21,422
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The Effects of Dairy Product and Dairy Protein Intake on Inflammation: A Systematic Review of the Literature

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 571-582 | Received 26 Mar 2020, Accepted 19 Jul 2020, Published online: 01 Sep 2020

References

  • Libby P, Okamoto Y, Rocha VZ, Folco E. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: transition from theory to practice. Circ J. 2010;74(2):213–20. doi:10.1253/circj.cj-09-0706.
  • Esser N, Legrand-Poels S, Piette J, Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;105(2):141–50. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.006.
  • Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 2006;444(7121):860–7. doi:10.1038/nature05485.
  • Mora S, Ridker PM. Justification for the use of statins in primary prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER)-can C-reactive protein be used to target statin therapy in primary prevention? Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(2A):33A–41a. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.11.014.
  • Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(20):1557–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021993.
  • Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH. Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation. 2000;101(15):1767–72. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.101.15.1767.
  • Cortez-Cooper M, Meaders E, Stallings J, Haddow S, Kraj B, Sloan G, McCully KK, Cannon JG. Soluble TNF and IL-6 receptors: indicators of vascular health in women without cardiovascular disease. Vasc Med. 2013;18(5):282–9. doi:10.1177/1358863x13508336.
  • Tuomisto K, Jousilahti P, Sundvall J, Pajunen P, Salomaa V. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha as predictors of incident coronary and cardiovascular events and total mortality. A population-based, prospective study. Thromb Haemost. 2006;95(3):511–8. doi:10.1160/th05-08-0571.
  • Basurto L, Gregory MA, Hernández SB, Sánchez-Huerta L, Martínez AD, Manuel-Apolinar L, Avelar FJ, Alonso LAM, Sánchez-Arenas R. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) as biomarkers of subclinical atherosclerosis in women. Exp Gerontol. 2019;124:110624. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.05.013.
  • Demerath E, Towne B, Blangero J, Siervogel RM. The relationship of soluble ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin and E-selectin to cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy men and women. Ann Hum Biol. 2001;28(6):664–78. doi:10.1080/03014460110048530.
  • Kunutsor SK, Bakker SJL, Dullaart RPF. Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecules may be protective of future cardiovascular disease risk: findings from the PREVEND prospective cohort study. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2017;24(8):804–18. doi:10.5551/jat.38836.
  • Zernecke A, Weber C. Inflammatory mediators in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Basic Res Cardiol. 2005;100(2):93–101. doi:10.1007/s00395-005-0511-6.
  • Calder PC, Ahluwalia N, Brouns F, Buetler T, Clement K, Cunningham K, et al. Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity. Br J Nutr. 2011;106 Suppl 3 (Suppl 3S):S5–S78. doi:10.1017/s0007114511005460.
  • Mayr HL, Tierney AC, Thomas CJ, Ruiz-Canela M, Radcliffe J, Itsiopoulos C. Mediterranean-type diets and inflammatory markers in patients with coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Res. 2018; 50:10–24. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2017.10.014.
  • Koebnick C, Black MH, Wu J, Shu YH, MacKay AW, Watanabe RM, Buchanan TA, Xiang AH. A diet high in sugar-sweetened beverage and low in fruits and vegetables is associated with adiposity and a pro-inflammatory adipokine profile. Br J Nutr. 2018;120(11):1230–9. doi:10.1017/s0007114518002726.
  • Borst SE, Conover CF. High-fat diet induces increased tissue expression of TNF-alpha. Life Sci. 2005;77(17):2156–65. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.03.021.
  • Fernandez-Real JM, Broch M, Vendrell J, Ricart W. Insulin resistance, inflammation, and serum fatty acid composition. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(5):1362–8. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.5.1362.
  • Klein-Platat C, Drai J, Oujaa M, Schlienger JL, Simon C. Plasma fatty acid composition is associated with the metabolic syndrome and low-grade inflammation in overweight adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(6):1178–84. doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.6.1178.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015 – 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th ed. December 2015. Available from: https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/.
  • Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(16):1117–24. doi:10.1056/NEJM199704173361601.
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Surveys Research Group (Beltsville, MD) and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics (Hyattsville, MD). What We Eat in America, NHANES 2015-2016. Available from: https://data.nal.usda.gov/dataset/what-we-eat-america-wweia-database.
  • Su C, Zhang B, Wang H, Wang Z, Zhang J, Jiang H, Jia X, Huang F. Milk consumption and effects on dietary calcium among Chinese aged 45 and above in 15 provinces, 2015. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu = J. Hyg. Res. 2018;47(2):194–8.
  • Vandevijvere S, De Vriese S, Huybrechts I, Moreau M, Temme E, De Henauw S, De Backer G, Kornitzer M, Leveque A, Van Oyen H. The gap between food-based dietary guidelines and usual food consumption in Belgium, 2004. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(3):423–31. doi:10.1017/s1368980008002164.
  • Garriguet D. Canadians' eating habits. Health Rep. 2007;18(2):17–32.
  • Doidge JC, Segal L. Most Australians do not meet recommendations for dairy consumption: findings of a new technique to analyse nutrition surveys. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2012;36(3):236–40. doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2012.00870.x.
  • National Dairy Council. NHANES 2011-2014. Data Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. February 2015. Available from: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/.
  • Keast DR, Fulgoni VL, 3rd, Nicklas TA, O'Neil CE. Food sources of energy and nutrients among children in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006. Nutrients. 2013;5(1):283–301. doi:10.3390/nu5010283.
  • O'Neil CE, Keast DR, Fulgoni VL, Nicklas TA. Food sources of energy and nutrients among adults in the US: NHANES 2003–2006. Nutrients. 2012;4(12):2097–120. doi:10.3390/nu4122097.
  • Rizzoli R. Dairy products, yogurts, and bone health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(5 Suppl):1256S–62s. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.073056.
  • Bonjour JP, Kraenzlin M, Levasseur R, Warren M, Whiting S. Dairy in adulthood: from foods to nutrient interactions on bone and skeletal muscle health. J Am Coll Nutr. 2013;32(4):251–63. doi:10.1080/07315724.2013.816604.
  • Gil A, Ortega RM. Introduction and executive summary of the supplement, role of milk and dairy products in health and prevention of noncommunicable chronic diseases: a series of systematic reviews. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(suppl_2):S67–s73. doi:10.1093/advances/nmz020.
  • Fontecha J, Calvo MV, Juarez M, Gil A, Martinez-Vizcaino V. Milk and dairy product consumption and cardiovascular diseases: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(suppl_2):S164–s189. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy099.
  • Drouin-Chartier JP, Brassard D, Tessier-Grenier M, Cote JA, Labonte ME, Desroches S, Couture P, Lamarche B. Systematic review of the association between dairy product consumption and risk of cardiovascular-related clinical outcomes. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(6):1026–40. doi:10.3945/an.115.011403.
  • Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L. Dairy consumption and circulating levels of inflammatory markers among Iranian women. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(9):1395–402. doi:10.1017/s1368980009992126.
  • Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos CH, Zampelas AD, Chrysohoou CA, Stefanadis CI. Dairy products consumption is associated with decreased levels of inflammatory markers related to cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy adults: the ATTICA study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2010;29(4):357–64. doi:10.1080/07315724.2010.10719852.
  • Salas-Salvado J, Garcia-Arellano A, Estruch R, Marquez-Sandoval F, Corella D, Fiol M, et al. Components of the Mediterranean-type food pattern and serum inflammatory markers among patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(5):651–9. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602762.
  • Labonte ME, Couture P, Richard C, Desroches S, Lamarche B. Impact of dairy products on biomarkers of inflammation: a systematic review of randomized controlled nutritional intervention studies in overweight and obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(4):706–17. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.052217.
  • Bordoni A, Danesi F, Dardevet D, Dupont D, Fernandez AS, Gille D, et al. Dairy products and inflammation: a review of the clinical evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(12):2497–525. doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.967385.
  • Ulven SM, Holven KB, Gil A, Rangel-Huerta OD. Milk and dairy product consumption and inflammatory biomarkers: an updated systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(suppl_2):S239–s250. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy072.
  • Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
  • Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, Shekelle P, Stewart LA, PRISMA-P Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4:1. doi:10.1186/2046-4053-4-1.
  • Lichtenstein AH, Yetley EA, Lau J. Application of systematic review methodology to the field of nutrition: nutritional research series. Vol. 1. AHRQ technical reviews. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2009.
  • Lichtenstein AH, Yetley EA, Lau J. Application of systematic review methodology to the field of nutrition. J Nutr. 2008;138(12):2297–306. doi:10.3945/jn.108.097154.
  • Wallace BC, Trikalinos TA, Lau J, Brodley C, Schmid CH. Semi-automated screening of biomedical citations for systematic reviews. BMC Bioinformatics. 2010; 11:55. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-55.
  • Da Silva MS, Rudkowska I. Dairy products on metabolic health: current research and clinical implications. Maturitas. 2014;77(3):221–8. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.12.007.
  • Drouin-Chartier JP, Cote JA, Labonte ME, Brassard D, Tessier-Grenier M, Desroches S, Couture P, Lamarche B. Comprehensive review of the impact of dairy foods and dairy fat on cardiometabolic risk. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(6):1041–51. doi:10.3945/an.115.011619.
  • Lamarche B. Review of the effect of dairy products on non-lipid risk factors for cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27(6):741S–6s. doi:10.1080/07315724.2008.10719752.
  • Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Evidence analysis manual: steps in the Academy Evidence Analysis Process. Appendix 8: Quality criteria checklist - primary research. Chicago (IL): Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; 2016.
  • Benatar JR, Jones E, White H, Stewart RA. A randomized trial evaluating the effects of change in dairy food consumption on cardio-metabolic risk factors. Eur J Prev Cardiolog. 2014;21(11):1376–86. doi:10.1177/2047487313493567.
  • Pei R, DiMarco DM, Putt KK, Martin DA, Gu Q, Chitchumroonchokchai C, White HM, Scarlett CO, Bruno RS, Bolling BW. Low-fat yogurt consumption reduces biomarkers of chronic inflammation and inhibits markers of endotoxin exposure in healthy premenopausal women: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2017;118(12):1043–51. doi:10.1017/s0007114517003038.
  • Beavers KM, Serra MC, Beavers DP, Cooke MB, Willoughby DS. Soymilk supplementation does not alter plasma markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women. Nutr Res. 2009;29(9):616–22. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2009.09.002.
  • Drouin-Chartier JP, Gagnon J, Labonte ME, Desroches S, Charest A, Grenier G, Dodin S, Lemieux S, Couture P, Lamarche B. Impact of milk consumption on cardiometabolic risk in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity. Nutr J. 2015; 14:12. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-14-12.
  • Rosado JL, Garcia OP, Ronquillo D, Hervert HD, Caamano MC, Martinez G, Gutierrez J, Garcia S. Intake of milk with added micronutrients increases the effectiveness of an energy-restricted diet to reduce body weight: a randomized controlled clinical trial in Mexican women. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(10):1507–16. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.07.011.
  • Gjevestad GO, Ottestad I, Biong AS, Iversen PO, Retterstol K, Raastad T, Skalhegg BS, Ulven SM, Holven KB. Consumption of protein-enriched milk has minor effects on inflammation in older adults-a 12-week double-blind randomized controlled trial. Mech Ageing Dev. 2017; 162:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2017.01.011.
  • Bruun JM, Maersk M, Belza A, Astrup A, Richelsen B. Consumption of sucrose-sweetened soft drinks increases plasma levels of uric acid in overweight and obese subjects: a 6-month randomised controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(8):949–53. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.95.
  • Zemel MB, Sun X, Sobhani T, Wilson B. Effects of dairy compared with soy on oxidative and inflammatory stress in overweight and obese subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(1):16–22. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28468.
  • van Meijl LE, Mensink RP. Low-fat dairy consumption reduces systolic blood pressure, but does not improve other metabolic risk parameters in overweight and obese subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;21(5):355–61. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.10.008.
  • van Meijl LE, Mensink RP. Effects of low-fat dairy consumption on markers of low-grade systemic inflammation and endothelial function in overweight and obese subjects: an intervention study. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(10):1523–7. doi:10.1017/s0007114510002515.
  • Labonte ME, Cyr A, Abdullah MM, Lepine MC, Vohl MC, Jones P, Couture P, Lamarche B. Dairy product consumption has no impact on biomarkers of inflammation among men and women with low-grade systemic inflammation. J Nutr. 2014;144(11):1760–7. doi:10.3945/jn.114.200576.
  • Zemel MB, Richards J, Mathis S, Milstead A, Gebhardt L, Silva E. Dairy augmentation of total and central fat loss in obese subjects. Int J Obes. 2005;29(4):391–7. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802880.
  • Zemel MB, Richards J, Milstead A, Campbell P. Effects of calcium and dairy on body composition and weight loss in African-American adults. Obes Res. 2005;13(7):1218–25. doi:10.1038/oby.2005.144.
  • Zemel MB, Sun X. Dietary calcium and dairy products modulate oxidative and inflammatory stress in mice and humans. J Nutr. 2008;138(6):1047–52. doi:10.1093/jn/138.6.1047.
  • Dugan CE, Aguilar D, Park YK, Lee JY, Fernandez ML. Dairy consumption lowers systemic inflammation and liver enzymes in typically low-dairy consumers with clinical characteristics of metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Nutr. 2016;35(3):255–61. doi:10.1080/07315724.2015.1022637.
  • Dugan CE, Barona J, Fernandez ML. Increased dairy consumption differentially improves metabolic syndrome markers in male and female adults. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2014;12(1):62–9. doi:10.1089/met.2013.0109.
  • Stancliffe RA, Thorpe T, Zemel MB. Dairy attentuates oxidative and inflammatory stress in metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(2):422–30. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013342.
  • Wennersberg MH, Smedman A, Turpeinen AM, Retterstol K, Tengblad S, Lipre E, et al. Dairy products and metabolic effects in overweight men and women: results from a 6-mo intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(4):960–8. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27664.
  • Miraghajani MS, Esmaillzadeh A, Najafabadi MM, Mirlohi M, Azadbakht L. Soy milk consumption, inflammation, coagulation, and oxidative stress among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(10):1981–5. doi:10.2337/dc12-0250.
  • Ballard KD, Bruno RS, Seip RL, Quann EE, Volk BM, Freidenreich DJ, et al. Acute ingestion of a novel whey-derived peptide improves vascular endothelial responses in healthy individuals: a randomized, placebo controlled trial. Nutr J. 2009;8(1):34. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-8-34.
  • Steinberg FM, Guthrie NL, Villablanca AC, Kumar K, Murray MJ. Soy protein with isoflavones has favorable effects on endothelial function that are independent of lipid and antioxidant effects in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(1):123–30. doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.1.123.
  • Anderson JW, Fuller J, Patterson K, Blair R, Tabor A. Soy compared to casein meal replacement shakes with energy-restricted diets for obese women: randomized controlled trial. Metab Clin Exp. 2007;56(2):280–8. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2006.10.013.
  • Greany KA, Nettleton JA, Wangen KE, Thomas W, Kurzer MS. Consumption of isoflavone-rich soy protein does not alter homocysteine or markers of inflammation in postmenopausal women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(12):1419–25. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602885.
  • Rebholz CM, Reynolds K, Wofford MR, Chen J, Kelly TN, Mei H, Whelton PK, He J. Effect of soybean protein on novel cardiovascular disease risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(1):58–63. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.186.
  • Frota KdMG, dos Santos Filho RD, Ribeiro VQ, Arêas JAG. Cowpea protein reduces LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B concentrations, but does not improve biomarkers of inflammation or endothelial dysfunction in adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Nutr Hosp. 2015;31(4):1611–9. doi:10.3305/nh.2015.31.4.8457.
  • Jenkins DJ, Srichaikul K, Wong JM, Kendall CW, Bashyam B, Vidgen E, et al. Supplemental barley protein and casein similarly affect serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic women and men. J Nutr. 2010;140(9):1633–7. doi:10.3945/jn.110.123224.
  • Lee YM, Skurk T, Hennig M, Hauner H. Effect of a milk drink supplemented with whey peptides on blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension. Eur J Nutr. 2007;46(1):21–7. doi:10.1007/s00394-006-0625-8.
  • Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, Poggi M, Knauf C, Bastelica D, et al. Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2007;56(7):1761–72. doi:10.2337/db06-1491.
  • Richter CK, Skulas-Ray AC, Champagne CM, Kris-Etherton PM. Plant protein and animal proteins: do they differentially affect cardiovascular disease risk? Adv Nutr. 2015;6(6):712–28. doi:10.3945/an.115.009654.
  • Tharrey M, Mariotti F, Mashchak A, Barbillon P, Delattre M, Fraser GE. Patterns of plant and animal protein intake are strongly associated with cardiovascular mortality: the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(5):1603–12. doi:10.1093/ije/dyy030.
  • Chen Z, Glisic M, Song M, Aliahmad HA, Zhang X, Moumdjian AC, et al. Dietary protein intake and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: results from the Rotterdam Study and a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(5):411–29. doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00607-6.
  • Van Horn L, Carson JA, Appel LJ, Burke LE, Economos C, Karmally W, et al. Recommended dietary pattern to achieve adherence to the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) Guidelines: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(22):e505–e529. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000462.
  • Fekete ÁA, Givens DI, Lovegrove JA. Can milk proteins be a useful tool in the management of cardiometabolic health? An updated review of human intervention trials. Proc Nutr Soc. 2016;75(3):328–41. doi:10.1017/S0029665116000264.
  • Melnik BC. Milk–the promoter of chronic Western diseases. Med Hypotheses. 2009;72(6):631–9. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.01.008.
  • Telle-Hansen VH, Christensen JJ, Ulven SM, Holven KB. Does dietary fat affect inflammatory markers in overweight and obese individuals?—a review of randomized controlled trials from 2010 to 2016. Genes Nutr. 2017; 12:26. doi:10.1186/s12263-017-0580-4.
  • Unger AL, Torres-Gonzalez M, Kraft J. Dairy fat consumption and the risk of metabolic syndrome: an examination of the saturated fatty acids in dairy. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2200. doi:10.3390/nu11092200.
  • Chiu S, Bergeron N, Williams PT, Bray GA, Sutherland B, Krauss RM. Comparison of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and a higher-fat DASH diet on blood pressure and lipids and lipoproteins: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(2):341–347. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.123281.
  • Byrd DA, Judd SE, Flanders WD, Hartman TJ, Fedirko V, Bostick RM. Development and validation of novel dietary and lifestyle inflammation scores. J Nutr. 2019;149(12):2206–2218. doi:10.1093/jn/nxz165.
  • Hirahatake KM, Bruno RS, Bolling BW, Blesso C, Alexander LM, Adams SH. Dairy foods and dairy fats: new perspectives on pathways implicated in cardiometabolic health. Adv Nutr. 2020;11(2):266–279. doi:10.1093/advances/nmz105.
  • Alba BK, Stanhewicz AE, Dey P, Bruno RS, Kenney WL, Alexander LM. Controlled feeding of an 8-d, high-dairy cheese diet prevents sodium-induced endothelial dysfunction in the cutaneous microcirculation of healthy, older adults through reductions in superoxide. J Nutr. 2020;150(1):55–63. doi:10.1093/jn/nxz205.
  • Da Silva MS, Rudkowska I. Dairy nutrients and their effect on inflammatory profile in molecular studies. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015;59(7):1249–1263. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201400569.
  • Burton KJ, Pimentel G, Zangger N, Vionnet N, Drai J, McTernan PG, Pralong FP, Delorenzi M, Vergères G. Modulation of the peripheral blood transcriptome by the ingestion of probiotic yoghurt and acidified milk in healthy, young men. PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0192947. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192947.
  • Burton KJ, Rosikiewicz M, Pimentel G, Bütikofer U, von Ah U, Voirol M-J, et al. Probiotic yogurt and acidified milk similarly reduce postprandial inflammation and both alter the gut microbiota of healthy, young men. Br J Nutr. 2017;117(9):1312–1322. doi:10.1017/S0007114517000885.
  • Pimentel G, Burton KJ, von Ah U, Bütikofer U, Pralong FP, Vionnet N, Portmann R, Vergères G. Metabolic footprinting of fermented milk consumption in serum of healthy men. J Nutr. 2018;148(6):851–860. doi:10.1093/jn/nxy053.
  • Mozaffarian D. Dairy foods, obesity, and metabolic health: the role of the food matrix compared with single nutrients. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(5):917S–923s. doi:10.1093/advances/nmz053.
  • Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Mediterranean dietary pattern, inflammation and endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(9):929–939. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.03.003.
  • Soltani S, Chitsazi MJ, Salehi-Abargouei A. The effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) on serum inflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(2):542–550. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.02.018.
  • Thompson WG, Rostad Holdman N, Janzow DJ, Slezak JM, Morris KL, Zemel MB. Effect of energy-reduced diets high in dairy products and fiber on weight loss in obese adults. Obes Res. 2005;13(8):1344–1353. doi:10.1038/oby.2005.163.
  • Calder PC. Biomarkers of immunity and inflammation for use in nutrition interventions: International Life Sciences Institute European Branch work on selection criteria and interpretation. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2014;14(4):236–244. doi:10.2174/1871530314666140709091650.
  • Calder PC, Ahluwalia N, Albers R, Bosco N, Bourdet-Sicard R, Haller D, et al. A consideration of biomarkers to be used for evaluation of inflammation in human nutritional studies. Br J Nutr. 2013;109 Suppl (1S1):S1–S34. doi:10.1017/s0007114512005119.
  • Minihane AM, Vinoy S, Russell WR, Baka A, Roche HM, Tuohy KM, et al. Low-grade inflammation, diet composition and health: current research evidence and its translation. Br J Nutr. 2015;114(7):999–1012. doi:10.1017/s0007114515002093.
  • Turner KM, Keogh JB, Meikle PJ, Clifton PM. Changes in lipids and inflammatory markers after consuming diets high in red meat or dairy for four weeks. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):886. doi:10.3390/nu9080.
  • Ottestad I, Lovstad AT, Gjevestad GO, Hamarsland H, Benth JS, Andersen LF, et al. Intake of a protein-enriched milk and effects on muscle mass and strength. A 12-week randomized placebo controlled trial among community-dwelling older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21(10):1160–1169. doi:10.1007/s12603-016-0856-1.
  • Maersk M, Belza A, Stodkilde-Jorgensen H, Ringgaard S, Chabanova E, Thomsen H, et al. Sucrose-sweetened beverages increase fat storage in the liver, muscle, and visceral fat depot: a 6-mo randomized intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(2):283–289. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.022533.
  • Turner KM, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Red meat, dairy, and insulin sensitivity: a randomized crossover intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(6):1173–1179. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.104976.
  • Van Loan MD, Keim NL, Adams SH, Souza E, Woodhouse LR, Thomas A, et al. Dairy foods in a moderate energy restricted diet do not enhance central fat, weight, and intra-abdominal adipose tissue losses nor reduce adipocyte size or inflammatory markers in overweight and obese adults: a controlled feeding study. J Obes. 2011; 2011:989657. doi:10.1155/2011/989657.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Defining adult overweight and obesity. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/defining.html.