Turning old problems into new problems: the role of young citizens in improving accountability in education in Malawi and Kenya

References

• Afrobarometer Network. 2009. “The Quality of Democracy and Governance in Africa: New Results from Afrobarometer Round 4. A Compendium of Public Opinion Findings from 19 African Countries, 2008.” Working Paper No. 108. Afrobarometer.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, M. 1999. “Users as Citizens: Collective Action and the Local Governance of Welfare.” Social Policy and Administration 33 (1): 73–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrera-Osorio, Felipe, Tazeen Fasih, and Harry Anthony Patrinos. 2009. Decentralized Decision-Making in Schools: The Theory and Evidence on School-Based Management. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Björkman, M., and J. Svensson. 2009. “Power to the People: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment on Community-based Monitoring in Uganda.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 124 (2): 735–769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray, Mark. 2000. Community Partnerships in Education: Dimensions, Variations and Implications. Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Bruns, Barbara, Deon Filmer, and Harry Anthony Patrinos. 2011. Making Schools Work. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess, Robin S. L. 1997. “Fiscal Reform and the Extension of Basic Health and Education Coverage.” In Marketizing Education and Health in Developing Countries, edited by C. Colclough, 307–346. London: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cammack, Diana, and Edge Kanyongolo. 2010. “Local Governance and Public Goods in Malawi.” APPP Working Paper No. 11. London: ODI.
   Google Scholar
• CBMP Secretariat. 2010. The State of Services in the Rural Primary Education Sector, Education Services Report, Community Based Monitoring Project. Lilongwe: CBMP Secretariat.
   Google Scholar
• Centre for the Future State. 2010. An Upside-down View of Governance. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhury, N., J. Hammer, M. Kremer, K. Muralidharan, and F. H. Rogers. 2006. “Missing in Action: Teacher and Health Worker Absence in Developing Countries.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 (1): 91–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornwall, A. 2002, “Making Spaces, Changing Places: Situating Participation in Development.” IDS Working Paper No. 170. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Cornwall, A., and J. Gaventa. 2001. “From Users and Choosers to Makers and Shapers: Repositioning Participation in Social Policy.” IDS Working Paper No. 127. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Crook, R. 2003. “Decentralisation and Poverty Reduction in Africa: The Politics of Local-Central Relations.” Public Administration and Development 23 (1): 77–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, L. 1999. “Comparing Definitions of Democracy in Education.” Compare 29 (2): 127–140.
   Google Scholar
• De Grauwe, A. 2005. “Improving the Quality of Education through School-Based Management: Learning from International Experiences.” International Review of Education 51 (4): 269–287.
   Google Scholar
• Development Resource Centre on Citizenship, Participation and Accountability (DRC). 2011. Blurring the Boundaries: Citizenship Action across States and Societies. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Dewey, John. 1916. ‘Democracy and Education’ Digital Textbook. The Macmillan Company. http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/dewey.html
   Google Scholar
• DFID (Department for International Development). 2011. “Annex 3: Preliminary Mapping of the Evidence Base – Empowerment and Accountability.” April 2011. http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Publications/FINAL_E_and-A_Annex3_Evidence_Mapping.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Duflo, E., R. Hanna, and S. P. Ryan. 2012. “Incentives Work: Getting Teachers to Come to School.” American Economic Review 102 (4): 1241–1278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fengler, Wolfgang, and Aurelien Kruse. 2012. “Making Devolution a Game-changer.” The East African, March 17. http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Making+devolution+a+game+changer+in+Kenya/-/2558/1368092/-/item/0/-/ajgrwl/-/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Finch, C., G. Handley, and J. Rose. 2012. “Decentralisation: More Accountability, Less Corruption.” The East African, March 17. http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Decentralisation++more+accountability++less+corruption/-/2558/1368160/-/item/0/-/276x73/-/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Fiske, Edward B. 1996. Decentralization of Education: Politics and Consensus. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Goetz, A., and J. Gaventa. 2001. “Bringing Citizen Voice and Client Focus into Service Delivery.” IDS Working Paper 138. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Groves Williams, Leslie, and Renee Kantelberg. 2010a. Evaluation of Plan UK-DFID Partnership Programme Agreement: The Governance Programme. London: Plan UK.
   Google Scholar
• Groves Williams, Leslie, and Renee Kantelberg. 2010b. Evaluation of Plan UK-DFID Partnership Programme Agreement: The Governance Programme: Kenya Country Report. London: Plan UK.
   Google Scholar
• Hanushek, Eric A., and Ludger Woessmann. 2007. “The Role of Education Quality in Economic Growth.” Policy Research Working Paper 4122. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, Roger. 1992. Children’s Participation: From Tokenism to Citizenship. Innocenti Essay, No. 4. New York: UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, Roger. 1997. Children’s Participation: The Theory and Practice of Involving Young Citizens in Community Development and Environmental Care. London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Joshi, A. 2008. “Producing Social Accountability? The Impact of Service Delivery Reforms.” IDS Bulletin 38 (6): 10–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, A. 2010. “Impact and Effectiveness of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives: A Review of the Evidence to Date. Annex 1: Service Delivery.” Paper prepared for the Transparency and Accountability Initiative Workshop, October 14–15.
