Positive mindset and entrepreneurial outcomes: the magical contributions of psychological resources and autonomy

References

• Adomako, Samuel, Albert Danso, Moshfique Uddin, and John Ofori-Damoah. 2016. “Entrepreneurs’ Optimism, Cognitive Style and Persistence.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 22 (1): 84–108. doi:10.1108/02656710210415703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, Icek. 1991. “The Theory of Planned Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50 (2): 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, Icek. 2002. “Perceived Behavioral Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior1.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 80 (6): 2918–2940. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x.
   Google Scholar
• Avey, James B., Larry W. Hughes, Steven M. Norman, and Kyle W. Luthans. 2008. “Using Positivity, Transformational Leadership and Empowerment to Combat Employee Negativity.” Leadership & Organization Development Journal 29 (2): 110–126. doi:10.1108/01437730810852470.
   Google Scholar
• Avey, James B., Fred Luthans, and Susan M. Jensen. 2009. “Psychological Capital: A Positive Resource for Combating Employee Stress and Turnover.” Human Resource Management 48 (5): 677–693. doi:10.1002/hrm.20294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avey, J. B., F. Luthans, and C. M. Youssef. 2010. “The Additive Value of Positive Psychological Capital in Predicting Work Attitudes and Behaviors.” Journal of Management 36 (2): 430–452. doi:10.1177/0149206308329961.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avey, James B., James L. Nimnicht, and Nancy Graber Pigeon. 2010. “Two Field Studies Examining the Association between Positive Psychological Capital and Employee Performance.” Leadership & Organization Development Journal 31 (5): 384–401. doi:10.1108/01437731011056425.
   Google Scholar
• Avey, James B., Rebecca J. Reichard, Fred Luthans, and Ketan H. Mhatre. 2011. “Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Positive Psychological Capital on Employee Attitudes, Behaviors, and Performance.” Human Resource Development Quarterly 22 (2): 127–152. doi:10.1002/hrdq.20070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baluku, Martin Mabunda, Julius Fred Kikooma, and Grace Milly Kibanja. 2016. “Psychological Capital and The Startup Capital Entrepreneurial Success Relationship.” Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 28 (1): 27–54. doi:10.1080/08276331.2015.1132512.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, Robert A., Rebecca J. Franklin, and Keith M. Hmieleski. 2016. “Why Entrepreneurs Often Experience Low, Not High, Levels of Stress: The Joint Effects of Selection and Psychological Capital.” Journal of Management 42 (3): 742–768. doi:10.1177/0149206313495411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, Timothy. 1990. “Entrepreneur Human Capital Inputs and Small Business Longevity.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 72 (4): 551. doi:10.2307/2109594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benz, Matthias, and Bruno S. Frey. 2008. “Being Independent is a Great Thing: Subjective Evaluations of Self-Employment and Hierarchy.” Economica 75 (298): 362–383. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2007.00594.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglund, Victor, Ingemar Johansson Sevä, and Mattias Strandh. 2015. “Subjective Well-Being and Job Satisfaction among Self-Employed and Regular Employees: Does Personality Matter Differently?” Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 28 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1080/08276331.2015.1115699.
   Google Scholar
• Binder, Martin, and Alex Coad. 2013. “Life Satisfaction and Self-Employment: A Matching Approach.” Small Business Economics 40 (4): 1009–1033. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9413-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau, Gary J. 1985. “The Measurement and Prediction of Career Commitment.” Journal of Occupational Psychology 58 (4): 277–288. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1985.tb00201.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau, Gary J. 1988. “Further Exploring the Meaning and Measurement of Career Commitment.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 32 (3): 284–297. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(88)90020-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block, Joern, and Philipp Koellinger. 2009. “I Can't Get No Satisfaction - Necessity Entrepreneurship and Procedural Utility.” Kyklos: International Review for Social Sciences 62 (2): 191–209. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.2009.00431.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirkov, Valery I., Richard M. Ryan, and Kennon M. Sheldon. 2010. Human Autonomy in Cross-Cultural Context: Perspectives on the Psychology of Agency, Freedom, and Well-Being. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9667-8.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, Kenneth, Anne Daly, and Anita Mak. 2009. “Good for the Soul: The Relationship between Work, Wellbeing and Psychological Capital.” Journal of Socio-Economics 38 (3): 464–474. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2008.10.004.
   Google Scholar
• Conen, Wieteke, Joop Schippers, and Karin Schulze Buschoff. 2016. “Self-Employed without Personnel between Freedom and Insecurity.” Work, Employment and Society 18 (2): 321–348. doi:10.1177/09500172004042772.
   Google Scholar
• Croson, David C., and Maria Minniti. 2012. “Slipping the Surly Bonds: The Value of Autonomy in Self-Employment.” Journal of Economic Psychology 33 (2): 355–365. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2011.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, Chris. 2017. “Financial Optimism and Entrepreneurial Satisfaction.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 11 (2): 171–194. doi:10.1002/sej.1244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. 1980. “Self-Determination Theory: When Mind Mediates Behavior.” Journal of Mind and Behavior 1 (1): 33–43.
   Google Scholar
• Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. 2000. “The ‘ What ’ and ‘ Why ’ of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior.” Psychological Inquiry 11 (4): 227–268. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. 2008a. “Self-Determination Theory: A Macrotheory of Human Motivation, Development, and Health.” Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne 49 (3): 182–185. doi:10.1037/a0012801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. 2008b. “Facilitating Optimal Motivation and Psychological Well-Being across Life's Domains.” Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne 49 (1): 14–23. doi:10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. 2008c. “Hedonia, Eudaimonia, and Well-Being: An Introduction.” Journal of Happiness Studies 9 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. 2015. “Self-Determination Theory.” International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences 23: 486–491. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.26036-4.
   Google Scholar
• Devine, Joe, Laura Camfield, and Ian Gough. 2008. “Autonomy or Dependence - Or Both?: Perspectives from Bangladesh.” Journal of Happiness Studies 9 (1): 105–138. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9022-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falco, Paolo, and Luke Haywood. 2016. “Entrepreneurship versus Joblessness: Explaining the Rise in Self-Employment.” Journal of Development Economics 118: 245–265. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.07.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frese, M., A. Brantjes, and R. Hoorn. 2002. “Psychological Success Factors of Small Scale Business in Namibia.” Journal of Development Entrepreneurship 7 (3): 259–282.
   Google Scholar
• Gagné, Marylène, and Edward L. Deci. 2005. “Self-Determination Theory and Work Motivation.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 26 (4): 331–362. doi:10.1002/job.322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García Calvo, Tomás, Eduardo Cervelló, Ruth Jiménez, Damián Iglesias, and Juan Antonio Moreno Murcia. 2010. “Using Self-Determination Theory to Explain Sport Persistence and Dropout in Adolescent Athletes.” The Spanish Journal of Psychology 13 (2): 677–684. doi:10.1017/S1138741600002341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gindling, T. H., and David Newhouse. 2014. “Self-Employment in the Developing World.” World Development 56: 313–331. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.03.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, Douglas T. 1996. “Careers of the 21st Century.” The Academy of Management Executive 10 (4): 8–16. doi:10.5465/AME.1996.3145315.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, Barton H. 2000. “Does Entrepreneurship Pay? An Empirical Analysis of the Returns to Self-Employment.” Journal of Political Economy 108 (3): 604–631. doi:10.1086/262131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A.F. 2013. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis. New York: Guilford Press. doi: 978-1-60918-230-4.
   Google Scholar
• Hayton, James C., and Gabriella Cacciotti. 2013. “Is There an Entrepreneurial Culture? A Review of Empirical Research.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25 (9–10): 708–731. doi:10.1080/08985626.2013.862962.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld, R. R. 2000. “Does Revising the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Subscales of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form Make a Difference?” Educational and Psychological Measurement 60 (2): 255–270. doi:10.1177/00131640021970493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, Stevan E. 2002. “Social and Psychological Resources and Adaptation.” Review of General Psychology 6 (4): 307–324. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, Stevan E. 2011. “Conservation of Resources Theory: Its Implications for Stress, Health, and Resilience.” In The Oxford Handbook of Stress, Health, and Coping, edited by S. Folkman, 127–147. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hundley, Greg. 2001. “Why and When Are the Self-Employed More Satisfied with Their Work?” Industrial Relations 40 (2): 293–316. doi:10.1111/0019-8676.00209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, Jennifer E., P. Devereaux Jennings, and Manely Sharifian. 2016. “Living the Dream? Assessing the ‘Entrepreneurship as Emancipation’ Perspective in a Developed Region.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 40 (1): 81–110. doi:10.1111/etap.12106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joo, Baek-Kyoo, Doo Hun Lin, and Sewon Kim. 2016. “Enhancing Work Engagement: The Roles of Psychological Capital, Authentic Leadership, and Work Empowerment.” Leadership & Organization Development Journal 37 (8): 1117–1134. doi:10.1108/LODJ-01-2015-0005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jubari, Ibrahim Al, Arif Hassan, and Junaidah Hashim. 2017. “The Role of Autonomy as a Predictor of Entrepreneurial Intention among University Students in Yemen.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 30 (3): 325. doi:10.1504/IJESB.2017.081950.
   Google Scholar
• Judge, Timothy A., Carl J. Thoresen, Joyce E. Bono, and Gregory K. Patton. 2001. “The Job Satisfaction-Job Performance Relationship: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review.” Psychological Bulletin 127 (3): 376–407. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolvereid, L. 1996. “Organisational Employment Versus Self Employment: Reasons for Career Choice Intentions.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 20 (3): 23–31. doi:10.6018/analesps.31.1.161461.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, Norris, Francisco Linan, and Ghulam Nabi. 2013. “Introduction Cultural Values and Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25 (9–10): 703–707. doi:10.1080/08985626.2013.862961.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, M., and F. Luthans. 2006. “Potential Added Value of Psychological Capital in Predicting Work Attitudes.” Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 13 (2): 75–92. doi:10.1177/10717919070130020601.
   Google Scholar
• LeFebvre, Rebecca, and Volker Franke. 2013. “Culture Matters: Individualism vs. Collectivism in Conflict Decision-Making.” Societies 3 (1): 128–146. doi:10.3390/soc3010128.
   Google Scholar
• Luthans, Fred, Bruce J. Avolio, and James B. Avey. 2007. Psychological Capital (PsyCap) Questionnaire (PCQ). California, USA: Mind Garden, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Luthans, F., C. M. Youssef, and B. J. Avolio. 2007. “Psychological Capital: Investing and Developing Positive Organizational Behavior.” In Positive Organizational Behavior, edited by Debra Nelson and Cary L. Cooper, 9–24. London, UK: Sage Publications. doi:10.4135/9781446212752.n2.
   Google Scholar
• Luthans, Fred, Bruce J. Avolio, James B. Avey, and Steven M. Norman. 2007. “Positive Psychological Capital: Measurement and Relationship with Performance and Satisfaction.” Personnel Psychology 60 (3): 541–572. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthans, Fred, Kyle W. Luthans, and Brett C. Luthans. 2004. “Positive Psychological Capital: Beyond Human and Social Capital.” Business Horizons 47 (1): 45–50. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2003.11.007.
   Google Scholar
• Luthans, Fred, Steven M. Norman, Bruce J. Avolio, and James B. Avey. 2008. “The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital in the Supportive Organizational Climate - Employee Performance Relationship.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 29 (2): 219–238. doi:10.1002/job.507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthans, Fred, and Carolyn M. Youssef-Morgan. 2017. “Psychological Capital: An Evidence-Based Positive Approach.” Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 4: 339–366. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113324.
   Google Scholar
• Mau, Wei-Cheng J., Randy Ellsworth, and Donna Hawley. 2008. “Job Satisfaction and Career Persistence of Beginning Teachers.” International Journal of Educational Management 22 (1): 48–61. doi:10.1108/09513540810844558.
   Google Scholar
• McGuigan, C. J., K. McGuigan, and J. Mallett. 2015. “Re-Examining the Job Satisfaction-Job Performance Link: A Study among Irish Retail Employees.” Irish Journal of Psychology 36 (1–4): 12–22. doi:10.1080/03033910.2016.1138874.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, Al. 2012. “Investigating Social Desirability Bias in Student Self-Report Surveys.” Association for Institutional Research 36 (1): 30–47.
   Google Scholar
• Nabi, G., A. Walmsley, and R. Holden. 2013. “Pushed or Pulled? Exploring the Factors Underpinning Graduate Start-Ups and Non-Start-Ups.” Journal of Education and Work 9080 (November): 1–26. doi:10.1080/13639080.2013.805189.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, Alexander, Deniz Ucbasaran, Fei Zhu, and Giles Hirst. 2014. “Psychological Capital: A Review and Synthesis.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 35 (SUPPL.1): S120–S138. doi:10.1002/job.1916.
   Google Scholar
• Otto, Kathleen, Thomas Rigotti, and Gisela Mohr. 2013. The Psychological Effects of Restructuring. The Psychology of the Recession on the Workplace, edited by A. S. G. Antoniou, and C. L. Cooper. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. doi:10.4337/9780857933843.00026.
   Google Scholar
• Page, Liam F., and Ross Donohue. 2004. “Positive Psychological Capital: A Preliminary Exploration of the Construct.” Working Paper Series, Department of Management. October. 1–10. doi:10.1002/job.
   Google Scholar
• Patel, Pankaj C., and Sherry M. B. Thatcher. 2014. “Sticking It Out.” Journal of Management 40 (7): 1932–1979. doi:10.1177/0149206312446643.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis, Harry T., Kennon M. Sheldon, Shelly L. Gable, Joseph Roscoe, and Richard M. Ryan. 2000. “Daily Well-Being: The Role of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness.” Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 26 (4): 419–435. doi:10.1177/0146167200266002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rindova, Violina, Daved Barry, and David Ketchen. 2009. “Entrepreneuring as Emancipation.” Academy of Management Review 34 (3): 477–491. doi:10.5465/AMR.2009.40632647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, Jalynn, and Ronald Styron. 2010. “Student Satisfaction and Persistence: Factors Vital to Student Retention.” Research in Higher Education Journal 6 (3): 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, Richard M., and Edward L. Deci. 2000a. “Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being.” American Psychologist 55 (1): 68–78. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, Richard M., and Edward L. Deci. 2000b. “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions.” Contemporary Educational Psychology 25 (1): 54–67. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, Richard M., and Edward L. Deci. 2001. “On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being.” Annual Review of Psychology 52 (1): 141–166. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D., and C. L. Keyes. 1995. “The Structure of Psychological Well-Being Revisited.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (4): 719–727. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, Carol D., and Burton Singer. 1998. “The Contours of Positive Human Health.” Psychological Inquiry 9 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samman, Emma. 2007. “Psychological and Subjective Well-Being: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators.” Oxford Development Studies 35 (4): 459–486. doi:10.1080/13600810701701939.
   Google Scholar
• Schneck, Stefan. 2014. “Why the Self-Employed Are Happier: Evidence from 25 European Countries.” Journal of Business Research 67 (6): 1043–1048. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.06.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiner, Laurie A, and Denise D. Nelson. 2014. “The Contribution of Student Satisfaction to Persistence.” Journal College Student Retention 15 (1): 73–111. doi:10.2190/CS.15.1.f.
   Google Scholar
• Stam, K., I. Sieben, E. Verbakel, and P. M. de Graaf. 2016. “Employment Status and Subjective Well-Being: The Role of the Social Norm to Work.” Work, Employment & Society 30 (2): 309–333. doi:10.1177/0950017014564602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Street, Booth. 2005. “The Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Health: A Meta-Analysis.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 62 (2): 105–113. doi:10.1136/oem.2002.006734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhre, Cor J. M., Ellen P. W. A. Jansen, and Egbert G. Harskamp. 2007. “Impact of Degree Program Satisfaction on the Persistence of College Students.” Higher Education 54 (2): 207–226. doi:10.1007/s10734-005-2376-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulsky, Lorne M. 1999. “Review of the Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research and Application.” Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne 40 (4): 383–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valliere, Dave, and Rein Peterson. 2009. “Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: Evidence from Emerging and Developed Countries.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 21 (5): 459–480. doi:10.1080/08985620802332723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gelderen, Marco. 2010. “Autonomy as the Guiding Aim of Entrepreneurship Education.” Education + Training 52 (8/9): 710–721. doi:10.1108/00400911011089006.
   Google Scholar
• van Gelderen, Marco, and Paul Jansen. 2006. “Autonomy as a Start-up Motive.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 13 (1): 23–32. doi:10.1108/14626000610645289.
   Google Scholar
• Welters, Riccardo, William Mitchell, and Joan Muysken. 2014. “Self Determination Theory and Employed Job Search.” Journal of Economic Psychology 44: 34–44. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2014.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C., and T. Schøtt. 2017. “Young Employees’ Job-Autonomy Promoting Intention to Become Entrepreneur: Embedded in Gender and Traditional versus Modern Culture.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 30 (3): 357–373. doi:10.1504/IJESB.2017.081974.
   Google Scholar