2,528
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

A systematic literature review of determinants of immigrant entrepreneurship motivations

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 599-631 | Received 05 Dec 2020, Accepted 22 Oct 2021, Published online: 11 Nov 2021

References

  • *Alexandre, L., C. Salloum, and A. Alalam. 2019. “An Investigation of Migrant Entrepreneurs: The Case of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25 (5): 1147–1164.
  • Aliaga-Isla, R., and A. Rialp. 2013. “Systematic Review of Immigrant Entrepreneurship Literature: Previous Findings and Ways Forward.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 25 (9–10): 819–844.
  • **Altinay, L., and E. Altinay. 2008. “Factors Influencing Business Growth: The Rise of Turkish Entrepreneurship in the UK.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 14 (1): 24–46. doi:10.1108/13552550810852811.
  • **Andoh, R. C., C. N. Berrones-Flemmig, and U. Dornberger. 2019. “Ghanaian Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Germany: Motivations and Contributions for Development.” Problemy Zarzadzania 1/2019 (81): 130–158.
  • Bagwell, S. 2018. “From Mixed Embeddedness to Transnational Mixed Embeddedness an Exploration of Vietnamese Businesses in London.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 24 (1): 104–120.
  • *Baycan-Levent, T., and S. Kundak. 2009. “Motivation and Driving Forces of Turkish Entrepreneurs in Switzerland.” Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 22 (3): 283–308.
  • *Baycan-Levent, T., P. Nijkamp, and M. Sahin. 2009. “New Orientations in Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Motivation, Goals and Strategies of New Generation Ethnic Entrepreneurs.” International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy 5 (1–3): 83–112.
  • **Beckers, P., and B. F. Blumberg. 2013. “Immigrant Entrepreneurship on the Move: A Longitudinal Analysis of First- and Second-Generation Immigrant Entrepreneurship in The Netherlands.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25 (7–8): 654–691.
  • *Bosiakoh, A. T., and W. V. Tetteh. 2019. “Nigerian Immigrant Women’s Entrepreneurial Embeddedness in Ghana, West Africa.” International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 11 (1): 38–57. doi:10.1108/IJGE-05-2018-0043.
  • **Brzozowski, J., M. Cucculelli, and A. Surdej. 2014. “Transnational Ties and Performance of Immigrant Entrepreneurs: The Role of Home-Country Conditions.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 26 (7–8): 546–573.
  • Brzozowski, J., M. Cucculelli, and A. Surdej. 2019. “Exploring Transnational Entrepreneurship. Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Foreign-Born Returnees in the Italian ICT Sector.” Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 31 (5): 413–431.
  • **Chababi, M., S. Chreim, and M. Spence. 2017. “Are They Really Different: The Entrepreneurial Process from the Perspective of First and Second Generation Immigrant Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Enterprising Culture 25 (03): 263–295.
  • Chaganti, R., and P. G. Greene. 2002. “Who Are Ethnic Entrepreneurs? A Study of Entrepreneurs' Ethnic Involvement and Business Characteristics.” Journal of Small Business Management 40 (2): 126–143.
  • *Cho, E., Z. K. Moon, and T. Bounkhong. 2019. “A Qualitative Study on Motivators and Barriers Affecting Entrepreneurship among Latinas.” Gender in Management: An International Journal 34 (4): 326–343. doi:10.1108/GM-07-2018-0096.
  • Chrysostome, E., and S. Arcand. 2009. “Survival of Necessity Immigrant Entrepreneurs: An Exploratory Study.” Journal of Comparative International Management 12 (2): 3–29.
  • **Chu, H. M., L. Zhu, and A. Chu. 2010. “Immigrant Business Owners: A Case Study of Vietnamese Entrepreneurs in America.” Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship 22 (2): 60–74.
  • *Cobbinah, C., and W. T. Chinyamurindi. 2018. “Motivational Factors for Engaging in Dirty Work Entrepreneurship among a Sample of African Immigrant Entrepreneurs in South Africa.” SA Journal of Human Resource Management 16: 1683–7584.
  • Constant, A., and Y. Shachmurove. 2006. “Entrepreneurial Ventures and Wage Differentials between Germans and Immigrants.” International Journal of Manpower 27 (3): 208–229. doi:10.1108/01437720610672149.
  • *Crick, D., and S. Chaudhry. 2013. “An Exploratory Study of UK Based, Family-Owned, Asian Firms' Motives for Internationalising.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 20 (3): 526–547.
  • Dabić, M., B. Vlačić, J. Paul, L. P. Dana, S. Sahasranamam, and B. Glinka. 2020. “Immigrant Entrepreneurship: A Review and Research Agenda.” Journal of Business Research 113: 25–38.
  • *Dai, F., K. Y. Wang, and S. T. T. Teo. 2011. “Chinese Immigrants in Network Marketing Business in Western Host Country Context.” International Business Review 20 (6): 659–669.
  • *Dal Bello, U. B., C. Marques, O. Sacramento, and A. Galvão. 2021. “Neo-Rural Small Entrepreneurs’ Motivations and Challenges in Portugal’s Low Density Regions.” Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy. doi:10.1108/JEC-04-2021-0047.
  • Dana, P. L. 1993. “An Inquiry into Culture and Entrepreneurship: Case Studies of Business Creation among Immigrants in Montreal.” Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 10 (4): 16–13.
