1,325
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Sex differences in childhood sleep and health implications

, , ORCID Icon &
Pages 474-484 | Received 14 Feb 2021, Accepted 28 Jun 2021, Published online: 01 Feb 2022

References

  • Abreu AP, Kaiser UB. 2016. Pubertal development and regulation. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 4(3):254–264.
  • Alexandru G, Michikazu S, Shimako H, Xiaoli C, Hitomi K, Takashi Y, Robert WW, Sadanobu K. 2006. Epidemiological aspects of self-reported sleep onset latency in Japanese junior high school children. J Sleep Res. 15(3):266–275.
  • Allik H, Larsson J-O, Smedje H. 2006. Insomnia in school-age children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. BMC Psychiatry. 6:18.
  • American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Association.
  • Aminoff MJ, Boller F, Swaab DF. 2011. Foreword. In: Handbook of clinical neurology. Vol. 98. Amsterdam: Elsevier; p. vii.
  • Anafi RC, Kayser MS, Raizen DM. 2019. Exploring phylogeny to find the function of sleep. Nat Rev Neurosci. 20(2):109–116.
  • Angell AM, Deavenport-Saman A, Yin L, Zou B, Bai C, Varma D, Solomon O. 2021. Sex differences in co-occurring conditions among autistic children and youth in Florida: a retrospective cohort study (2012–2019). J Autism Dev Disord. 51(10):3759–3765.
  • Arrona-Palacios A. 2017. High and low use of electronic media during nighttime before going to sleep: a comparative study between adolescents attending a morning or afternoon school shift. J Adolesc. 61:152–163.
  • Bagley EJ, Kelly RJ, Buckhalt JA, El-Sheikh M. 2015. What keeps low-SES children from sleeping well: the role of presleep worries and sleep environment. Sleep Med. 16(4):496–502.
  • Baio J, Wiggins L, Christensen DL, Maenner MJ, Daniels J, Warren Z, Kurzius-Spencer M, et al. 2018. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years — autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveill Summ. 67(6):1–23.
  • Baker FC, Lee KA. 2018. Menstrual cycle effects on sleep. Sleep Med Clin. 13(3):283–294.
  • Baker FC, Waner JI, Vieira EF, Taylor SR, Driver HS, Mitchell D. 2001. Sleep and 24 hour body temperatures: a comparison in young men, naturally cycling women and women taking hormonal contraceptives. J Physiol. 530(Pt 3):565–574.
  • Bauducco SV, Flink IK, Jansson-Fröjmark M, Linton SJ. 2016. Sleep duration and patterns in adolescents: correlates and the role of daily stressors. Sleep Health. 2(3):211–218.
  • Berbesque JC, Wood BM, Crittenden AN, Mabulla A, Marlowe FW. 2016. Eat first, share later: Hadza hunter-gatherer men consume more while foraging than in central places. Evol Hum Behav. 37(4):281–286.
  • Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, Hodis HN, Matsumoto AM, Snyder PJ, et al. 2018. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 103(5):1715–1744.
  • Biggs SN, Lushington K, James Martin A, van den Heuvel C, Declan Kennedy J. 2013. Gender, socioeconomic, and ethnic differences in sleep patterns in school-aged children. Sleep Med. 14(12):1304–1309.
  • Boeke CE, Storfer-Isser A, Redline S, Taveras EM. 2014. Childhood sleep duration and quality in relation to leptin concentration in two cohort studies. Sleep. 37(3):613–620.
  • Borbély AA, Daan S, Wirz-Justice A, Deboer T. 2016. The two-process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal. J Sleep Res. 25(2):131–143.
  • Buckhalt JA, El-Sheikh M, Keller P. 2007. Children's sleep and cognitive functioning: race and socioeconomic status as moderators of effects. Child Dev. 78(1):213–231.
  • Bullard KM, Cowie CC, Lessem SE, Saydah SH, Menke A, Geiss LS, Orchard TJ, et al. 2018. Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in adults by diabetes type–United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 67(12):359–361.
  • Buxton OM, Pavlova M, Reid EW, Wang W, Simonson DC, Adler GK. 2010. Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes. 59(9):2126–2133.
  • Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala NB, Currie A, Peile E, Stranges S, Miller MA. 2008. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep. 31(5):619–626.
