Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms and on Health-Related Quality of Life in the Treatment of Elderly Women with Depression: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial

REFERENCES

• LuijendijkHJvan den BergJFDekkerMJvan TuijlHROtteWSmitFHofmanAStrickerBHTiemeierH: Incidence and recurrence of late-life depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65: 1394– 1401, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LebowitzBDPearsonJLSchneiderLSReynoldsCFIIIAlexopoulosGSBruceMLConwellYKatzIRMeyersBSMorrisonMFMosseyJNiedereheGParmeleeP: Diagnosis and treatment of depression in late life: consensus statement update. JAMA 278: 1186– 1190, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AndersonDN: Treating depression in old age: the reasons to be positive. Age Ageing 30: 13– 17, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frasure-SmithNLespéranceF: Recent evidence linking coronary heart disease and depression. Can J Psychiatry 51: 730– 737, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RaoR: Cerebrovascular disease and late life depression: an age old association revisited. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 15: 419– 433, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MingoCAMcIlvaneJMBakerTA: Explaining the relationship between pain and depressive symptoms in African-American and white women with arthritis. J Natl Med Assoc 100: 996– 1003, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• OlinJTSchneiderLSKatzIRMeyersBSAlexopoulosGSBreitnerJCBruceMLCaineEDCummingsJLDevanandDPKrishnanKRLyketsosCGLynessJMRabinsPVReynoldsCFIIIRovnerBWSteffensDCTariotPNLebowitzBD: Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 10: 125– 128, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PearsonJLConwellY: Suicide in late life: challenges and opportunities for research. Int Psychogeriatr 7: 131– 136, 1995.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PearsonJLBrownGK: Suicide prevention in late life: directions for science and practice. Clin Psychol Rev 20: 685– 705, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SonnenbergCMDeegDJComijsHCvan TilburgWBeekmanAT: Trends in antidepressant use in the older population: results from the LASA-study over a period of 10 years. J Affect Disord 111: 299– 305, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParkerGGibsonNABrotchieHHerucGReesAMHadzi-PavlovicD: Omega-3 fatty acids and mood disorders. Am J Psychiatry 163: 969– 978, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HakkarainenRPartonenTHaukkaJVirtamoJAlbanesDLönnqvistJ: Is low dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids associated with depression? Am J Psychiatry 161: 567– 569, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ConklinSMManuckSBYaoJKFloryJDHibbelnJRMuldoonMF: High omega-6 and low omega-3 fatty acids are associated with depressive symptoms and neuroticism. Psychosom Med 69: 932– 934, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NemetsBStahlZBelmakerRH: Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 159: 477– 479, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PeetMHorrobinDF: A dose-ranging study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with ongoing depression despite apparently adequate treatment with standard drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59: 913– 919, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LucasMAsselinGMéretteCPoulinMJDodinS: Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid for the treatment of psychological distress and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 89: 641– 651, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DelionSChalonSHéraultJGuilloteauDBesnardJCDurandG: Chronic dietary alpha-linolenic acid deficiency alters dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurotransmission in rats. J Nutr 124: 2466– 2476, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DelionSChalonSGuilloteauDBesnardJCDurandG: Alpha-Linolenic acid dietary deficiency alters age-related changes of dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurotransmission in the rat frontal cortex. J Neurochem 66: 1582– 1591, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZimmerLHembertSDurandGBretonPGuilloteauDBesnardJCChalonS: Chronic n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet-deficiency acts on dopamine metabolism in the rat frontal cortex: a microdialysis study. Neurosci Lett 240: 177– 181, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZimmerLDurandGGuilloteauDChalonS: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency and dopamine metabolism in the rat frontal cortex. Lipids 34: S251, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• ZimmerLDelion-VancasselSDurandGGuilloteauDBodardSBesnardJCChalonS: Modification of dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens of rats deficient in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res 41: 32– 40, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZimmerLDelpalSGuilloteauDAïounJDurandGChalonS: Chronic n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency alters dopamine vesicle density in the rat frontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 284: 25– 28, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChalonSVancasselSZimmerLGuilloteauDDurandG: Polyunsaturated fatty acids and cerebral function: focus on monoaminergic neurotransmission. Lipids 36: 937– 944, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KodasEPageGZimmerLVancasselSGuilloteauDDurandGChalonS: Neither the density nor function of striatal dopamine transporters were influenced by chronic n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency in rodents. Neurosci Lett 321: 95– 99, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• ZimmerLVancasselSCantagrelSBretonPDelamancheSGuilloteauDDurandGChalonS: The dopamine mesocorticolimbic pathway is affected by deficiency in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 75: 662– 667, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrunelloNRivaMRovescalliACGalimbertiRRacagniG: Age-related changes in rat serotonergic and adrenergic systems and in receptor responsiveness to subchronic desipramine treatment. Pharmacol Toxicol 63: 150– 155, 1988.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McEnteeWJCrookTH: Serotonin, memory, and the aging brain. Psychopharmacology 103: 143– 149, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HörnquistJO: Quality of life: concept and assessment. Scand J Soc Med 18: 69– 79, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• GalloJJLebowitzBD: The epidemiology of common late-life mental disorders in the community: themes for the new century. Psychiatr Serv 50: 1158– 1166, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CohenGD: Depression in late life: an historic account demonstrates the importance of making the diagnosis. Geriatrics 57: 38– 39, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FolsteinMFFolsteinSEMcHughPR: “Mini-mental state”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12: 189– 198, 1975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association: Mood disorders. In American Psychiatric Association (eds): “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,” 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, pp 317– 345, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• YesavageJABrinkTLRoseTLLumOHuangVAdeyMLeirerVO: Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 17: 37– 49, 1983.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SheikhJIYesavageJA: Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. In BrinkTL (ed): “Clinical Gerontology: A Guide to Assessment and Intervention.” New YorkNY: The Haworth Press, pp 165– 173, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• WancataJAlexandrowiczRMarquartBWeissMFriedrichF: The criterion validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 114: 398– 410, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WareJESnowKKKosinskiMGandekB: “SF-36 Health Survey: Manual and Interpretation Guide.” BostonMA: The Health Institute, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• KatzSDownsTDCashHRGrotzRC: Progress in development of the index of ADL. Gerontologist 10: 20– 30, 1970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FrisanchoAR: New standards of weight and body composition by frame size and height for assessment of nutritional status of adults and the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 40: 808– 819, 1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuigozYVellasBGarryPJ: Assessing the nutritional status of the elderly: the Mini Nutritional Assessment as part of the geriatric evaluation. Nutr Rev 54: S59– S65, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FriedewaldWTLevyRIFredricksonDS: Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18: 499– 502, 1972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FolchJLeesMSloane StanleyGH: A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 226: 497– 509, 1957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarrisWSVon SchackyC: The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease? Prev Med 39: 212– 220, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SimsJHillKDavidsonSGunnJHuangN: Exploring the feasibility of a community-based strength training program for older people with depressive symptoms and its impact on depressive symptoms. BMC Geriatr 6: 18, 2006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MasonP: Fish oils—an update. Pharm J 265: 720– 723, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• SimopoulosAP: The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Exp Biol Med 233: 674– 688, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PeterssonHBasuSCederholmTRisérusU: Serum fatty acid composition and indices of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity are associated with systemic inflammation: longitudinal analyses in middle-aged men. Br J Nutr 99: 1186– 1190, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HrobjartssonAGøtzschePC: Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. N Engl J Med 344: 1594– 1602, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WalshBTSeidmanSNSyskoRGouldM: Placebo response in studies of major depression: variable, substantial and growing. JAMA 287: 1840– 1847, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BeekmanATCopelandJRPrinceMJ: Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. Br J Psychiatry 174: 307– 311, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MeldonSWEmermanCLSchubertDS: Recognition of depression in geriatric ED patients by emergency physicians. Ann Emerg Med 30: 442– 447, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raccio-RobakNMcErleanMAFabacherDAMilanoPMVerdileVP: Socioeconomic and health status differences between depressed and nondepressed ED elders. Am J Emerg Med 20: 71– 73, 2002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LuberMPMeyersBSWilliams-RussoPGHollenbergJPDiDomenicoTNCharlson5EAlexopoulosGS: Depression and service utilization in elderly primary care patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 9: 169– 176, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KrishnanKRDelongMKraemerHCarneyRSpiegelDGordonCMcDonaldWDewMAlexopoulosGBuckwalterKCohenPDEvansDKaufmannPGOlinJOteyEWainscottC: Comorbidity of depression with other medical diseases in the elderly. Biol Psychiatry 52: 559– 588, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HibbelnJR: Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet 351: 1213, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TanskanenAHibbelnJRTuomilehtoJUutelaAHaukkalaAViinamäkiHLehtonenJVartiainenE: Fish consumption and depressive symptoms in the general population in Finland. Psychiatr Serv 52: 529– 531, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EdwardsRPeetMShayJHorrobinD: Depletion of docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biochem Soc Trans 26: S142, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• PeetMMurphyBShayJHorrobinD: Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biol Psychiatry 43: 315– 319, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LinPYSuKP: A meta-analytic review of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of antidepressant efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids. J Clin Psychiatry 68: 1056– 1061, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AustriaJARichardMNChahineMNEdelALMalcomsonLJDupasquierCMPierceGN: Bioavailability of alpha-linolenic acid in subjects after ingestion of three different forms of flaxseed. J Am Coll Nutr 27: 214– 221, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarrollDNRothMT: Evidence for the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Ann Pharmacother 36: 1950– 1956, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar