BMC Genet. 18:46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovhannisyan A, Khachatryan Z, Haber M, Hrechdakian P, Karafet T, Zalloua P, Yepiskoposyan L. 2014. Different waves and directions of Neolithic migrations in the Armenian Highland. Investig Genet. 5:1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isern N, Zilhão J, Fort J, Ammerman AJ. 2017. Modeling the role of voyaging in the coastal spread of the early neolithic in the West Mediterranean. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.114:897–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobling M, Hollox E, Hurles M, Kivisild T, Tyler-Smith C. 2014. Human Evolutionary Genetics. New York, NY: Garland Science.
   Google Scholar
• Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF. 2008. New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Genome Res. 18:830–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Wilson Sayres MA, Järve M, Talas UG, Rootsi S, et al. 2015. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Res. 25:459–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King TE, Parkin EJ, Swinfield G, Cruciani F, Scozzari R, Rosa A, Lim SK, et al. 2007. Africans in Yorkshire? The deepest-rooting clade of the Y phylogeny within an English genealogy. Eur J Hum Genet. 15:288–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Mittnik A, Renaud G, Mallick S, Kirsanow K, Sudmant PH, et al. 2014. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature. 513:409–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebart L, Morineau A, Warwick K. 1984. Multivariate descriptive statistical analysis: correspondence analysis and related techniques for large matrices. In: Ser Probab Math Stat. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Lippold S, Xu H, Ko A, Li M, Renaud G, Butthof A, Schröder R, et al. 2014. Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences. Investig Genet. 5:13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luca F, Di Giacomo F, Benincasa T, Popa L, Banyko J, Kracmarova A, Malaspina P, et al. 2007. Y-Chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic. Am J Phys Anthropol. 132:132–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, Underhill PA, et al. 2004. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. Am J Hum Genet. 74:532–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Grzybowski T, Perkova M, Rogalla U, Vanecek T, Tsybovsky I. 2010. The peopling of Europe from the mitochondrial haplogroup U5 perspective. PLoS One. 5:e10285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Cruz B, Harmant C, Platt DE, Haak W, Manry J, Ramos-Luis E, Soria-Hernanz DF, et al. 2012. Evidence of pre-roman tribal genetic structure in Basques from uniparentally inherited markers. Mol Biol Evol. 29:2211–2222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín-Socas D, Camalich Massieu MD, Herrero JLC, Rodríguez-Santos FJ. 2018. The beginning of the Neolithic in Andalusia. Quat Int. 470:451–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez FL, Karafet TM, Krahn T, Ostrer H, Soodyall H, Hammer MF. 2011. Increased resolution of Y chromosome haplogroup T defines relationships among populations of the near east, Europe and Africa. Hum Biol. 83:39–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales J, Pérez Jordà G, Peña-Chocarro L, Bokbot Y, Vera JC, Martínez Sánchez RM, Linstädter J. 2016. The introduction of South-Western Asian domesticated plants in North-Western Africa: an archaeobotanical contribution from Neolithic Morocco. Quat Int. 412:96–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morelli L, Contu D, Santoni F, Whalen MB, Francalacci P, Cucca F. 2010. A comparison of Y-chromosome variation in sardinia and anatolia is more consistent with cultural rather than demic diffusion of agriculture. PLoS One. 5:1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myres NM, Rootsi S, Lin AA, Järve M, King RJ, Kutuev I, Cabrera VM, et al. 2011. A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe. Eur J Hum Genet. 19:95–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasidze I, Ling EYS, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Cordaux R, Rychkov S, Naumova O, et al. 2004. Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the caucasus. Ann Hum Genet. 68:205–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuvonen AM, Putkonen M, Översti S, Sundell T, Onkamo P, Sajantila A, Palo JU. 2015. Vestiges of an ancient border in the contemporary genetic diversity of North-Eastern Europe. PLoS One. 10:1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogueiro I, Manco L, Gomes V, Amorim A, Gusmão L. 2010. Phylogeographic analysis of paternal lineages in NE Portuguese Jewish communities. Am J Phys Anthr. 141:373–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onofri V, Alessandrini F, Turchi C, Pesaresi M, Tagliabracci A. 2008. Y-chromosome markers distribution in Northern Africa: High-resolution SNP and STR analysis in Tunisia and Morocco populations. Forensic Sci Int Genet Suppl Ser. 1:235–236.
   Google Scholar
• Oto-Peralías D, Romero-Ávila D. 2016. The economic consequences of the Spanish Reconquest: the long-term effects of Medieval conquest and colonization. J Econ Growth. 21:409–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poznik G, Xue Y, Mendez F, Willems T, Massaia A, Wilson S, MA, Ayub Q, et al. 2016. Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences. Nat Genet. 48:593–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pericić M, Barać LL, Martinović Klarić I, Janićijević B, Rudan P. 2005. Review of Croatian genetic heritage as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal lineages. Croat Med J. 46:502–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robino C, Crobu F, Di Gaetano C, Bekada A, Benhamamouch S, Cerutti N, Piazza A, et al. 2008. Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample. Int J Legal Med. 122:251–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocca RA, Magoon G, Reynolds DF, Krahn T, Tilroe VO, Op den Velde Boots PM, Grierson AJ. 2012. Discovery of Western European R1b1a2 Y chromosome variants in 1000 genomes project data: an online community approach. Kivisild T, editor. PLoS One. 7:e41634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rootsi S, Magri C, Kivisild T, Benuzzi G, Help H, Bermisheva M, Kutuev I, et al. 2004. Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistoric gene flow in europe. Am J Hum Genet. 75:128–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rootsi S, Myres NM, Lin AA, Järve M, King RJ, Kutuev I, Cabrera VM, et al. 2012. Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus. Eur J Hum Genet. 20:1275–1282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley-Conwy P. 2011. Westward Ho! The spread of agriculture from Central Europe to the Atlantic. Curr Anthrop. 52:S431–S451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarno S, Boattini A, Carta M, Ferri G, Alù M, Yao DY, Ciani G, et al. 2014. An ancient Mediterranean melting pot: investigating the uniparental genetic structure and population history of Sicily and southern Italy. PLoS One. 9:e96074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, De BG, et al. 2000. The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective. Science. 290:1155–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin A, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, Maccioni L, et al. 2004. Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area. Am J Hum Genet. 74:1023–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J. 2009. Improved resolution haplogroup G phylogeny in the Y chromosome, revealed by a set of newly characterized SNPs. PLoS One. 4:e5792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares P, Achilli A, Semino O, Davies W, Macaulay V, Bandelt H-J, Torroni A, et al. 2010. The archaeogenetics of Europe. Curr Biol. 20:R174–R183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solé-Morata N, Villaescusa P, García-Fernández C, Font-Porterias N, Illescas MJ, Valverde L, Tassi F, et al. 2017. Analysis of the R1b-DF27 haplogroup shows that a large fraction of Iberian Y-chromosome lineages originated recently in situ. Sci Rep. 7:7341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szécsényi-Nagy A, Brandt G, Haak W, Keerl V, Möller-Rieker S, Köhler K, Mende BG, et al. 2015. Tracing the genetic origin of Europe’s first farmers reveals insights into their social organization. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 282:20150339.
   Google Scholar
• Underhill PA, Jin L, Lin AA, Qasim Mehdi S, Jenkins T, Vollrath D, Davis RW, et al. 1997. Detection of numerous Y chromosome biallelic polymorphisms by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Genome Res. 7:996–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, Shen P, Mirazón Lahr M, Foley RA, Oefner PJ, et al. 2001. The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations. Ann Hum Genet. 65:43–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill PA, Poznik GD, Rootsi S, Järve M, Lin AA, Wang J, Passarelli B, et al. 2015. The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a. Eur J Hum Genet. 23:124–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valverde L, Illescas MJ, Villaescusa P, Gotor AM, García A, Cardoso S, Algorta J, et al. 2016. New clues to the evolutionary history of the main European paternal lineage M269: dissection of the Y-SNP S116 in Atlantic Europe and Iberia. Eur J Hum Genet. 24:437–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Loosdrecht M, Bouzouggar A, Humphrey L, Posth C, Barton N, Aximu-Petri A, Nickel B, et al. 2018. Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations. Science. 360:548–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villaescusa P, Illescas MJ, Valverde L, Baeta M, Nuñez C, Martínez-Jarreta B, Zarrabeitia MT, et al. 2017. Characterization of the Iberian Y chromosome haplogroup R-DF27 in Northern Spain. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 27:142–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson IJ, Balding DJ. 1998. Genealogical inference from microsatellite data. Genetics. 150:499–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson JF, Weiss DA, Richards M, Thomas MG, Bradman N, Goldstein DB. 2001. Genetic evidence for different male and female roles during cultural transitions in the British Isles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:5078–5083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Järve M, Kutuev I, Rootsi S, Metspalu E, Behar DM, et al. 2012. The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. Mol Biol Evol. 29:359–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalloua PA, Platt DE, El Sibai M, Khalife J, Makhoul N, Haber M, Xue Y, et al. 2008. Identifying genetic traces of historical expansions: phoenician footprints in the Mediterranean. Am J Hum Genet. 83:633–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapata L, Peña-Chocarro L, Pérez-Jordá G, Stika HP. 2004. Early Neolithic agriculture in the Iberian Peninsula. J World Prehist. 18:283–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cinnioğlu C, Kayser M, Morar B, Kivisild T, Scozzari R, et al. 2004. The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. Am J Hum Genet. 74:50–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilhão J. 2001. Radiocarbon evidence for maritime pioneer colonization at the origins of farming in west Mediterranean Europe. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:14180–14185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar