The effects of shadow education on high school students’ creative thinking and academic achievement in mathematics: the case of the Republic of Korea

References

• Awang, H., and I. Ramly. 2008. “Creative Thinking Skill Approach through Problem-based Learning: Pedagogy and Practice in the Engineering Classroom.” International Journal of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences 2 (4): 334–339.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, D. P., and G. K. LeTendre. 2005. National Differences, Global Similarities: World Culture and the Future of Schooling. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ban, S., C. Jeong, and S. Yang (2005). “Analysis of the Effects of Private Tutoring on Student Achievement.” Paper presented at the first conference of the Korean Education and Employment Panel, Seoul, Korea.
   Google Scholar
• Bray, M. 2009. Confronting the Shadow Education System: What Government Policies for What Private Tutoring? Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning.
   Google Scholar
• Bray, M., and I. Silova. 2006. “The Private Tutoring Phenomenon: International Patterns and Perspectives.” In Education in a Hidden Marketplace: Monitoring of Private Tutoring, 27–40. New York: Open Society Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Bray, M., and O. Kwo. 2014. “Regulating Private Tutoring for Public Good.” In Policy Options for Supplementary Education in Asia. Hongkong/Comparative Education Research Centre. Accessed 19 November 2020. h ttps://c erc.e du.hku.hk/wp-content/uploads/Mono-10.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A. 2006. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Buchmann, C. 2002. “Getting Ahead in Kenya: Social Capital, Shadow Education and Achievement.” Research in Sociology of Education 13: 133–159.
   Google Scholar
• Byun, S. Y. 2014. “Shadow Education and Academic Success in Republic of Korea.” In Korean Education in Changing Economic and Demographic Contexts, edited by H. Park, and K. Kim, 39–58. Singapore: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Cheo, R., and E. Quah. 2005. “Mothers, Maids and Tutors: An Empirical Evaluation of Their Effect on Children’s Academic Grades in Singapore.” Education Economics 13 (3): 269–285. doi:10.1080/09645290500073746.
   Google Scholar
• Choe, S. H., S. Park, and H. J. Hwang. 2014. “Analysis of the Current Situation of Affective Characteristics of Korean Students Based on the Results of PISA and TIMSS.” Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society 17 (1): 23–43.
   Google Scholar
• Clapham, M. M. 2004. “The Convergent Validity of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking and Creativity Interest Inventories.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 64: 828–841. doi:10.1177/0013164404263883.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cropley, A. J. 2000. “Defining and Measuring Creativity: Are Creativity Tests Worth Using?” Roeper Review 23 (2): 72–79.
   Google Scholar
• Dang, H. 2007. “The Determinants and Impact of Private Tutoring Classes in Vietnam.” Economics of Education Review 26: 684–699. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2007.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, R. R. 1987. “Fostering Creative Behavior Attitudes among University Men.” Journal of Creative Child and Adult Quarterly 12 (3): 277–293.
   Google Scholar
• Do, N., C. Park, H. Kim, and H. Cho. 2016. A Study on the Environment of Child-rearing and Development of Brain to Promote Children’s Creativity. Seoul, Republic of Korea: Korean Institute of Childcare and Education.
   Google Scholar
• Domingue, B., and D. C. Briggs. 2009. “Using Linear Regression and Propensity Score Matching to Estimate the Effect of Coaching on the SAT.” Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints 35 (1): 12–29.
   Google Scholar
• Finn, J. D., and D. A. Rock. 1997. “Academic Success among Students at Risk for School Failure.” The Journal of Educational Research 98 (2): 79–92. doi:10.3200/JOER.98.2.79-93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, D., and P. Mallery. 2010. SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. 17.0 Update. 10th ed. Boston: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Gough, H. G. 1979. “A Creative Personality Scale for the Adjective Check List.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37: 1398–1405. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.8.1398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guay, F., S. Larose, and M. Boivin. 2004. “Academic Self-concept and Educational Attainment Level: A Ten-year Longitudinal Year.” Self and Identity 3: 53–68. doi:10.1080/13576500342000040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilford, P. 1986. Creative Talents: Their Nature, Uses and Development. Buffalo, NY: Bearly Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Han, S. K., J. B. Park, H. G. Son, and J. H. Yang. 2015. “Effects of Private Tutoring and Self-directed Learning on High School Students’ Math Academic Achievement.” The Korea Educational Review 21 (1): 197–216.
   Google Scholar
• Hong, J. K., B. Chang, K. R. Kim, and S. Jin. 2008. “Curriculum Acceleration and Creative Problem Solving Ability of Mathematically Gifted Students in Elementary School.” The Korea Association of Yeolin Education 16.3 (2008): 123–138.
   Google Scholar
• Hong, S. S., and D. H. Lee. 2015. “The Effect of Ability Grouping on Mathematics Achievement: Utilizing the Propensity Score Matching.” Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society 18 (1): 149–167.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang, W. Y., N. S. Chen, J. J. Dung, and Y. L. Yang. 2007. “Multiple Representation Skills and Creativity Effects on Mathematical Problem Solving Using a Multimedia Whiteboard System.” Educational Technology & Society 10 (2): 191–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, Y. J., and J. S. Kim. 2010. “The Effects of Private Education Experiences and Parent’s Achievement Pressure Affect the Learning Attitude of Children.” Korean Journal of Parent Education 7 (2): 5–22.
   Google Scholar
• Kang, C. (2007). “The Effect of Private Tutoring Expenditures on Academic Performance: Evidence from a Nonparametric Bounding Method.” No. wp0706.