   Google Scholar
• Kabeer, Naila. 2005. Inclusive Citizenship: Meanings and Expressions. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Lansdowne, Gerison. 2001. Promoting Children’s Participation in Democratic Decision-Making. UNICEF Innocenti Insight. Siena: UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Maita Mwawashie, K. 2011. “Youth as Drivers of Accountability: Conducting A Youth Social Audit, in Young Citizens: Youth and Participatory Governance in Africa.” Participatory Learning and Action No. 64. London: IIED.
   Google Scholar
• McGee, R. 2010. “Towards a Governance Framework for Child Rights: Six Propositions for Reflection and Discussion.” Plan UK Discussion Paper. London: Plan UK.
   Google Scholar
• McGee, R., and J. Gaventa. 2010. “Impact and Effectiveness of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives: A Review of the Evidence to Date. Synthesis Report.” Prepared for the Transparency and Accountability Initiative Workshop, October 14–15. http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/IETASynthesisReportMcGeeGaventaFinal28Oct2010.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Moore, M. 1993. “Declining to Learn from the East? The World Bank on ‘Governance and Development’.” IDS Bulletin 24 (1): 39–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mughogho, B., and R. Msowoya. 2011. Community Based Monitoring Project – Mid-Term Evaluation and Report. Conducted for Plan Malawi, mimeo.
   Google Scholar
• Newell, P., and S. Ballour. 2002. “Mapping Accountability: Origins, Contexts and Implications for Development.” IDS Working Paper 168. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Newell, Peter, and Joanna Wheeler. 2006. “Introduction.” In Rights, Resources and the Politics of Accountability, edited by Peter Newell and Joanna Wheeler, 1–36. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ochieng, Edwine, and Cynthia Ochola Anyango. 2011. “Local Champions: Towards Transparent Accountable Governance in Embakasi, Kenya.” In Young Citizens: Youth and Participatory Governance in Africa. Participatory Learning and Action, No. 64, 153–162. London: IIED. http://www.commdev.org/userfiles/Local%20Champions.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Paul, S. 1992. “Accountability in Public Services: Exit, Voice and Control.” World Development 20 (7): 1047–1060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plan Malawi. 2010a. Quarterly Report for Community Based Monitoring Report January–March 2010, mimeo.
   Google Scholar
• Plan Malawi. 2010b. Citizens Right to Public Financing: Community Based Monitoring Annual Report, 2008–2010, mimeo.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, Caitlin. 2010. “What Shapes the Influence Evidence Has on Policy? The Role of Politics in Research Utilisation.” Young Lives Working Paper 62. Oxford: University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Ringold, Dena, Alaka Holla, Margaret Koziol, and Srinivasan Santosh. 2011. Citizens and Service Delivery: Assessing the Use of Social Accountability Approaches in Human Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Rocha Menocal, A., and B. Sharma. 2008. Joint Evaluation of Citizens’ Voice and Accountability: Synthesis Report. London: Department for International Development.
   Google Scholar
• Roche, J. 1999. “Children: Rights, Participation and Citizenship.” Childhood 6 (4): 455–474.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, P. 2003. “Community Participation in School Policy and Practice in Malawi: Balancing Local Knowledge, National Policies and International Agency Priorities.” Compare 33 (1): 47–64.
   Google Scholar
• Sayed, Y. 2002. “Democratising Education in a Decentralised System: South African Policy and Practice.” Compare 32 (1): 35–46.
   Google Scholar
• Schedler, A. 1998. “Conceptualizing Accountability.” In The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies, edited by A. Schedler, L. J. Diamond and M. F. Plattner, 13–28. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki, I. 2002. “Parental Participation and Accountability in Primary School in Uganda.” Compare 32 (2): 243–259.
   Google Scholar
• Tikly, L. 2011. “Towards a Framework for Researching the Quality of Education in Low-Income Countries.” Comparative Education 47 (1): 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tisdall, E. K. M. 2009. “Governance and Participation.” In A Handbook of Children and Young People’s Participation: Perspectives from Theory and Practice, edited by B. Percy-Smith and N. Thomas, 318–329. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tooley, James. 2000. Reclaiming Education. London: Cassell.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2009. EFA Global Monitoring Report 2009: Overcoming Inequality: Why Governance Matters. Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Wild, Leni, and Dan Harris. 2011. The Political Economy of Community Scorecards in Malawi, Draft Report. London: Overseas Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Woessmann, L. 2003. “Schooling Resources, Educational Institutions and Student Performance: The International Evidence.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 65 (2): 117–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2003. World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for the Poor. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar