Pigmented Rice Bran and Plant Sterol Combination Reduces Serum Lipids in Overweight and Obese Adults

REFERENCES

• World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight: Factsheet No 311. 2012. Accessed at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
   Google Scholar
• Patsch JR, Miesenbock G, Hopferwieser T, Muhberger V, Knapp E, Dunn JK, Gotto AM, Patsch W: Relation of triglyceride metabolism and coronary artery disease: studies on the postprandial state. Arterioscler Thromb 12:1336–1345, 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche HM, Gibney MJ: The impact of postprandial lipemia in accelerating atherosthrombosis. J Cardiovasc Risk 7:317–324, 2000.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aaustin MA, Hokanson JE, Edwards KL: Hypertriacylglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol 81:7B–12B, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, Hong Y, Stern JS, Pi-Sunyer FX, Eckel RH: Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26:968–976, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah K, Villareal DT: Weight loss and improved fitness slow down the decline in mobility in obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Evid Based Med 18(2): e18, 2013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grandy S, Fox KM, Bazata DD: Association of self-reported weight change and quality of life, and exercise and weight management behaviors among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the SHIELD Study. Cardiol Res Pract 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/892564
   Google Scholar
• McTiernan A: Obesity and cancer: the risks, science, and potential management strategies. Oncology 19:871–881, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calle E, Thun M: Obesity and cancer. Oncogene 23:6395–6378, 2004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowers JR, Whaley-Connell A, Hayden MR: The role of overweight and obesity in the cardiorenal syndrome. Cardiorenal Med 1:5–12, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Kruger J, Galuska DA, Serdula MK, Jones DA: Attempting to lose weight: specific practices among U.S. adults. Am J Prev Med 26:402–406, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patsch JR, Miesenböck G, Hopferwieser T, Mühlberger V, Knapp E, Dunn JK, Gotto AM Jr, Patsch W: Relation of triglycercide metabolism and coronary artery disease: studies in the postprandial state. Aterioscler Thromb 12:1336–1345, 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin MA, Hokanson JE, Edwards KL: Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol 81:7B–12B, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche HM, Gibney MJ: Effect of long-chain fatty acids on fasting and postprandial triacylglycerol metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 71:232S–237S, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itabe H. Oxidative modification of LDL: its pathological role in atherosclerosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 37:4–11, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turconi G, Cena H: Epidemiology of obesity. In Bagchi D, Preuss HG (eds): “Obesity in Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention,” CRC Series in Modern Nutrition Science. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp 14–15, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein AH, Ausman LM, Carrasco W, Gualtieri LJ, Jenner JL, Ordovas JM, Nicolosi RJ, Goldin BR, Schaefer EJ: Rice bran oil consumption and plasma lipid levels in moderately hypercholesterolemic humans. Arterioscler Thromb 14:549–556, 1994.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Most MM, Tulley R, Morales S, Lefevre M: Rice bran oil, not fiber, lowers cholesterol in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 81:64–68, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson TA, Nicolosi RJ, Woolfrey B, Kritchevsky D: Rice bran oil and oryzanol reduce plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and aortic cholesterol ester accumulation to a greater extent than ferulic acid in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. J Nutr Biochem 18:105–112, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CW, Cheng HH: A rice bran oil diet increases LDL-receptor and HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expressions and insulin sensitivity in rats with streptozotcoin/nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes. J Nutr 136:1472–1476, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vissers MN, Zock PL, Meijer GW, Katan MB: Effect of plant sterols from rice bran oil and triterpene alcohols from sheanut oil on serum lipoprotein concentrations in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 72:1510–1515, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utarwuthipong T, Komindr S, Pakpeankitvatana V, Songchitsomboon S, Thongmuang N: Small dense low-density lipoprotein concentration and oxidative susceptibility changes after consumption of soybean oil, rice bran oil, palm oil and mixed rice bran/palm oil in hypercholesterolaemic women. J Int Med Res 37:96–104, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi AA, Sami SA, Salser WA, Khan FA: Dose-dependent suppression of serum cholesterol by tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF25) of rice bran in hypercholesterolemic humans. Atherosclerosis 161:199–207, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerckhoffs DAJM, Brouns F, Hornstra G, Mensink RP: Effects on the human serum lipoprotein profile of {beta}-glucan, soy protein and isoflavones, plant sterols and stanols, garlic and tocotrienols. J Nutr 132:2494–2505, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling WH, Wang LL, Ma J: Supplementation of the black rice outer layer fraction to rabbits decreases atherosclerotic plaque formation and increases antioxidant status. J Nutr 132:20–26, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Xia M, Ling WH, Ma J, Kitts DD, Zawistowski J: Supplementation of diets with the black rice pigment fraction attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. J Nutr 133:744–751, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu C, Zawistowski J, Ling W, Kitts DD: Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) pigmented fraction suppresses both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in chemical and biological model systems. J Agric Food Chem 51:5271–5277, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zavoshy R, Noroozi M, Jahanihashemi H: Effect of low calorie diet with rice bran oil on cardiovascular risk factors in hyperlipidemic patients. J Res Med Sci 17:626–631, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volek JS, Gómez AL, Love DM, Weyers AM, Hesslink R Jr, Wise JA, Kraemer WJ: Effects of an 8-week weight-loss program on cardiovascular disease risk factors and regional body composition. Eur J Clin Nutr 56:585–592, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchowski MS, Aslam M, Dossett C, Dorminy C, Choi L, Acra S: Effect of dairy and non-dairy calcium on fecal fat excretion in lactose digester and maldigester obese adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 34:127–135, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchowski MS, Hongu N, Acra S, Wang L, Warolin J, Roberts LJII. Effect of modest caloric restriction on oxidative stress in women, a randomized trial. PLoS One 7(10):e47079, 2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Anthropometry Procedures Manual.” Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Weir JB: New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. J Physiol 109:1–9, 1949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitts DD, Hu C: Biological and chemical assessment of antioxidant activity of sugar-lysine model Maillard reaction products. In Baynes JW, Monnier VM, Ames JM, et al. (eds): “Maillard Reaction: Chemistry at the Interface of Nutrition, Aging, and Disease.” . New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, pp 501–512, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Bingham SA, Cummings JH: Urine nitrogen as an independent validatory measure of dietary intake: a study of nitrogen balance in individuals consuming their normal diet. Am J Clin Nutr 42:1276–1289, 1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow JD, Roberts LJII: Mass spectrometric quantification of F2-isoprostanes as indicators of oxidant stress. Methods Mol Biol 186:57–66, 2002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milne GL, Yin H, Hardy KD, Davies SS, Roberts LJII: Isoprostane generation and function. Chemical Reviews 111:5973–5996, 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gylling H, Puska P, Vartiainen E, Miettinen TA: Retinol, vitamin D, carotenes and alpha-tocopherol in serum of a moderately hypercholesterolemic population consuming sitostanol ester margarine. Atherosclerosis 145:279–285, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naumann E, Plat J, Kester AD, Mensink RP: The baseline serum lipoprotein profile is related to plant stanol induced changes in serum lipoprotein cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. J Am Coll Nutr 27:117–126, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calpe-Berdiel L, Escola-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F: Phytosterol-mediated inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption is independent of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, Br J Nutr 95:618–622, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendriks HFJ, Weststrate JA, van Vliet T, Meijer GW: Spread enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 53:319–327, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ras RT, Hiemstra H, Lin Y, Vermeer MA, Duchateau GS, Trautwein EA: Consumption of plant sterol-enriched foods and effects on plasma plant sterol concentrations—a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Atherosclerosis 230:336–346, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demonty I, Ras RT, van der Knaap HCM, Duchateau GSMJE, Meijer L, Zock PL, Geleijnse JM, Trautwein EA: Continuous dose–response relationship of the LDL-cholesterol–lowering effect of phytosterol intake. J Nutr 139:271–284, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawistowski J, Kopec A, Kitts DD: Effects of a black rice extract (Oryza sativa L. indica) on cholesterol levels and plasma lipid parameters in Wistar Kyoto rats. J Funct Foods 1:50–56, 2009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar