8,985
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

A scoping review of experimental evidence on face-to-face components of blended learning in higher education

, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Aguilar-Rodríguez, M., E. Marques-Sule, P. Serra-Añó, G. V. Espí-López, L. Dueñas-Moscardó, and S. Pérez-Alenda. 2019. “A Blended-Learning Programme Regarding Professional Ethics in Physiotherapy Students.” Nursing Ethics 26 (5): 1410–23.
  • Akçayır, G., and M. Akçayır. 2018. “The Flipped Classroom: A Review of Its Advantages and Challenges.” Computers & Education 126 (November): 334–45. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.07.021.
  • Akyol, Z., D. R. Garrison, and M. Y. Ozden. 2009. “Online and Blended Communities of Inquiry: Exploring the Developmental and Perceptual Differences.” International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning 10 (6): 65–83.
  • Al-Samarraie, H., and N. Saeed. 2018. “A Systematic Review of Cloud Computing Tools for Collaborative Learning: Opportunities and Challenges to the Blended-Learning Environment.” Computers & Education 124 (1): 77–91.
  • Alamri, H. A., S. Watson, and W. Watson. 2021. “Learning Technology Models That Support Personalization Within Blended Learning Environments in Higher Education.” TechTrends 65 (1): 62–78. doi:10.1007/s11528-020-00530-3.
  • Albert, M., and B. J. Beatty. 2014. “Flipping the Classroom Applications to Curriculum Redesign for an Introduction to Management Course: Impact on Grades.” Journal of Education for Business 89 (8): 419–24.
  • Almodaires, Abdullah A., Ghaida M. Alayyar, Tareq O. Almsaud, and Faisal M. Almutairi. 2019. “The Effectiveness of Flipped Learning: A Quasi-Experimental Study of the Perceptions of Kuwaiti Pre-Service Teachers.” International Education Studies 12 (1): 10–23.
  • Alsancak Sirakaya, D., and S. Ozdemir. 2018. “The Effect of a Flipped Classroom Model on Academic Achievement, Self-Directed Learning Readiness, Motivation and Retention.” Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology 6 (1): 76–91.
  • Anderson, L., and J. P. Brennan. 2015. “An Experiment in ‘Flipped’ Teaching in Freshman Calculus.” PRIMUS: Problems, Resources, and Issues in Mathematics Undergraduate Studies 25 (9–10): 861–75. doi:10.1080/10511970.2015.1059916.
  • Anderson, H. G., L. Frazier, S. L. Anderson, R. Stanton, C. Gillette, K. Broedel-Zaugg, and K. Yingling. 2017. “Comparison of Pharmaceutical Calculations Learning Outcomes Achieved Within a Traditional Lecture or Flipped Classroom Andragogy.” American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 81 (4): 70. https://www.ajpe.org/content/81/4/70/tab-article-info.
  • Anthony, B., A. Kamaludin, and A. Romli. 2021. “Predicting Academic Staffs Behaviour Intention and Actual Use of Blended Learning in Higher Education: Model Development and Validation.” Technology, Knowledge and Learning. doi:10.1007/s10758-021-09579-2.
  • Anthony, B., A. Kamaludin, A. Romli, A. F. M. Raffei, D. N. A. L. E. Phon, A. Abdullah, and G. L. Ming. 2022. “Blended Learning Adoption and Implementation in Higher Education: A Theoretical and Systematic Review.” Technology, Knowledge and Learning 27 (2): 531–78. doi:10.1007/s10758-020-09477-z.
  • Arbaugh, J. B. 2014. “What Might Online Delivery Teach Us About Blended Management Education? Prior Perspectives and Future Directions.” Journal of Management Education 38 (6): 784–817. doi:10.1177/1052562914534244.
  • Arbaugh, J. B., A. Desai, B. Rau, and B. S. Sridhar. 2010. “A Review of Research on Online and Blended Learning in the Management Disciplines: 1994–2009.” Organization Management Journal (Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.) 7 (1): 39–55. doi:10.1057/omj.2010.5.
  • Arbaugh, J. B., M. R. Godfrey, M. Johnson, B. Leisen Pollack, B. Niendorf, and W. Wresch. 2009. “Research in Online and Blended Learning in the Business Disciplines: Key Findings and Possible Future Directions.” The Internet and Higher Education 12 (2): 71–87. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2009.06.006.
  • Arksey, H., and L. O’Malley. 2005. “Scoping Studies: Towards a Methodological Framework.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 8 (1): 19–32. doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616.
  • Asarta, C. J., and J. R. Schmidt. 2015. “The Choice of Reduced Seat Time in a Blended Course.” The Internet and Higher Education 27: 24–31. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.04.006.
  • Asiksoy, G., and F. Özdamli. 2016. “Flipped Classroom Adapted to the ARCS Model of Motivation and Applied to a Physics Course.” EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education 12 (6): 1589–603.
  • Baepler, P., J. D. Walker, and M. Driessen. 2014. “It’s Not About Seat Time: Blending, Flipping, and Efficiency in Active Learning Classrooms.” Computers & Education 78: 227–36. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.06.006.
  • Bebbington, W. 2021. “Leadership Strategies for a Higher Education Sector in Flux.” Studies in Higher Education 46 (1): 158–165. doi:10.1080/03075079.2020.1859686.
  • Beckman, K., T. Apps, S. Bennett, B. Dalgarno, G. Kennedy, and L. Lockyer. 2021. “Self-Regulation in Open-Ended Online Assignment Tasks: The Importance of Initial Task Interpretation and Goal Setting.” Studies in Higher Education 46 (4): 821–835. doi:10.1080/03075079.2019.1654450.
  • Benson, V., and A. Kolsaker. 2015. “Instructor Approaches to Blended Learning: A Tale of Two Business Schools.” The International Journal of Management Education 13 (3): 316–25. doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2015.10.001.
  • Bergfjord, O. J., and T. Heggernes. 2016. “Evaluation of a ‘Flipped Classroom’ Approach in Management Education.” Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice 13 (5): 1–13.
  • Bergmann, J., and A. Sams. 2012. Flip Your Classroom: Reach Every Student in Every Class Every Day. Washington, DC: International Society for Technology in Education.
  • Bernard, R. M., E. Borokhovski, R. F. Schmid, R. M. Tamim, and P. C. Abrami. 2014. “A Meta-Analysis of Blended Learning and Technology Use in Higher Education: From the General to the Applied.” Journal of Computing in Higher Education 26 (1): 87–122. doi:10.1007/s12528-013-9077-3.
  • Bishop, J. L., and M. A. Verleger. 2013. “The Flipped Classroom: A Survey of the Research.” In 120th American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition, 30:1–18. Atlanta, US.
  • Blair, E., C. Maharaj, and S. Primus. 2016. “Performance and Perception in the Flipped Classroom.” Education and Information Technologies 21 (6): 1465–82. doi:10.1007/s10639-015-9393-5.
  • Blázquez, B. O., B. Masluk, S. Gascon, R. F. Díaz, A. Aguilar-Latorre, I. A. Magallón, and R. M. Botaya. 2019. “The Use of Flipped Classroom as an Active Learning Approach Improves Academic Performance in Social Work: A Randomized Trial in a University.” PLoS ONE 14 (4): e0214623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214623.
  • Blissitt, A. M. 2016. “Blended Learning Versus Traditional Lecture in Introductory Nursing Pathophysiology Courses.” Journal of Nursing Education 55 (4): 227–30. doi:10.3928/01484834-20160316-09.
  • Bloom, B. S. 1956. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. New York, US: Longman.
  • Boelens, R., B. De Wever, and M. Voet. 2017. “Four Key Challenges to the Design of Blended Learning: A Systematic Literature Review.” Educational Research Review 22 (Supplement C): 1–18. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2017.06.001.
  • Bokolo, A., A. Kamaludin, A. Romli, A. F. M. Raffei, D. N. A. L. E. Phon, A. Abdullah, G. L. Ming, N. A. Shukor, M. S. Nordin, and S. Baba. 2020. “A Managerial Perspective on Institutions’ Administration Readiness to Diffuse Blended Learning in Higher Education: Concept and Evidence.” Journal of Research on Technology in Education 52 (1): 37–64. doi:10.1080/15391523.2019.1675203.
  • Bond, M., S. Bedenlier, V. I. Marín, and M. Händel. 2021. “Emergency Remote Teaching in Higher Education: Mapping the First Global Online Semester.” International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 18 (1): 50. doi:10.1186/s41239-021-00282-x.
  • Bonnes, S. L., J. T. Ratelle, A. J. Halvorsen, K. J. Carter, L. T. Hafdahl, A. T. Wang, J. N. Mandrekar, A. S. Oxentenko, T. J. Beckman, and C. M. Wittich. 2017. “Flipping the Quality Improvement Classroom in Residency Education.” Academic Medicine 92 (1): 101–7. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000001412.
  • Bruggeman, B., J. Tondeur, K. Struyven, B. Pynoo, A. Garone, and S. Vanslambrouck. 2021. “Experts Speaking: Crucial Teacher Attributes for Implementing Blended Learning in Higher Education.” The Internet and Higher Education 48 (January): 100772. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2020.100772.
  • Cabi, E. 2018. “The Impact of the Flipped Classroom Model on Students’ Academic Achievement.” International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 19 (3): 202–21.
  • Cagande, J. L. L., and R. R. Jugar. 2018. “The Flipped Classroom and College Physics Students’ Motivation and Understanding of Kinematics Graphs.” Issues in Educational Research 28 (2): 288–307.
  • Calimeris, L., and K. M. Sauer. 2015. “Flipping out About the Flip: All Hype or Is There Hope?” International Review of Economics Education 20 (September): 13–28. doi:10.1016/j.iree.2015.08.001.
  • Chandra, V., and J. J. Watters. 2012. “Re-Thinking Physics Teaching with Web-Based Learning.” Computers & Education 58 (1): 631–40. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.09.010.
  • Chen, P.-Y., and G.-J. Hwang. 2019. “An IRS-Facilitated Collective Issue-Quest Approach to Enhancing Students’ Learning Achievement, Self-Regulation and Collective Efficacy in Flipped Classrooms.” British Journal of Educational Technology 50 (4): 1996–2013. doi:10.1111/bjet.12690.
  • Cheng, Xin, Kenneth Ka Ho Lee, Eric Y. Chang, and Xuesong Yang. 2017. “The “Flipped Classroom” Approach: Stimulating Positive Learning Attitudes and Improving Mastery of Histology among Medical Students.” Anatomical Sciences Education 10 (4): 317–327. doi:10.1002/ase.1664.
  • Choi, J., and Y. Lee. 2018. “To What Extent Does ‘Flipping’ Make Lessons Effective in a Multimedia Production Class?” Innovations in Education and Teaching International 55 (1): 3–12.
  • Cohen, A., R. Toft Nørgård, and Y. Mor. 2020. “Hybrid Learning Spaces––Design, Data, Didactics.” British Journal of Educational Technology 51 (4): 1039–44. doi:10.1111/bjet.12964.
  • Colon, A. M. O., I. M. M. Galiano, and M. J. Colmenero-Ruiz. 2017. “Impact of the Flipped Classroom Model and Collaborative Learning in Childhood Teaching University Degree.” Journal of E-Learning and Knowledge Society 13 (3): 131–43. doi:10.20368/1971-8829/1358.
  • Deepak Nallaswamy, V., M. Subha, and R. Asha. 2019. “Conventional Lectures vs the Flipped Classroom: Comparison of Teaching Models in Undergraduate Curriculum.” International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10 (1): 572–6. doi:10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1913.
  • Drysdale, J. S., C. R. Graham, K. J. Spring, and L. R. Halverson. 2013. “An Analysis of Research Trends in Dissertations and Theses Studying Blended Learning.” The Internet and Higher Education 17: 90–100.
  • Duffy, K., and J. Ney. 2015. “Exploring the Divides Among Students, Educators, and Practitioners in the Use of Digital Media as a Pedagogical Tool.” Journal of Marketing Education 37 (2): 104–13. doi:10.1177/0273475315585826.
  • Dziuban, C. D., C. R. Graham, P. D. Moskal, A. Norberg, and N. Sicilia. 2018. “Blended Learning: The New Normal and Emerging Technologies.” International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 15 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1186/s41239-017-0087-5.
  • Dziuban, C. D., A. G. Picciano, C. R. Graham, and P. D. Moskal. 2016. Conducting Research in Online and Blended Learning Environments: New Pedagogical Frontiers. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • El-Miedany, Y., M. El-Gaafary, N. El-Aroussy, and S. Youssef. 2019. “Flipped Learning: Can Rheumatology Lead the Shift in Medical Education?” Current Rheumatology Reviews 15 (1): 67–73. doi:10.2174/1573397114666180416170156.
  • Elmaadaway, M. A. N. 2018. “The Effects of a Flipped Classroom Approach on Class Engagement and Skill Performance in a Blackboard Course.” British Journal of Educational Technology 49 (3): 479–91.
  • Entezari, M., and M. Javdan. 2016. “Active Learning and Flipped Classroom, Hand in Hand Approach to Improve Students Learning in Human Anatomy and Physiology.” International Journal of Higher Education 5 (4): 222–31.
  • Er, E., T. J. Kopcha, M. Orey, and W. Dustman. 2015. “Exploring College Students’ Online Help-Seeking Behavior in a Flipped Classroom with a Web-Based Help-Seeking Tool.” Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 31 (5): 537–555. doi:10.14742/ajet.2527.
  • Eryilmaz, M., and C. Cigdemoglu. 2019. “Individual Flipped Learning and Cooperative Flipped Learning: Their Effects on Students’ Performance, Social, and Computer Anxiety.” Interactive Learning Environments 27 (4): 432–42. doi:10.1080/10494820.2018.1522652.
  • Ficano, C. K. C. 2019. “Identifying Differential Benefits from a Flipped-Group Pedagogy in Introductory Microeconomics.” International Review of Economics Education 30 (January): 100143. doi:10.1016/j.iree.2018.07.002.
  • Fleck, J. 2012. “Blended Learning and Learning Communities: Opportunities and Challenges.” Journal of Management Development 31 (4): 398–411. doi:10.1108/02621711211219059.
  • Foldnes, N. 2016. “The Flipped Classroom and Cooperative Learning: Evidence from a Randomised Experiment.” Active Learning in Higher Education 17 (1): 39–49. doi:10.1177/1469787415616726.
  • Franco, A., N. Malhotra, and G. Simonovits. 2014. “Publication Bias in the Social Sciences: Unlocking the File Drawer.” Science 345 (6203): 1502–5. doi:10.1126/science.1255484.
  • Garrison, D. R., T. Anderson, and W. Archer. 2000. “Critical Inquiry in a Text-Based Environment: Computer Conferencing in Higher Education.” The Internet and Higher Education 2 (2–3): 87–105.
  • Garrison, D. R., and H. Kanuka. 2004. “Blended Learning: Uncovering Its Transformative Potential in Higher Education.” Internet and Higher Education 7: 95–105.
  • Goh, C. F., and E. T. Ong. 2019. “Flipped Classroom as an Effective Approach in Enhancing Student Learning of a Pharmacy Course with a Historically Low Student Pass Rate.” Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning 11: 621–629. doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2019.02.025.
  • Gomis-Porqueras, P., J. Meinecke, and J. Rodrigues-Neto. 2011. “New Technologies in Higher Education: Lower Attandance and Worse Learning Outcomes?” Agenda (Durban, South Africa) 18 (1): 69–83.
  • Gourlay, L. 2012. “Cyborg Ontologies and the Lecturer’s Voice: A Posthuman Reading of the ‘Face-to-Face’ AU - Gourlay, Lesley.” Learning, Media and Technology 37 (2): 198–211. doi:10.1080/17439884.2012.671773.
  • Graham, C. R. 2009. “Blended Learning Models.” In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, edited by M. Khosrow-Pour, 2nd ed., 375–82. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. https://www.igi-global.com/gateway/chapter/13601.
  • Halverson, L. R., C. R. Graham, K. J. Spring, J. S. Drysdale, and C. R. Henrie. 2014. “A Thematic Analysis of the Most Highly Cited Scholarship in the First Decade of Blended Learning Research.” The Internet and Higher Education 20 (January): 20–34. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.09.004.
  • Hava, K., and M. Fikret Gelibolu. 2018. “The Impact of Digital Citizenship Instruction Through Flipped Classroom Model on Various Variables.” Contemporary Educational Technology 9 (4): 390–404.
  • He, Y., J. Lu, H. Huang, S. He, N. Ma, Z. Sha, Y. Sun, and X. Li. 2019. “The Effects of Flipped Classrooms on Undergraduate Pharmaceutical Marketing Learning: A Clustered Randomized Controlled Study.” PLoS ONE 14 (4): e0214624. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214624.
  • Henrie, C. R., L. R. Halverson, and C. R. Graham. 2015. “Measuring Student Engagement in Technology-Mediated Learning: A Review.” Computers & Education 90 (December): 36–53. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.09.005.
  • Hmelo-Silver, C. E., S. J. Derry, A. Bitterman, and N. Hatrak. 2009. “Targeting Transfer in a STELLAR PBL Course for Pre-Service Teachers.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning 3 (2): 24–42.
  • Holley, D., and R. Haynes. 2003. “The ‘INCOTERMS’ Challenge: Using Multi-Media to Engage Learners.” Education + Training 45 (7): 392–401. doi:10.1108/00400910310499965.
  • Hwang, G.-J., and P.-Y. Chen. 2019. “Effects of a Collective Problem-Solving Promotion-Based Flipped Classroom on Students’ Learning Performances and Interactive Patterns.” Interactive Learning Environments, doi:10.1080/10494820.2019.1568263.
  • Ilic, Dragan, Rusli Bin Nordin, Paul Glasziou, Julie K. Tilson, and Elmer Villanueva. 2015. “A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Blended Learning Education Intervention for Teaching Evidence-Based Medicine.” BMC Medical Education 15 (1): 202. doi:10.1186/s12909-015-0321-6.
  • Jensen, J. L., T. A. Kummer, and P. D. D. M. Godoy. 2015. “Improvements from a Flipped Classroom May Simply Be the Fruits of Active Learning.” CBE Life Sciences Education 14 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1187/cbe.14-08-0129.
  • Johnson, D. W., and R. T. Johnson. 2009. “An Educational Psychology Success Story: Social Interdependence Theory and Cooperative Learning.” Educational Researcher 38 (5): 365–79. doi:10.3102/0013189X09339057.
  • Kahn, P. E. 2014. “Theorising Student Engagement in Higher Education.” British Educational Research Journal 40 (6): 1005–18. doi:10.1002/berj.3121.
  • Kaleta, R., K. Skibba, and T. Joosten. 2007. “Discovering, Designing, and Delivering Hybrid Courses.” In Blended Learning: Research Perspectives, edited by A. G. Picciano and C. D. Dziuban, 111–143. Needham, MA: The Sloan Consortium.
  • Karaoğlan Yilmaz, F. G., H. T. Öztürk, and R. Yilmaz. 2017. “The Effect of Structure in Flipped Classroom Designs for Deep and Surface Learning Approaches.” Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology 2017: 732–50.
  • Kazanidis, I., N. Pellas, P. Fotaris, and A. Tsinakos. 2019. “Can the Flipped Classroom Model Improve Students’ Academic Performance and Training Satisfaction in Higher Education Instructional Media Design Courses?” British Journal of Educational Technology 50 (4): 2014–27.
  • Kennedy, E., B. Beaudrie, D. C. Ernst, and R. S. Laurent. 2015. “Inverted Pedagogy in Second Semester Calculus.” PRIMUS: Problems, Resources, and Issues in Mathematics Undergraduate Studies 25 (9–10): 892–906. doi:10.1080/10511970.2015.1031301.
  • Kim, M. K., S. M. Kim, O. Khera, and J. Getman. 2014. “The Experience of Three Flipped Classrooms in an Urban University: An Exploration of Design Principles.” The Internet and Higher Education 22 (July): 37–50. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2014.04.003.
  • Kirkwood, A., and L. Price. 2014. “Technology-Enhanced Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: What Is ‘Enhanced’ and How Do We Know? A Critical Literature Review.” Learning, Media and Technology 39 (1): 6–36. doi:10.1080/17439884.2013.770404.
  • Kiviniemi, Marc T. 2014. “Effects of a Blended Learning Approach on Student Outcomes in a Graduate-Level Public Health Course.” BMC Medical Education 14 (1): 14–47. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-14-47.
  • Kjærgaard, A. 2017. “Face-to-Face Activities in Blended Learning: New Opportunities in the Classroom?” In Academy of Management Proceedings. Vol. 1, edited by Sonia Taneja. Atlanta, GA: Academy of Management.
  • Krathwohl, D. R. 2002. “A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy: An Overview.” Theory Into Practice 41 (4): 212–8. doi:10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2.
  • Kurt, G. 2017. “Implementing the Flipped Classroom in Teacher Education: Evidence from Turkey.” Journal of Educational Technology & Society 20 (1): 211–21.
  • Lax, N., J. Morris, and B. J. Kolber. 2017. “A Partial Flip Classroom Exercise in a Large Introductory General Biology Course Increases Performance at Multiple Levels.” Journal of Biological Education 51 (4): 412–26.
  • Lewis, C. E., D. C. Chen, and A. Relan. 2018. “Implementation of a Flipped Classroom Approach to Promote Active Learning in the Third-Year Surgery Clerkship.” American Journal of Surgery 215 (2): 298–303. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.08.050.
  • Lichvar, A. B., A. Hedges, N. J. Benedict, and A. C. Donihi. 2016. “Combination of a Flipped Classroom Format and a Virtual Patient Case to Enhance Active Learning in a Required Therapeutics Course.” American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 80 (10): 1–8.
  • Lo, C. K., K. F. Hew, and G. Chen. 2017. “Toward a Set of Design Principles for Mathematics Flipped Classrooms: A Synthesis of Research in Mathematics Education.” Educational Research Review 22 (November): 50–73. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2017.08.002.
  • Lombardini, C., M. Lakkala, and H. Muukkonen. 2018. “The Impact of the Flipped Classroom in a Principles of Microeconomics Course: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment with Two Flipped Classroom Designs.” International Review of Economics Education 29 (SI): 14–28. doi:10.1016/j.iree.2018.01.003.
  • Luna, Yvonne M., and Stephanie A. Winters. 2017. ““Why Did You Blend My Learning?” A Comparison of Student Success in Lecture and Blended Learning Introduction to Sociology Courses.” Teaching Sociology 45 (2): 116–130. doi:10.1177/0092055X16685373.
  • Maciejewski, W. 2016. “Flipping the Calculus Classroom: An Evaluative Study.” Teaching Mathematics and Its Applications 35 (4): 187–201.
  • McGee, P., and A. Reis. 2012. “Blended Course Design: A Synthesis of Best Practices.” Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks 16 (4): 7–22.
  • McKenzie, S., R. Hains-Wesson, S. Bangay, and G. Bowtell. 2022. “A Team-Teaching Approach for Blended Learning: An Experiment.” Studies in Higher Education 47 (4): 860–874. doi:10.1080/03075079.2020.1817887.
  • Means, B., Y. Toyama, R. Murphy, and M. Baki. 2013. “The Effectiveness of Online and Blended Learning: A Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Literature.” Teachers College Record 115 (3): 1–47.
  • Means, B., Y. Toyama, R. Murphy, M. Bakia, and K. Jones. 2010. Evaluation of Evidence-Based Practices in Online Learning: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Online Learning Studies. Policy and Program Studies Service: U.S. Department of Education.
  • Mohamed, H., and M. Lamia. 2018. “Implementing Flipped Classroom That Used an Intelligent Tutoring System Into Learning Process.” Computers & Education 124 (September): 62–76. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.05.011.
  • Moher, D., A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, and D. G. Altman. 2009. “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement.” Annals of Internal Medicine 151 (4): 264–9. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135.
  • Morgan-Thomas, A., and A. Dudau. 2019. “Of Possums, Hogs, and Horses: Capturing the Duality of Student Engagement in ELearning.” Academy of Management Learning & Education 18 (4): 564–580. doi:10.5465/amle.2018.0029.
  • Northey, Gavin, Tania Bucic, Mathew Chylinski, and Rahul Govind. 2015. “Increasing Student Engagement Using Asynchronous Learning.” Journal of Marketing Education 37 (3): 171–80. doi:10.1177/0273475315589814.
  • O’Flaherty, J., and C. Phillips. 2015. “The Use of Flipped Classrooms in Higher Education: A Scoping Review.” The Internet and Higher Education 25 (April): 85–95. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.02.002.
  • Parsad, B., L. Lewis, and P. Tice. 2008. Distance Education at Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions:2006-2007. Washington, DC: National Center for Educational Statistics: U.S. Department of Education.
  • Phillips, C. R., and J. E. Trainor. 2014. “Millennial Students and the Flipped Classroom.” Journal of Business & Educational Leadership 5 (1): 102–12.
  • Porter, W. W., C. R. Graham, K. A. Spring, and K. R. Welch. 2014. “Blended Learning in Higher Education: Institutional Adoption and Implementation.” Computers & Education 75 (June): 185–95. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.02.011.
  • Prescott Jr., W. A., A. Woodruff, G. M. Prescott, N. Albanese, C. Bernhardi, and F. Doloresco. 2016. “Introduction and Assessment of a Blended-Learning Model to Teach Patient Assessment in a Doctor of Pharmacy Program.” American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 80 (10): 1–10.
  • Rasheed, R. A., A. Kamsin, and N. Aniza Abdullah. 2020. “Challenges in the Online Component of Blended Learning: A Systematic Review.” Computers & Education 144 (January): 103701. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103701.
  • Rui, Z., X. Lian-Rui, Y. Rong-Zheng, Z. Jing, W. Xue-Hong, and Z. Chuan. 2017. “Friend or Foe? Flipped Classroom for Undergraduate Electrocardiogram Learning: A Randomized Controlled Study.” BMC Medical Education 17 (53). doi:10.1186/s12909-017-0881-8.
  • Sadiq, F., S. I. Rasa, N. Shami, Seemadaud, and S. Bhatti. 2018. “Comparing Effectiveness of Collaborative Blended Learning and Traditional Teaching Using Students Final Test Scores.” Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 12 (4): 1428–1431.
  • Sengel, E. 2014. “Using the ‘Flipped Classroom’ to Enhance Physics Achievement of the Prospective Teacher Impact of Flipped Classroom Model on Physics Course.” Journal of the Balkan Tribological Association 20 (3): 488–97.
  • Shattuck, J. C. 2016. “A Parallel Controlled Study of the Effectiveness of a Partially Flipped Organic Chemistry Course on Student Performance, Perceptions, and Course Completion.” Journal of Chemical Education 93 (12): 1984–92.