   Google Scholar
• Kang, C., and S. Lee. 2010. An Economic Analysis of Private Tutoring in Korea. Seoul: Korean Education Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Kang, C., and Y. S. Park. 2015. “The Effect of Private Tutoring on Cognitive and Noncognitive Skill Formation of Students: In Comparison with the Effect of Self-directed Learning.” Korean Labor Economic Association 38 (4): 31–56.
   Google Scholar
• Karpova, E., S. B. Marcketti, and J. Barker. 2011. “The Efficacy of Teaching Creativity: Assessment of Student Creative Thinking before and after Exercises.” Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 29 (1): 52–66. doi:10.1177/0887302X11400065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, E. H., and S. Paik. 2008. “A Study on the Determining Factors of Elementary Students’ Attitude Towards Mathematics.” Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea 12 (2): 125–148.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, K. K., and S. Y. Byun. 2007. “The Impact of Cultural Capital on Student Achievement in South Korea.” Korean Journal of Sociology of Education 17 (1): 23–51. doi:10.32465/ksocio.2007.17.1.002.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, M. (2005). “Estimation of the Education Production Function: Regression Analysis of Academic Achievement.” Paper presented at the first conference of the Korean Education and Employment Panel, Seoul.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, M., J. Lavonen, and M. Ogawa. 2009. “Experts’ Opinions on the High Achievement of Scientific Literacy in PISA 2003: A Comparative Study in Finland and Korea.” Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science, & Technology Education 5 (4): 379–393. doi:10.12973/ejmste/75288.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. 2015. “Structural Relations between Socioeconomic Status, Self-study, Private Education, and Attitude toward and Achievement in Mathematics among General High School Students.” Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction 15 (6): 249–259.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. W. 2019. “Is Socioeconomic Status Less Predictive of Achievement in East Asian Countries? A Systematic and Meta-analytic Review.” International Journal of Educational Research 97: 29–42. doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2019.05.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. Y. 2013. “Longitudinal Effects of Private Tutoring on Mathematics and English Achievement Using Multivariate Multilevel Growth Model.” Korean Journal of Youth Studies 20 (6): 337–357.
   Google Scholar
• Kuan, P. 2011. “Effects of Cram Schooling on Mathematics Performance: Evidence from Junior High Students in Taiwan.” Comparative Education Review, 55 (3): 342–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, S. A. 2011. “The Dual Effects of Parental Involvement on Students’ Academic Achievement: Two-level Hierarchical Linear Modeling Analysis.” The Journal of Child Education 20 (4): 221–233.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, J., and M. Bray. 2020. “Evolving Micro-level Processes of Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring: Patterns and Implications at Primary and Lower Secondary Levels in China.” Educational Studies 46 (2): 170–187. doi:10.1080/03055698.2018.1555452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo, R., and K. Thorpe. 2005. “Relationships between Attitudes toward Women’s Roles in Society, and Work and Life Values.” The Social Science Journal 42: 367–374. doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2005.06.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, H. W., and A. S. Yeung. 1997. “Causal Effects of Academic Self-concept on Academic Achievement: Structural Equation Models of Longitudinal Data.” Journal of Educational Psychology 89 (1): 41–54. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.1.41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullis, I. V. S., M. O. Martin, P. Foy, and A. Arora. 2012. TIMSS 2011 International Results in Mathematics. Chestnut Hill, MA: TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., and B. O. Muthén. 1998-2012. Mplus User’s Guide. 7th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Nguon, S. 2012. “Parental Involvement and Students’ Achievement in Cambodia: Focusing on Parental Resourcing of Public Schooling.„ International Journal of Educational Research 53: 213–224.
   Google Scholar
• Otani, M. 2019. “Relationships between Parental Involvement and Adolescents’ Academic Achievement and Aspiration.” International Journal of Educational Research 94: 168–182. doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2019.01.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, H., C. Buchmann, J. Choi, and J. J. Merry. 2016. “Learning beyond the School Walls: Trends and Implications.” Annual Review of Sociology 42 (1): 231–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, H. J. 2010. “Longitudinal Analysis of the Relationship between Private Tutoring Expenses, and Students’ Achievement.” Journal of Educational Evaluation 23 (4): 887–907.
   Google Scholar
• Sang, K. A. 2009. “Analysis of the Effects of Private Tutoring Using Propensity Score Matching.” Journal of Educational Evaluation 22 (3): 717–735.
   Google Scholar
• Seelig, T. 2012. InGenius: A Crash Course on Creativity. London: Hay House, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Korea. 2017. 2016 Elementary, Middle, and High School: Investigation of Private Education Expenses. Seoul, Korea: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Korea. 2020. 2019 Elementary, Middle, and High School: Investigation of Private Education Expenses. Seoul, Korea: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Sung, K., and J. Kim. 2010. “A Comparative Study on the Relationship between Private Tutoring Experiences and High School Students’ Academic Science Achievement: Korea, Finland, and Japan.” Korean Journal of Sociology of Education 20 (1): 103–126. [In Korean]. doi:10.32465/ksocio.2010.20.1.005.
   Google Scholar
• Tansel, A., and F. Bircan (2005). “Effect of Private Tutoring on University Entrance Examination Performance in Turkey.” IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 1609. Accessed 14 May 2013. http://ftp.iza.org/dp1609.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Torrance, P. E., and K. Goff. 1989. “A Quiet Revolution.” Journal of Creative Behavior 23: 136–145. doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1989.tb00683.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trilling, B., and C. Fadel. 2009. 21st Century Skills: Learning for Life in Our Times. San Fransisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar