1,794
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Paleogenomics of the prehistory of Europe: human migrations, domestication and disease

, &
Pages 179-190 | Received 01 Oct 2020, Accepted 15 Feb 2021, Published online: 29 Aug 2021

References

  • Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjogren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, Damgaard PB, et al. 2015. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature. 522(7555):167–172.
  • Andrades Valtueña A, Mittnik A, Key FM, Haak W, Allmae R, Belinskij A, Daubaras M, et al. 2017. The Stone Age Plague and Its Persistence in Eurasia. Curr Biol. 27(23):3683–3691.
  • Bae CJ, Douka K, Petraglia MD. 2017. On the origin of modern humans: asian perspectives. Science. 358(6368):eaai9067.
  • Bergström A, Frantz L, Schmidt R, Ersmark E, Lebrasseur O, Girdland-Flink L, Lin AT, et al. 2020. Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs. Science. 370(6516):557–564.
  • Bortolini E, Pagani L, Oxilia G, Posth C, Fontana F, Badino F, Saupe T, et al. 2020. Early Alpine occupation backdates westward human migration in Late Glacial Europe. bioRxiv:2020.08.10.241430.
  • Botigue LR, Song S, Scheu A, Gopalan S, Pendleton AL, Oetjens M, Taravella AM, et al. 2017. Ancient European dog genomes reveal continuity since the Early Neolithic. Nat Commun. 8(1):16082.
  • Brace S, Diekmann Y, Booth TJ, van Dorp L, Faltyskova Z, Rohland N, Mallick S, et al. 2019. Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain. Nat Ecol Evol. 3(5):765–771.
  • Brunel S, Bennett EA, Cardin L, Garraud DB, Emam H, Beylier A, Boulestin B, et al. 2020. Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 117(23):12791–12798.
  • Burger J, Link V, Blocher J, Schulz A, Sell C, Pochon Z, Diekmann Y, et al. 2020. Low prevalence of lactase persistence in bronze age europe indicates ongoing strong selection over the last 3,000 years. Curr Biol. 30(21):4307–4315.e13.
  • Cappellini E, Welker F, Pandolfi L, Ramos-Madrigal J, Samodova D, Ruther PL, Fotakis AK, et al. 2019. Early Pleistocene enamel proteome from Dmanisi resolves Stephanorhinus phylogeny. Nature. 574(7776):103–107.
  • Cassidy LM, Maolduin RO, Kador T, Lynch A, Jones C, Woodman PC, Murphy E, et al. 2020. A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society. Nature. 582(7812):384–388.
  • Cassidy LM, Martiniano R, Murphy EM, Teasdale MD, Mallory J, Hartwell B, Bradley DG. 2016. Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113(2):368–373.
  • Courel B, Robson HK, Lucquin A, Dolbunova E, Oras E, Adamczak K, Andersen SH, et al. 2020. Organic residue analysis shows sub-regional patterns in the use of pottery by Northern European hunter–gatherers. R Soc Open Sci. 7(4):192016.
  • Cubas M, Lucquin A, Robson HK, Colonese AC, Arias P, Aubry B, Billard C, et al. 2020. Latitudinal gradient in dairy production with the introduction of farming in Atlantic Europe. Nat Commun. 11(1):2036.
  • Daly KG, Maisano Delser P, Mullin VE, Scheu A, Mattiangeli V, Teasdale MD, Hare AJ, et al. 2018. Ancient goat genomes reveal mosaic domestication in the Fertile Crescent. Science. 361(6397):85–88.
  • de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Kamm J, Moreno-Mayar JV, Kroonen G, Peyrot M, Barjamovic G, et al. 2018. The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia. Science. 360(6396):eaar7711.
  • Fages A, Hanghøj K, Khan N, Gaunitz C, Seguin-Orlando A, Leonardi M, McCrory Constantz C, et al. 2019. Tracking five millennia of horse management with extensive ancient genome time series. Cell. 177(6):1419–1435. e31.
  • Feldman M, Fernández-Domínguez E, Reynolds L, Baird D, Pearson J, Hershkovitz I, May H, et al. 2019. Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia. Nat Commun. 10(1):1218.
  • Fernandes DM, Mittnik A, Olalde I, Lazaridis I, Cheronet O, Rohland N, Mallick S, et al. 2020. The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean. Nat Ecol Evol. 4(3):334–345.
  • Fernandes DM, Strapagiel D, Borówka P, Marciniak B, Żądzińska E, Sirak K, Siska V, et al. 2018. A genomic Neolithic time transect of hunter-farmer admixture in central Poland. Sci Rep. 8(1):14879.
  • Fowler C, Hofmann D, editors. 2015. The Oxford handbook of neolithic Europe. 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Frantz LAF, Haile J, Lin AT, Scheu A, Geörg C, Benecke N, Alexander M, et al. 2019. Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 116(35):17231–17238.
  • Frantz LAF, Mullin VE, Pionnier-Capitan M, Lebrasseur O, Ollivier M, Linderholm A, Mattiangeli V, et al. 2016. Genomic and archaeological evidence suggest a dual origin of domestic dogs. Science. 352(6290):1228–1231.
  • Fregel R, Méndez FL, Bokbot Y, Martín-Socas D, Camalich-Massieu MD, Santana J, Morales J, et al. 2018. Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 115(26):6774–6779.
  • Fu Q, Hajdinjak M, Moldovan OT, Constantin S, Mallick S, Skoglund P, Patterson N, et al. 2015. An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor. Nature. 524(7564):216–219.
  • Fu Q, Li H, Moorjani P, Jay F, Slepchenko SM, Bondarev AA, Johnson PLF, et al. 2014. Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia. Nature. 514(7523):445–449.
  • Fu Q, Posth C, Hajdinjak M, Petr M, Mallick S, Fernandes D, Furtwängler A, et al. 2016. The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature. 534(7606):200–205.
  • Furtwängler A, Rohrlach AB, Lamnidis TC, Papac L, Neumann GU, Siebke I, Reiter E, et al. 2020. Ancient genomes reveal social and genetic structure of Late Neolithic Switzerland. Nat Commun. 11(1):1915.
  • Gaunitz C, Fages A, Hanghøj K, Albrechtsen A, Khan N, Schubert M, Seguin-Orlando A, et al. 2018. Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses. Science. 360(6384):111–114.
  • Gokcumen O. 2020. Archaic hominin introgression into modern human genomes. Yearbook Phys Anthropol. 171(S70):60–73.
  • Goldberg A, Günther T, Rosenberg NA, Jakobsson M. 2017. Ancient X chromosomes reveal contrasting sex bias in Neolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian migrations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 114(10):2657–2662.
  • Gómez-Robles A. 2019. Dental evolutionary rates and its implications for the Neanderthal–modern human divergence. Sci Adv. 5(5):eaaw1268.
  • González-Fortes G, Jones ER, Lightfoot E, Bonsall C, Lazar C, Grandal-d’Anglade A, Garralda MD, et al. 2017. Paleogenomic Evidence for Multi-generational Mixing between Neolithic Farmers and Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Lower Danube Basin. Curr Biol. 27(12):1801–1810. e10.
  • González-Fortes G, Tassi F, Trucchi E, Henneberger K, Paijmans JLA, Díez-del-Molino D, Schroeder H, et al. 2019. A western route of prehistoric human migration from Africa into the Iberian Peninsula. Proc Biol Sci. 286(1895):20182288.
  • Green RE, Krause J, Briggs AW, Maricic T, Stenzel U, Kircher M, Patterson N, et al. 2010. A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome. Science. 328(5979):710–722.
  • Günther T, Malmström H, Svensson EM, Omrak A, Sánchez-Quinto F, Kılınç GM, Krzewińska M, et al. 2018. Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation. PLoS Biol. 16(1):e2003703.
  • Günther T, Valdiosera C, Malmström H, Ureña I, Rodriguez-Varela R, Sverrisdóttir ÓO, Daskalaki EA, et al. 2015. Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 112(38):11917–11922.
  • Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, Brandt G, et al. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature. 522(7555):207–211.
  • Hajdinjak M, Fu Q, Hübner A, Petr M, Mafessoni F, Grote S, Skoglund P, et al. 2018. Reconstructing the genetic history of late Neanderthals. Nature. 555(7698):652–656.
  • Harvati K, Röding C, Bosman AM, Karakostis FA, Grün R, Stringer C, Karkanas P, et al. 2019. Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia. Nature. 571(7766):500–504.
  • Hofmanová Z, Kreutzer S, Hellenthal G, Sell C, Diekmann Y, Díez-del-Molino D, van Dorp L, et al. 2016. Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113(25):6886–6891.
  • Horejs B, Milić B, Ostmann F, Thanheiser U, Weninger B, Galik A. 2015. The Aegean in the Early 7th Millennium BC: Maritime Networks and Colonization. J World Prehist. 28(4):289–330.
  • Hublin J-J, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM, Bergmann I, et al. 2017. New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens. Nature. 546(7657):289–292.
  • Jensen TZT, Niemann J, Iversen KH, Fotakis AK, Gopalakrishnan S, Vågene ÅJ, Pedersen MW, et al. 2019. A 5700 year-old human genome and oral microbiome from chewed birch pitch. Nat Commun. 10(1):5520.
  • Jones ER, Gonzalez-Fortes G, Connell S, Siska V, Eriksson A, Martiniano R, McLaughlin RL, et al. 2015. Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians. Nat Commun. 6(1):8912.
  • Jones ER, Zarina G, Moiseyev V, Lightfoot E, Nigst PR, Manica A, Pinhasi R, Bradley DG. 2017. The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers. Curr Biol. 27(4):576–582.
  • Kashuba N, Kırdök E, Damlien H, Manninen MA, Nordqvist B, Persson P, Götherström A. 2019. Ancient DNA from mastics solidifies connection between material culture and genetics of mesolithic hunter–gatherers in Scandinavia. Commun Biol. 2(1):185.
  • Keller A, Graefen A, Ball M, Matzas M, Boisguerin V, Maixner F, Leidinger P, et al. 2012. New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman’s origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing. Nat Commun. 3(1):698.
  • Key FM, Posth C, Esquivel-Gomez LR, Hübler R, Spyrou MA, Neumann GU, Furtwängler A, et al. 2020. Emergence of human-adapted Salmonella enterica is linked to the Neolithization process. Nat Ecol Evol. 4(3):324–333.
  • Kılınç GM, Koptekin D, Atakuman Ç, Sümer AP, Dönertaş HM, Yaka R, Bilgin CC, et al. 2017. Archaeogenomic analysis of the first steps of Neolithization in Anatolia and the Aegean. Proc R Soc B. 284(1867):20172064. 1867.
  • Kılınç GM, Omrak A, Özer F, Günther T, Büyükkarakaya AM, Bıçakçı E, Baird D, et al. 2016. The Demographic Development of the First Farmers in Anatolia. Curr Biol. 26(19):2659–2666.
  • Krause-Kyora B, Susat J, Key FM, Kühnert D, Bosse E, Immel A, Rinne C, et al. 2018. Neolithic and medieval virus genomes reveal complex evolution of hepatitis B. eLife. 7:e36666.
  • Kriiska A, Kerkko N, Dąbki Site Pomerania Neolit North Eur Lowl C 5000-3000 CalBC 2015. Towards neolithisation. In: The mesolithic-neolithic transition in the central area of the eastern part of the Baltic Sea. Rahden: Leidorf; p. 537–556.
  • Lamnidis TC, Majander K, Jeong C, Salmela E, Wessman A, Moiseyev V, Khartanovich V, et al. 2018. Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe. Nat Commun. 9(1):5018.
  • Lazaridis I, Nadel D, Rollefson G, Merrett DC, Rohland N, Mallick S, Fernandes D, et al. 2016. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East. Nature. 536(7617):419–424.
  • Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Mittnik A, Renaud G, Mallick S, Kirsanow K, Sudmant PH, et al. 2014. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature. 513(7518):409–413.
  • Linderholm A, Kılınç GM, Szczepanek A, Włodarczak P, Jarosz P, Belka Z, Dopieralska J, et al. 2020. Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland. Sci Rep. 10(1):6885.
  • Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S, Pósa A, Stégmár B, Keerl V, Rohland N, et al. 2017. Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers. Nature. 551(7680):368–372.
  • Mafessoni F, Grote S, de Filippo C, Slon V, Kolobova KA, Viola B, Markin SV, et al. 2020. A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Chagyrskaya Cave. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 117(26):15132–15136.
  • Maixner F, Krause-Kyora B, Turaev D, Herbig A, Hoopmann MR, Hallows JL, Kusebauch U, et al. 2016. The 5300-year-old Helicobacter pylori genome of the Iceman. Science. 351(6269):162–165.
  • Maixner F, Turaev D, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Janko M, Krause-Kyora B, Hoopmann MR, Kusebauch U, et al. 2018. The Iceman’s Last Meal Consisted of Fat, Wild Meat, and Cereals. Curr Biol. 28(14):2348–2355. e9.
  • Malmström H, Günther T, Svensson EM, Juras A, Fraser M, Munters AR, Pospieszny Ł, Tõrv M, et al. 2019. The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon. Proc Biol Sci. 286(1912):20191528.
  • Marciniak S, Perry GH. 2017. Harnessing ancient genomes to study the history of human adaptation. Nat Rev Genet. 18(11):659–674.
  • Marcus JH, Posth C, Ringbauer H, Lai L, Skeates R, Sidore C, Beckett J, et al. 2020. Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia. Nat Commun. 11(1):939.
  • Martínez-Sánchez RM, Vera-Rodríguez JC, Pérez-Jordà G, Peña-Chocarro L, Bokbot Y. 2018. The beginning of the Neolithic in northwestern Morocco. Quat Int. 470:485–496.
  • Martiniano R, Cassidy LM, Ó'Maoldúin R, McLaughlin R, Silva NM, Manco L, Fidalgo D, et al. 2017. The population genomics of archaeological transition in west Iberia: Investigation of ancient substructure using imputation and haplotype-based methods. PLoS Genet. 13(7):e1006852.
  • Mathieson I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S, Posth C, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Rohland N, Mallick S, Olalde I, et al. 2018. The genomic history of southeastern Europe. Nature. 555(7695):197–203.
  • Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N, Mallick S, Patterson N, Roodenberg SA, Harney E, et al. 2015. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature. 528(7583):499–503.
  • Meyer M, Arsuaga J-L, de Filippo C, Nagel S, Aximu-Petri A, Nickel B, Martínez I, et al. 2016. Nuclear DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins. Nature. 531(7595):504–507.
  • Mittnik A, Massy K, Knipper C, Wittenborn F, Friedrich R, Pfrengle S, Burri M, et al. 2019. Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age Europe. Science. 366(6466):731–734.
  • Mittnik A, Wang C-C, Pfrengle S, Daubaras M, Zariņa G, Hallgren F, Allmäe R, et al. 2018. The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region. Nat Commun. 9(1):442.
  • Mühlemann B, Jones TC, Damgaard P de B, Allentoft ME, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Usmanova E, et al. 2018. Ancient hepatitis B viruses from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period. Nature. 557(7705):418–423.
  • Muttoni G, Scardia G, Kent DV. 2018. Early hominins in Europe: The Galerian migration hypothesis. Quat Sci Rev. 180:1–29.
  • Nikitin AG, Stadler P, Kotova N, Teschler-Nicola M, Price TD, Hoover J, Kennett DJ, et al. 2019. Interactions between earliest Linearbandkeramik farmers and central European hunter gatherers at the dawn of. Sci Rep. 9(1):19544.
  • Olalde I, Brace S, Allentoft ME, Armit I, Kristiansen K, Booth T, Rohland N, et al. 2018. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature. 555(7695):190–196.
  • Olalde I, Mallick S, Patterson N, Rohland N, Villalba-Mouco V, Silva M, Dulias K, et al. 2019. The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years. Science. 363(6432):1230–1234.
  • Olalde I, Schroeder H, Sandoval-Velasco M, Vinner L, Lobón I, Ramirez O, Civit S, et al. 2015. A Common Genetic Origin for Early Farmers from Mediterranean Cardial and Central European LBK Cultures. Mol Biol Evol. 32(12):3132–3142.
  • Omrak A, Günther T, Valdiosera C, Svensson EM, Malmström H, Kiesewetter H, Aylward W, et al. 2016. Genomic Evidence Establishes Anatolia as the Source of the European Neolithic Gene Pool. Curr Biol. 26(2):270–275.
  • Park SDE, Magee DA, McGettigan PA, Teasdale MD, Edwards CJ, Lohan AJ, Murphy A, et al. 2015. Genome sequencing of the extinct Eurasian wild aurochs, Bos primigenius, illuminates the phylogeography and evolution of cattle. Genome Biol. 16(1):234.
  • Peyrégne S, Slon V, Mafessoni F, de Filippo C, Hajdinjak M, Nagel S, Nickel B, et al. 2019. Nuclear DNA from two early Neandertals reveals 80,000 years of genetic continuity in. Sci Adv. 5(6):eaaw5873.
  • Prüfer K, de Filippo C, Grote S, Mafessoni F, Korlević P, Hajdinjak M, Vernot B, et al. 2017. A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Vindija Cave in Croatia. Science. 358(6363):655–658.
  • Prüfer K, Racimo F, Patterson N, Jay F, Sankararaman S, Sawyer S, Heinze A, et al. 2014. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature. 505(7481):43–49.
  • Racimo F, Woodbridge J, Fyfe RM, Sikora M, Sjögren K-G, Kristiansen K, Vander Linden M. 2020. The spatiotemporal spread of human migrations during the European Holocene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 117(16):8989–9000.
  • Raghavan M, Skoglund P, Graf KE, Metspalu M, Albrechtsen A, Moltke I, Rasmussen S, et al. 2014. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Nature. 505(7481):87–91.
  • Rascovan N, Sjögren K-G, Kristiansen K, Nielsen R, Willerslev E, Desnues C, Rasmussen S. 2019. Emergence and Spread of Basal Lineages of Yersinia pestis during the Neolithic Decline. Cell. 176(1-2):295–305. e10.
  • Rasmussen S, Allentoft ME, Nielsen K, Orlando L, Sikora M, Sjögren K-G, Pedersen AG, et al. 2015. Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago. Cell. 163(3):571–582.
  • Reich D, Green RE, Kircher M, Krause J, Patterson N, Durand EY, Viola B, et al. 2010. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature. 468(7327):1053–1060.
  • Richter D, Grün R, Joannes-Boyau R, Steele TE, Amani F, Rué M, Fernandes P, et al. 2017. The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age. Nature. 546(7657):293–296.
  • Rivollat M, Jeong C, Schiffels S, Küçükkalıpçı İ, Pemonge M-H, Rohrlach AB, Alt KW, et al. 2020. Ancient genome-wide DNA from France highlights the complexity of interactions between Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers. Sci Adv. 6(22):eaaz5344.
  • Rogers AR, Harris NS, Achenbach AA. 2020. Neanderthal-Denisovan ancestors interbred with a distantly related hominin. Sci Adv. 6(8):eaay5483.
  • Lehti S, Laneman M, Varul L, Malve M, Valk H, Razzak MA, Shirobokov IG, et al. 2019. The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East. Curr Biol. 29(10):1701–1711. e16.
  • Saag Lehti Varul L, Scheib CL, Stenderup J, Allentoft ME, Saag Lauri Pagani L, Reidla M, Tambets K, et al. 2017. Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex-Biased Migration from the Steppe. Curr Biol. 27(14):2185–2193. e6.
  • Saag L, Vasilyev SV, Varul L, Kosorukova NV, Gerasimov DV, Oshibkina SV, Griffith SJ, et al. 2020. Genetic ancestry changes in Stone to Bronze Age transition in the East European plain. bioRxiv:2020.07.02.184507.
  • Sánchez-Quinto F, Malmström H, Fraser M, Girdland-Flink L, Svensson EM, Simões LG, George R, et al. 2019. Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 116(19):9469–9474.
  • Sarno S, Boattini A, Pagani L, Sazzini MD, Fanti S, Quagliariello A, Gnecchi Ruscone GA, et al. 2017. Ancient and recent admixture layers in Sicily and Southern Italy trace multiple migration routes along the. Sci Rep. 7(1):1984.
  • Scheib CL, Hui R, D’Atanasio E, Wohns AW, Inskip SA, Rose A, Cessford C, et al. 2019. East Anglian early Neolithic monument burial linked to contemporary. Megaliths. c. 46(2):145–149.
  • Seguin-Orlando A, Korneliussen TS, Sikora M, Malaspinas A-S, Manica A, Moltke I, Albrechtsen A, et al. 2014. Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years. Science. 346(6213):1113–1118.
  • Sikora M, Seguin-Orlando A, Sousa VC, Albrechtsen A, Korneliussen T, Ko A, Rasmussen S, et al. 2017. Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers. Science. 358(6363):659–662.
  • Sistiaga A, Mallol C, Galván B, Summons RE. 2014. The Neanderthal meal: a new perspective using faecal biomarkers. PLoS One. 9(6):e101045.
  • Skoglund P, Ersmark E, Palkopoulou E, Dalén L. 2015. Ancient wolf genome reveals an early divergence of domestic dog ancestors and admixture into high-latitude breeds. Curr Biol. 25(11):1515–1519.
  • Skoglund P, Malmstrom H, Omrak A, Raghavan M, Valdiosera C, Gunther T, Hall P, et al. 2014. Genomic diversity and admixture differs for stone-age scandinavian foragers and farmers. Science. 344(6185):747–750.
  • Skoglund P, Malmstrom H, Raghavan M, Stora J, Hall P, Willerslev E, Gilbert MTP, et al. 2012. Origins and genetic legacy of neolithic farmers and hunter-gatherers in Europe. Science. 336(6080):466–469.
  • Slon V, Mafessoni F, Vernot B, de Filippo C, Grote S, Viola B, Hajdinjak M, et al. 2018. The genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. Nature. 561(7721):113–116.
  • Spyrou MA, Tukhbatova RI, Wang C-C, Valtueña AA, Lankapalli AK, Kondrashin VV, Tsybin VA, et al. 2018. Analysis of 3800-year-old Yersinia pestis genomes suggests Bronze Age origin for bubonic plague. Nat Commun. 9(1):2234.
  • Tassi F, Vai S, Ghirotto S, Lari M, Modi A, Pilli E, Brunelli A, et al. 2017. Genome diversity in the Neolithic Globular Amphorae culture and the spread of Indo-European languages. Proc R Soc B. 284(1867):20171540. 1867.
  • Valdiosera C, Günther T, Vera-Rodríguez JC, Ureña I, Iriarte E, Rodríguez-Varela R, Simões LG, et al. 2018. Four millennia of Iberian biomolecular prehistory illustrate the impact of prehistoric migrations at the far end of Eurasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 115(13):3428–3433.
  • Verdugo MP, Mullin VE, Scheu A, Mattiangeli V, Daly KG, Delser PM, Hare AJ, Burger J, et al. 2019. Ancient cattle genomics, origins, and rapid turnover in the Fertile Crescent. Science. 365(6449):173–176.
  • Villalba-Mouco V, van de Loosdrecht MS, Posth C, Mora R, Martínez-Moreno J, Rojo-Guerra M, Salazar-García DC, Royo-Guillén JI, et al. 2019. Survival of Late Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherer Ancestry in the Iberian Peninsula. Curr Biol. 29(7):1169–1177. e7.
  • Villanea FA, Schraiber JG. 2019. Multiple episodes of interbreeding between Neanderthal and modern humans. Nat Ecol Evol. 3(1):39–44.
  • Welker F, Ramos-Madrigal J, Gutenbrunner P, Mackie M, Tiwary S, Rakownikow Jersie-Christensen R, Chiva C, et al. 2020. The dental proteome of Homo antecessor. Nature. 580(7802):235–238.
  • Welker F, Ramos-Madrigal J, Kuhlwilm M, Liao W, Gutenbrunner P, de Manuel M, Samodova D, et al. 2019. Enamel proteome shows that Gigantopithecus was an early diverging pongine. Nature. 576(7786):262–265.
  • Weyrich LS, Duchene S, Soubrier J, Arriola L, Llamas B, Breen J, Morris AG, et al. 2017. Neanderthal behaviour, diet, and disease inferred from ancient DNA in dental calculus. Nature. 544(7650):357–361.
  • Yang MA, Gao X, Theunert C, Tong H, Aximu-Petri A, Nickel B, Slatkin M, et al. 2017. 40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia. Curr Biol. 27(20):3202–3208.
  • Zeberg H, Pääbo S. 2020. The major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19 is inherited from Neanderthals. Nature. 587(7835):610–612.
  • Zeder MA. 2017. Out of the fertile crescent: the dispersal of domestic livestock through Europe and Africa. In: Petraglia M, Boivin N, Crassard R, editors. Hum dispersal species mov prehistory present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 261–303.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.