  • Smith, K., and J. Hill. 2019. “Defining the Nature of Blended Learning Through Its Depiction in Current Research.” Higher Education Research & Development 38 (2): 383–397. doi:10.1080/07294360.2018.1517732.
  • Snowball, J. 2014. “Using Interactive Content and Online Activities to Accommodate Diversity in a Large First Year Class.” Higher Education 67 (6): 823–38. doi:10.1007/s10734-013-9708-7.
  • Son, J. Y., P. Narguizian, D. Beltz, and R. A. Desharnais. 2016. “Comparing Physical, Virtual, and Hybrid Flipped Labs for General Education Biology.” Online Learning 20 (3, SI): 228–43.
  • Spanjers, I. A. E., K. D. Könings, J. Leppink, D. M. L. Verstegen, N. de Jong, K. Czabanowska, and J. J. G. van Merriënboer. 2015. “The Promised Land of Blended Learning: Quizzes as a Moderator.” Educational Research Review 15 (June): 59–74. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2015.05.001.
  • Strelan, P., A. Osborn, and E. Palmer. 2020. “The Flipped Classroom: A Meta-Analysis of Effects on Student Performance Across Disciplines and Education Levels.” Educational Research Review 30 (June): 100314. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100314.
  • Thai, Ngoc Thuy, Bram De Thi, Martin Wever. 2017. “The Impact of a Flipped Classroom Design on Learning Performance in Higher Education: Looking for the Best ‘Blend’ of Lectures and Guiding Questions with Feedback.” Computers and Education 107: 113–126.
  • Turan, Z., and Y. Goktas. 2016. “The Flipped Classroom: Instructional Efficiency and Impact on Achievement and Cognitive Load Levels.” Journal of E-Learning and Knowledge Society 12 (4): 51–62.
  • van Alten, D. C. D., C. Phielix, J. Janssen, and L. Kester. 2019. “Effects of Flipping the Classroom on Learning Outcomes and Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis.” Educational Research Review 28 (November): 100281. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2019.05.003.
  • Vaughan, N. D. 2007. “Perspectives on Blended Learning in Higher Education.” International Journal on E-Learning 6 (1): 81–94.
  • Vaughan, N. D., M. Cleveland-Innes, and D. R. Garrison. 2013. Teaching in Blended Learning Environments: Creating and Sustaining Communities of Inquiry. Edmonton, CA: AU Press.
  • Wozny, N., C. Balser, and D. Ives. 2018. “Evaluating the Flipped Classroom: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of Economic Education 49 (2): 115–29. doi:10.1080/00220485.2018.1438860.
  • Yang, Y.-F. 2012. “Blended Learning for College Students with English Reading Difficulties.” Computer Assisted Language Learning 25 (5): 393–410.
  • Yang, Shufan, and Robert Newman. 2019. “Rotational Blended Learning in Computer System Engineering Courses.” IEEE Transactions on Education 62 (4): 264–269. doi:10.1109/TE.2019.2899095.
  • Yong, D., R. Levy, and N. Lape. 2015. “Why No Difference? A Controlled Flipped Classroom Study for an Introductory Differential Equations Course.” PRIMUS: Problems, Resources, and Issues in Mathematics Undergraduate Studies 25 (9–10): 907–21. doi:10.1080/10511970.2015.1031307.
  • Yough, M., H. E. Merzdorf, H. N. Fedesco, and H. J. Cho. 2019. “Flipping the Classroom in Teacher Education: Implications for Motivation and Learning.” Journal of Teacher Education 70 (5): 410–422. doi:10.1177/0022487117742885.
  • Yürekli Kaynardağ, A. 2019. “Pedagogy in HE: Does It Matter?” Studies in Higher Education 44 (1): 111–9. doi:10.1080/03075079.2017.1340444.
  • Ziegelmeier, L. B., and C. M. Topaz. 2015. “Flipped Calculus: A Study of Student Performance and Perceptions.” PRIMUS 25 (9): 847–60.