  • Caprio S, Plewe G, Diamond MP, Simonson DC, Boulware SD, Sherwin RS, Tamborlane WV. 1989. Increased insulin secretion in puberty: a compensatory response to reductions in insulin sensitivity. J Pediatr. 114(6):963–967.
  • Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Jenni OG. 2004. Regulation of adolescent sleep: implications for behavior. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1021:276–291.
  • Carskadon MA, Vieira C, Acebo C. 1993. Association between puberty and delayed phase preference. Sleep. 16(3):258–262.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders-autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 14 sites, United States, 2008. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 61(3):1–19.
  • Cespedes EM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Redline S, Gillman MW, Peña MM, Taveras EM. 2014. Longitudinal associations of sleep curtailment with metabolic risk in mid-childhood. Obesity. 22(12):2586–2592.
  • Cespedes Feliciano EM, Quante M, Redline S, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E, Taveras EM. 2018. Objective sleep characteristics and cardiometabolic health in young adolescents. Pediatrics. 142(1):e20174085.
  • Cespedes Feliciano EM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Quante M, Redline S, Oken E, Taveras EM. 2019. Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence. JAMA Pediatr. 173(11):1049–1057.
  • Chaput JP, Brunet M, Tremblay A. 2006. Relationship between short sleeping hours and childhood overweight/obesity: results from the “Québec en Forme” project. Int J Obes. 30(7):1080–1085.
  • Chen B, Bernard JY, Padmapriya N, Yao J, Goh C, Tan KH, Yap F, et al. 2019. Socio-demographic and maternal predictors of adherence to 24-hour movement guidelines in Singaporean children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 16(1):70.
  • Chen X, Beydoun MA, Wang Y. 2008. Is sleep duration associated with childhood obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity. 16(2):265–274.
  • Crowley SJ, Acebo C, Carskadon MA. 2007. Sleep, circadian rhythms, and delayed phase in adolescence. Sleep Med. 8(6):602–612.
  • Cusmano DM, Hadjimarkou MM, Mong JA. 2014. Gonadal steroid modulation of sleep and wakefulness in male and female rats is sexually differentiated and neonatally organized by steroid exposure. Endocrinology. 155(1):204–214.
  • D'Agati E, Abate R, Gialloreti LE, Napolitano C, Postorino V, Curatolo P, Mazzone L. 2020. Sleep problems in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: sex differences and parental stress. Psychiatry Res. 291:113099.
  • Divers J, Mayer-Davis EJ, Lawrence JM, Isom S, Dabelea D, Dolan L, Imperatore G, Marcovina S, et al. 2020. Trends in incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths—selected counties and Indian reservations, United States, 2002–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 69(6):161–165.
  • Ehtisham S, Crabtree N, Clark P, Shaw N, Barrett T. 2005. Ethnic differences in insulin resistance and body composition in United Kingdom adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 90(7):3963–3969.
  • Eisenmann J, Ekkekakis P, Holmes M. 2006. Sleep duration and overweight among Australian children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 95(8):956–963.
  • Esteban CA, Everhart RS, Kopel SJ, Klein RB, Koinis-Mitchell D. 2017. Allergic sensitization and objective measures of sleep in urban school-aged children with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 119(3):238–245.
  • Eythorsdottir DY, Frederiksen P, Larsen SC, Olsen NJ, Heitmann BL. 2020. Associations between objective measures of physical activity, sleep and stress levels among preschool children. BMC Pediatr. 20(1):258.
  • Fernandez-Mendoza J, He F, Vgontzas AN, Liao D, Bixler EO. 2019. Interplay of objective sleep duration and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases on cause-specific mortality. J Am Heart Assoc. 8(20):e013043.
  • Foley LS, Maddison R, Jiang Y, Marsh S, Olds T, Ridley K. 2013. Presleep activities and time of sleep onset in children. Pediatrics. 131(2):276–282.
  • Gaina A, Sekine M, Hamanishi S, Chen X, Wang H, Yamagami T, Kagamimori S. 2007. Daytime sleepiness and associated factors in Japanese school children. J Pediatr. 151(5):518–522.
  • Garmy P, Clausson EK, Nyberg P, Jakobsson U. 2018. Insufficient sleep is associated with obesity and excessive screen time amongst ten-year-old children in Sweden. J Pediatr Nurs. 39:e1–e5.
  • Gibson S, Lambert J, Neate D. 2004. Associations between weight status, physical activity, and consumption of biscuits, cakes and confectionery among young people in Britain. Nutr Bulletin. 29(4):301–309.
  • Goran MI, Gower BA. 2001. Longitudinal study on pubertal insulin resistance. Diabetes. 50(11):2444–2450.
  • Hale L, Berger LM, Lebourgeois MK, Brooks-Gunn J. 2009. Social and demographic predictors of preschoolers' bedtime routines. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 30(5):394–402.
  • Hales CM, Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Freedman DS, Ogden CL. 2018. Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in US youth and adults by sex and age, 2007–2008 to 2015–2016. JAMA. 319(16):1723–1725.
  • Hartley SL, Sikora DM. 2009. Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder: an examination of developmental functioning, autistic symptoms, and coexisting behavior problems in toddlers. J Autism Dev Disord. 39(12):1715–1722.
  • Hiller RM, Young RL, Weber N. 2014. Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder based on DSM-5 Criteria: evidence from clinician and teacher reporting. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 42(8):1381–1393.
  • Hitze B, Bosy-Westphal A, Bielfeldt F, Settler U, Plachta-Danielzik S, Pfeuffer M, Schrezenmeir J, et al. 2009. Determinants and impact of sleep duration in children and adolescents: data of the Kiel obesity prevention study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 63(6):739–746.
  • Holley S, Hill CM, Stevenson J. 2010. A comparison of actigraphy and parental report of sleep habits in typically developing children aged 6 to 11 years. Behav Sleep Med. 8(1):16–27.
  • Holth JK, Fritschi SK, Wang C, Pedersen NP, Cirrito JR, Mahan TE, Finn MB, et al. 2019. The sleep-wake cycle regulates brain interstitial fluid tau in mice and CSF tau in humans. Science. 363(6429):880–884.
  • Huebschmann AG, Huxley RR, Kohrt WM, Zeitler P, Regensteiner JG, Reusch JEB. 2019. Sex differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk across the life course. Diabetologia. 62(10):1761–1772.
  • Humphreys JS, Gringras P, Blair PS, Scott N, Henderson J, Fleming PJ, Emond AM. 2014. Sleep patterns in children with autistic spectrum disorders: a prospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 99(2):114–118.
  • Hysing M, Pallesen S, Stormark KM, Lundervold AJ, Sivertsen B. 2013. Sleep patterns and insomnia among adolescents: a population-based study. J Sleep Res. 22(5):549–556.
  • Jenni OG, Achermann P, Carskadon MA. 2005. Homeostatic sleep regulation in adolescents. Sleep. 28(11):1446–1454.
  • Jenni OG, LeBourgeois MK. 2006. Understanding sleep-wake behavior and sleep disorders in children: the value of a model. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 19(3):282–287.
  • Jiang X, Hardy LL, Baur LA, Ding D, Wang L, Shi H. 2015. Sleep duration, schedule and quality among urban Chinese children and adolescents: associations with routine after-school activities. PLOS One. 10(1):e0115326.
  • Johansson AEE, Petrisko MA, Chasens ER. 2016. Adolescent sleep and the impact of technology use before sleep on daytime function. J Pediatr Nurs. 31(5):498–504.
  • Johnson EO, Roth T, Schultz L, Breslau N. 2006. Epidemiology of DSM-IV insomnia in adolescence: lifetime prevalence, chronicity, and an emergent gender difference. Pediatrics. 117(2):e247–e256.
  • Keene AC, Duboue ER. 2018. The origins and evolution of sleep. J Exp Biol. 221(Pt 11):jeb159533.
  • Keyes KM, Maslowsky J, Hamilton A, Schulenberg J. 2015. The great sleep recession: changes in sleep duration among US adolescents, 1991–2012. Pediatrics. 135(3):460–468.
  • Kische H, Ewert R, Fietze I, Gross S, Wallaschofski H, Völzke H, Dörr M, et al. 2016. Sex hormones and sleep in men and women from the general population: a cross-sectional observational study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 101(11):3968–3977.
  • Knutson KL. 2005. Sex differences in the association between sleep and body mass index in adolescents. J Pediatr. 147(6):830–834.
  • Kocevska D, Lysen TS, Dotinga A, Koopman-Verhoeff ME, Luijk MPCM, Antypa N, Biermasz NR, et al. 2021. Sleep characteristics across the lifespan in 1.1 million people from the Netherlands, United Kingdom and United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nat Hum Behav. 5(1):113–122.
  • Koh K, Evans JM, Hendricks JC, Sehgal A. 2006. A Drosophila model for age-associated changes in sleep: wake cycles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103(37):13843–13847.
  • Koren D, Katz LEL, Brar PC, Gallagher PR, Berkowitz RI, Brooks LJ. 2011. Sleep architecture and glucose and insulin homeostasis in obese adolescents. Diabetes Care. 34(11):2442–2447.
  • Kravitz HM, Janssen I, Santoro N, Bromberger JT, Schocken M, Everson-Rose SA, Karavolos K, Powell LH. 2005. Relationship of day-to-day reproductive hormone levels to sleep in midlife women. Arch Intern Med. 165(20):2370–2376.
  • Kreiser NL, White SW. 2014. ASD in females: are we overstating the gender difference in diagnosis? Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 17(1):67–84.
  • Lago R, Gómez R, Lago F, Gómez-Reino J, Gualillo O. 2008. Leptin beyond body weight regulation-current concepts concerning its role in immune function and inflammation. Cell Immunol. 252(1–2):139–145.
  • Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Auyeung B, Chakrabarti B, Baron-Cohen S. 2015. Sex/gender differences and autism: setting the scene for future research. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 54(1):11–24.
  • Lang C, Brand S, Feldmeth AK, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Pühse U, Gerber M. 2013. Increased self-reported and objectively assessed physical activity predict sleep quality among adolescents. Physiol Behav. 120:46–53.
  • Lee KA, McEnany G, Zaffke ME. 2000. REM sleep and mood state in childbearing women: sleepy or weepy? Sleep. 23(7):877–885.
  • Lee KA, McEnany G, Weekes D. 1999. Gender differences in sleep patterns for early adolescents. J Adolesc Heal. 24(1):16–20.
  • Leger D, Beck F, Richard JB, Godeau E. 2012. Total sleep time severely drops during adolescence. PLOS One. 7(10):e45204.
  • Leproult R, Holmbäck U, Van Cauter E. 2014. Circadian misalignment augments markers of insulin resistance and inflammation, independently of sleep loss. Diabetes. 63(6):1860–1869.
  • Leproult R, Van Cauter E. 2011. Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men. JAMA. 305(21):2173–2174.
  • Lewin DS, Wang G, Chen YI, Skora E, Hoehn J, Baylor A, Wang J. 2017. Variable school start times and middle school student’s sleep health and academic performance. J Adolesc Health. 61(2):205–211.
  • Li DX, Romans S, De Souza MJ, Murray B, Einstein G. 2015. Actigraphic and self-reported sleep quality in women: associations with ovarian hormones and mood. Sleep Med. 16(10):1217–1224.
  • Lin LN, Chang LY, Hurng BS, Wu CC, Yen LL, Chang HY. 2017. Sex differences in sleep patterns and changes in 7th to 12th graders: a longitudinal follow-up study in Taiwan. Sleep. 41(3):zsx211.
  • Liu PY, Yee B, Wishart SM, Jimenez M, Jung DG, Grunstein RR, Handelsman DJ. 2003. The short-term effects of high-dose testosterone on sleep, breathing, and function in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 88(8):3605–3613.
  • Liu X, Hubbard JA, Fabes RA, Adam JB. 2006. Sleep disturbances and correlates of children with autism spectrum disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 37(2):179–191.
  • Liu X, Liu L, Owen JA, Kaplan DL. 2005. Sleep patterns and sleep problems among schoolchildren in the United States and China. Pediatrics. 115(1 Suppl):241–249.
  • Loomes R, Hull L, Mandy WPL. 2017. What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 56(6):466–474.
  • Lord C, Sekerovic Z, Carrier J. 2014. Sleep regulation and sex hormones exposure in men and women across adulthood. Pathol Biol. 62(5):302–310.
  • Luboshitzky R, Lavi S, Lavie P. 1999. The association between melatonin and sleep stages in normal adults and hypogonadal men. Sleep. 22(7):867–874.
  • Luboshitzky R, Zabari Z, Shen-Orr Z, Herer P, Lavie P. 2001. Disruption of the nocturnal testosterone rhythm by sleep fragmentation in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86(3):1134–1139.
  • Lucas-de la Cruz L, Martínez-Vizcaino V, Álvarez-Bueno C, Arias-Palencia N, Sánchez-López M, Notario-Pacheco B. 2016. Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ-SP) in school-age children. Child Care Health Dev. 42(5):675–682.
  • Lytle LA, Pasch KE, Farbakhsh K. 2011. The relationship between sleep and weight in a sample of adolescents. Obesity. 19(2):324–331.
  • Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Baio J, Washington A, Patrick M, DiRienzo M, Christensen DL, et al. 2020. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years – autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveill Summ. 69(4):1–12.
  • Magee CA, Gordon R, Caputi P. 2014. Distinct developmental trends in sleep duration during early childhood. Pediatrics. 133(6):e1561–e1567.
  • Magriplis E, Farajian P, Panagiotakos DB, Risvas G, Zampelas A. 2019. The relationship between behavioral factors, weight status and a dietary pattern in primary school aged children: the GRECO study. Clin Nutr. 38(1):310–316.
  • Masi A, Breen EJ, Alvares GA, Glozier N, Hickie IB, Hunt A, Hui J, et al. 2017. Cytokine levels and associations with symptom severity in male and female children with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism. 8:63.
  • Matthews KA, Hall M, Dahl RE. 2014. Sleep in healthy black and white adolescents. Pediatrics. 133(5):e1189–e1196.
  • Maume DJ. 2013. Social ties and adolescent sleep disruption. J Health Soc Behav. 54(4):498–515.
  • May T, Cornish K, Conduit R, Rajaratnam SMW, Rinehart NJ. 2015. Sleep in high-functioning children with autism: longitudinal developmental change and associations with behavior problems. Behav Sleep Med. 13(1):2–18.
  • Mayer-Davis EJ, Lawrence JM, Dabelea D, Divers J, Isom S, Dolan L, Imperatore G, et al. 2017. Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths. N Engl J Med. 376(15):1419–1429.
  • Mayes SD, Calhoun SL. 2009. Variables related to sleep problems in children with autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 3(4):931–941.
  • Mazurek MO, Sohl K. 2016. Sleep and behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 46(6):1906–1915.
  • McCue LM, Flick LH, Twyman KA, Xian H. 2017. Gastrointestinal dysfunctions as a risk factor for sleep disorders in children with idiopathic autism spectrum disorder: a retrospective cohort study. Autism. 21(8):1010–1020.
  • McDonald L, Wardle J, Llewellyn CH, van Jaarsveld CHM, Fisher A. 2014. Predictors of shorter sleep in early childhood. Sleep Med. 15(5):536–540.
  • Meltzer LJ, Short M, Booster GD, Gradisar M, Marco CA, Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA. 2019. Pediatric motor activity during sleep as measured by actigraphy. Sleep. 42(1):zsy196.
  • Meltzer LJ, Walsh CM, Traylor J, Westin AML. 2012. Direct comparison of two new actigraphs and polysomnography in children and adolescents. Sleep. 35(1):159–166.
  • Meltzer LJ, Wong P, Biggs SN, Traylor J, Kim JY, Bhattacharjee R, Narang I, Marcus CL. 2016. Validation of actigraphy in middle childhood. Sleep. 39(6):1219–1224.
  • Miller MA, Kruisbrink M, Wallace J, Ji C, Cappuccio FP. 2018. Sleep duration and incidence of obesity in infants, children, and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep. 41(4):zsy018.
  • Mindell JA, Sadeh A, Wiegand B, How TH, Goh DYT. 2010. Cross-cultural differences in infant and toddler sleep. Sleep Med. 11(3):274–280.
  • Mitchell JA, Morales KH, Williamson AA, Huffnagle N, Ludwick A, Grant SFA, Dinges DF, Zemel BA. 2020. Changes in sleep duration and timing during the middle-to-high school transition. J Adolesc Health. 67(6):829–836.
  • Mitchell JA, Quante M, Godbole S, James P, Hipp JA, Marinac CR, Mariani S, et al. 2017. Variation in actigraphy-estimated rest-activity patterns by demographic factors. Chronobiol Int. 34(8):1042–1056.
  • Mitchell JA, Rodriguez D, Schmitz KH, Audrain-McGovern J. 2013. Sleep duration and adolescent obesity. Pediatrics. 131(5):e1428–e1434.
  • Miyazaki S, Liu CY, Hayashi Y. 2017. Sleep in vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and insights into the function and evolution of sleep. Neurosci Res. 118:3–12.
  • Mong JA, Cusmano DM. 2016. Sex differences in sleep: impact of biological sex and sex steroids. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 371(1688):20150110.
  • Munezawa T, Kaneita Y, Osaki Y, Kanda H, Minowa M, Suzuki K, Higuchi S, et al. 2011. The association between use of mobile phones after lights out and sleep disturbances among Japanese adolescents: a nationwide cross-sectional survey. Sleep. 34(8):1013–1020.
  • Murphy MJ, Metcalf BS, Voss LD, Jeffery AN, Kirkby J, Mallam KM, Wilkin TJ, EarlyBird Study (EarlyBird 6). 2004. Girls at five are intrinsically more insulin resistant than boys: the programming hypotheses revisited–The EarlyBird Study (EarlyBird 6). Pediatrics. 113(1 Pt 1):82–86.
  • Narang I, Manlhiot C, Davies-Shaw J, Gibson D, Chahal N, Stearne K, Fisher A, et al. 2012. Sleep disturbance and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. CMAJ. 184(17):e913–e920.
  • Negele L, Flexeder C, Koletzko S, Bauer CP, von Berg A, Berdel D, Schikowski T, et al. 2020. Association between objectively assessed physical activity and sleep quality in adolescence. Results from the GINIplus and LISA studies. Sleep Med. 72:65–74.
  • Nielsen J, Pelsen B, Sørensen K. 1988. Follow-up of 30 Klinefelter males treated with testosterone . Clin Genet. 33(4):262–269.
  • Nittari G, Scuri S, Petrelli F, Pirillo I, Di Luca NM, Grappasonni I. 2019. Fighting obesity in children from European world health organization member states. Epidemiological data, medical-social aspects, and prevention programs. Clin Ter. 170(3):e223–e230.
  • Nolan CJ, Damm P, Prentki M. 2011. Type 2 diabetes across generations: from pathophysiology to prevention and management. Lancet. 378(9786):169–181.
  • Nunn CL, Samson DR, Krystal AD. 2016. Shining evolutionary light on human sleep and sleep disorders. Evol Med Public Health. 2016(1):227–243.
  • Nuutinen T, Ray C, Roos E. 2013. Do computer use, TV viewing, and the presence of the media in the bedroom predict school-aged children’s sleep habits in a longitudinal study? BMC Public Health. 13(1):684.
  • Owens J, Maxim R, McGuinn M, Nobile C, Msall M, Alario A. 1999. Television-viewing habits and sleep disturbance in school children. Pediatrics. 104(3):e27.
  • Owens JA, Spirito A, McGuinn M. 2000. The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children. Sleep. 23(8):1043–1051.
  • Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D'Ambrosio C, Hall WA, Kotagal S, Lloyd RM, Malow BA, et al. 2016. Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: a consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 12(6):785–786.
  • Patel SR, Hu FB. 2008. Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review. Obesity. 16(3):643–653.
  • Paul KN, Dugovic C, Turek FW, Laposky AD. 2006. Diurnal sex differences in the sleep-wake cycle of mice are dependent on gonadal function. Sleep. 29(9):1211–1223.
  • Payne K, Lipshultz LI, Hotaling JM, Pastuszak AW. 2020. Obstructive sleep apnea and testosterone therapy. Sex Med Rev. 9(2):296–303.
  • Petrou AM, Soul A, Koshy B, McConachie H, Parr JR. 2018. The impact on the family of the co-existing conditions of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res. 11(5):776–787.
  • Philbrook LE, Benjamin Hinnant J, Elmore-Staton L, Buckhalt JA, El-Sheikh M. 2017. Sleep and cognitive functioning in childhood: ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and sex as moderators. Dev Psychol. 53(7):1276–1285.
  • Plancoulaine S, Lioret S, Regnault N, Heude B, Aline CM, Annesi-Maesano I, Bernard J, et al. 2015. Gender-specific factors associated with shorter sleep duration at age 3 years. J Sleep Res. 24(6):610–620.
  • Pollak CP, Bright D. 2003. Caffeine consumption and weekly sleep patterns in us seventh-, eighth-, and ninth-graders. Pediatrics. 111(1):42–46.
  • Quelly SB, Lieberman LS. 2011. Global prevalence of overweight and obesity in preschoolers. Anthropol Anz. 68(4):437–456.
  • Rahman SA, Grant LK, Gooley JJ, Rajaratnam SMW, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. 2019. Endogenous circadian regulation of female reproductive hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 104(12):6049–6059.
  • Ramos E, Barros H. 2007. Family and school determinants of overweight in 13-year-old Portuguese adolescents. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 96(2):281–286.
  • Rensen N, Steur LMH, Wijnen N, van Someren EJW, Kaspers GJL, van Litsenburg RRL. 2020. Actigraphic estimates of sleep and the sleep-wake rhythm, and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels in healthy Dutch children. Chronobiol Int. 37(5):660–672.
  • Reutrakul S, Van Cauter E. 2014. Interactions between sleep, circadian function, and glucose metabolism: implications for risk and severity of diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1311(1):151–173.
  • Richdale AL, Prior MR. 1995. The sleep/wake rhythm in children with autism. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 4(3):175–186.
  • Rognvaldsdottir V, Gudmundsdottir SL, Brychta RJ, Hrafnkelsdottir SM, Gestsdottir S, Arngrimsson SA, Chen KY, Johannsson E. 2017. Sleep deficiency on school days in Icelandic youth, as assessed by wrist accelerometry. Sleep Med. 33:103–108.
  • Saklayen MG. 2018. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep. 20(2):12.
  • Samson DR, Crittenden AN, Mabulla IA, Mabulla AZP, Nunn CL. 2017. Hadza sleep biology: evidence for flexible sleep-wake patterns in hunter-gatherers. Am J Phys Anthropol. 162(3):573–582.
  • Saré RM, Smith CB. 2020. Association between sleep deficiencies with behavioral problems in autism spectrum disorder: subtle sex differences. Autism Res. 13(10):1802–1810.
  • Sekine M, Yamagami T, Handa K, Saito T, Nanri S, Kawaminami K, Tokui N, et al. 2002. A dose-response relationship between short sleeping hours and childhood obesity: results of the Toyama birth cohort study. Child Care Health Dev. 28(2):163–170.
  • Seo WH, Kwon JH, Eun SH, Kim G, Han K, Choi BM. 2017. Effect of socio-economic status on sleep. J Paediatr Child Health. 53(6):592–597.
  • Seo WS, Sung HM, Lee JH, Koo BH, Kim MJ, Kim SY, Choi SJ, Shin IH. 2010. Sleep patterns and their age-related changes in elementary-school children. Sleep Med. 11(6):569–575.
  • Shah B, Tombeau Cost K, Fuller A, Birken CS, Anderson LN. 2020. Sex and gender differences in childhood obesity: contributing to the research agenda. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 3(2):387–390.
  • Short MA, Gradisar M, Lack LC, Wright H, Carskadon MA. 2012. The discrepancy between actigraphic and sleep diary measures of sleep in adolescents. Sleep Med. 13(4):378–384.
  • Sivertsen B, Posserud MB, Gillberg C, Lundervold AJ, Hysing M. 2012. Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum problems: a longitudinal population-based study. Autism. 16(2):139–150.
  • Smith I, Salazar I, RoyChoudhury A, St-Onge MP. 2019. Sleep restriction and testosterone concentrations in young healthy males: randomized controlled studies of acute and chronic short sleep. Sleep Health. 5(6):580–586.
  • Span JPT, Pieters GFFM, Sweep CGJ, Hermus ARMM, Smals AGH. 2000. Gender difference in insulin-like growth factor I response to growth hormone (GH) treatment in GH-deficient adults: role of sex hormone replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85(3):1121–1125.
  • Spiegel K, Leproult R, V, Cauter E. 1999. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet. 354(9188):1435–1439.
  • Spilsbury JC, Storfer-Isser A, Drotar D, Rosen CL, Kirchner LH, Benham H, Redline S. 2004. Sleep behavior in an urban US sample of school-aged children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 158(10):988–994.
  • Spruyt K, Molfese DL, Gozal D. 2011. Sleep duration, sleep regularity, body weight, and metabolic homeostasis in school-aged children. Pediatrics. 127(2):e345–e352.
  • Suglia SF, Kara S, Robinson WR. 2014. Sleep duration and obesity among adolescents transitioning to adulthood: do results differ by sex? J Pediatr. 165(4):750–754.
  • Tatone-Tokuda F, Dubois L, Ramsay T, Girard M, Touchette E, Petit D, Montplaisir JY. 2012. Sex differences in the association between sleep duration, diet and body mass index: a birth cohort study. J Sleep Res. 21(4):448–460.
  • Taveras EM, Gillman MW, Peña MM, Redline S, Rifas-Shiman SL. 2014. Chronic sleep curtailment and adiposity. Pediatrics. 133(6):1013–1022.
  • Tolaymat A, Liu Z. 2017. Sleep disorders in childhood neurological diseases. Children. 4(10):84.
  • van der Heijden KB, Stoffelsen RJ, Popma A, Swaab H. 2018. Sleep, chronotype, and sleep hygiene in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and controls. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 27(1):99–111.
  • van der Voorn B, Hollanders JJ, Ket JCF, Rotteveel J, Finken MJJ. 2017. Gender-specific differences in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity during childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sex Differ. 8(1):23–29.
  • Van Wijngaarden-Cremers PJM, Van Eeten E, Groen WB, Van Deurzen PA, Oosterling IJ, Van Der Gaag RJ. 2014. Gender and age differences in the core triad of impairments in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord. 44(3):627–635.
  • Veatch OJ, Sutcliffe JS, Warren ZE, Keenan BT, Potter MH, Malow BA. 2017. Shorter sleep duration is associated with social impairment and comorbidities in ASD. Autism Res. 10(7):1221–1238.
  • Vollmer C, Jankowski KS, Díaz-Morales JF, Itzek-Greulich H, Wüst-Ackermann P, Randler C. 2017. Morningness-eveningness correlates with sleep time, quality, and hygiene in secondary school students: a multilevel analysis. Sleep Med. 30:151–159.
  • Wang G, Liu Z, Xu G, Jiang F, Lu N, Baylor A, Owens J. 2016. Sleep disturbances and associated factors in chinese children with autism spectrum disorder: a retrospective and cross-sectional study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 47(2):248–258.
  • Wheaton AG, Jones SE, Cooper AC, Croft JB. 2018. Short sleep duration among middle school and high school students—United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 67(3):85–90.
  • Wheaton AG, Olsen EO, Miller GF, Croft JB. 2016. Sleep duration and injury-related risk behaviors among high school students-United States, 2007–2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65(13):337–341.
  • Wiggs L, Stores G. 2004. Sleep patterns and sleep disorders in children with autistic spectrum disorders: insights using parent report and actigraphy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 46(6):372–380.
  • Williams JA, Zimmerman FJ, Bell JF. 2013. Norms and trends of sleep time among US children and adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 167(1):55–60.
  • Wilson KE, Miller AL, Lumeng JC, Chervin RD. 2014. Sleep environments and sleep durations in a sample of low-income preschool children. J Clin Sleep Med. 10(3):299–305.
  • Wisniewski AB, Chernausek SD. 2009. Gender in childhood obesity: family environment, hormones, and genes. Gend Med. 6(Suppl 1):76–85.
  • Wittert G. 2014. The relationship between sleep disorders and testosterone. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 21(3):239–243.
  • Young T, Rabago D, Zgierska A, Austin D, Finn L. 2003. Objective and subjective sleep quality in premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. Sleep. 26(6):667–672.
  • Zambotti M. d, Colrain IM, Baker FC. 2015. Interaction between reproductive hormones and physiological sleep in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 100(4):1426–1433.
  • Zhang J, Li AM, Fok TF, Wing YK. 2010. Roles of parental sleep/wake patterns, socioeconomic status, and daytime activities in the sleep/wake patterns of children. J Pediatr. 156(4):606–612. e5.
  • Zhang Z, Sousa-Sá E, Pereira J, Chaput JP, Okely A, Feng X, Santos R. 2019. Correlates of nocturnal sleep duration, nocturnal sleep variability, and nocturnal sleep problems in toddlers: results from the GET UP! Study. Sleep Med. 53:124–132.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.