  • Dana, L. P. 2009. “The Origins of Self-Employment in Ethnocultural Communities: Distinguishing between Orthodox Entrepreneurship and Reactionary Enterprise.” Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences de L'Administration 14 (1): 52–68.
  • Dheer, R. J. S. 2018. “Entrepreneurship by Immigrants: A Review of Existing Literature and Directions for Future Research.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 14 (3): 555–614.
  • *Dimitratos, P., T. Buck, M. Fletcher, and N. Li. 2016. “The Motivation of International Entrepreneurship: The Case of Chinese Transnational Entrepreneurs.” International Business Review 25 (5): 1103–1113.
  • **Domboka, T. T. 2013. “The Entrepreneurial Experiences of 1st Generation Migrant Black African Female Entrepreneurs in Britain.” The Journal of Business Diversity 13 (1/2): 40–51.
  • Drori, I., B. Honig, and M. Wright. 2009. “Transnational Entrepreneurship: An Emergent Field of Study.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33 (5): 1001–1022.
  • Duan, C., B. Kotey, and K. Sandhu. 2021a. “Transnational Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Effects of Home-Country Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Factors.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 27 (3): 711–729. doi:10.1108/JEC-04-2021-0047.
  • Duan, C., B. Kotey, and K. Sandhu. 2021b. “Towards an Analytical Framework of Dual Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Research Agenda for Transnational Immigrant Entrepreneurship.” Journal of International Migration and Integration. doi:10.1007/s12134-021-00847-9.
  • Duan, C., K. Sandhu, and B. Kotey. 2021. “Understanding Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Home-Country Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Perspective.” New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 24 (1): 2–20. doi:10.1108/NEJE-05-2020-0013.
  • *Duan, C., and K. Sandhu. 2021. “Immigrant Entrepreneurship Motivation – Scientific Production, Field Development, Thematic Antecedents, Measurement Elements and Research Agenda.” Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy. doi:10.1108/JEC-11-2020-0191.
  • Duan, C., B. Kotey, and K. Sandhu. 2021a. “The Effects of Cross-Border E-Commerce Platforms on Transnational Digital Entrepreneurship: Case Studies in the Chinese Immigrant Community.” Journal of Global Information Management 30 (2): 1–19.
  • Evans, M. D. R. 1989. “Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Effects of Ethnic Market Size and Isolated Labor Pool.” American Sociological Review 54 (6): 950–962. doi:10.2307/2095717.
  • *Fonrouge, C., and D. Bolzani. 2019. “Motivations and Barriers to Crowdlending as a Tool for Diasporic Entrepreneurial Finance.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 23 (6): 667–688.
  • *García-Cabrera, A. M., A. M. Lucía-Casademunt, and P. Laura. 2020. “Immigrants' Entrepreneurial Motivation in Europe: Liabilities and Assets.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 26 (8): 1707–1737. doi:10.1108/IJEBR-01-2020-0042.
  • GEM. 2017/2018. GEM Global Report 2017/18. Regents Park, London: Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, London Business School. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2017-2018-global-report
  • *Gomez, C. P., B. Yasanthi, Judith Y. Weisinger, David H. Tobey, and Taylor Zinsmeister-Teeters. 2015. “The Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs' Social Capital Related Motivations.” New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 18 (2): 19–30.
  • **Gomez, C., B. Y. Perera, J. Y. Wesinger, and D. H. Tobey. 2020. “Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Community Social Capital: An Exploration of Motivations and Agency.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 27 (4): 579–605.
  • Gould, D. 1994. “Immigration Links to the Home Country: Empirical Implications for US Bilateral Trade Flow.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 76 (2): 302–317.
  • **Gurău, C., L. P. Dana, and I. Light. 2020. “Overcoming the Liability of Foreignness: A Typology and Framework of Immigrant Entrepreneurs.” European Management Review 17 (3): 701–717.
  • Hamilton, R., L. P. Dana, and C. Benfell. 2008. “Changing Cultures: An International Study of Migrant Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Enterprising Culture 16 (01): 89–105.
  • *Hedberg, C., and K. Pettersson. 2012. “Disadvantage, Ethnic Niching or Pursuit of a Vision?” Journal of International Migration and Integration 13 (4): 423–440. doi:10.1007/s12134-011-0217-1.
  • **Ilhan-Nas, T., K. Sahin, and Z. Cilingir. 2011. “International Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Determinants, Outcomes and Environmental Context.” International Business Review 20 (6): 614–626.
  • *Iversen, I., and J. K. S. Jacobsen. 2016. “Migrant Tourism Entrepreneurs in Rural Norway.” Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 16 (4): 484–499.
  • *Khosa, R. M., and V. Kalitanyi. 2015. “Migration Reasons, Traits and Entrepreneurial Motivation of African Immigrant Entrepreneurs towards an Entrepreneurial Migration Progression.” Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 9 (2): 132–155.
  • Kloosterman, R., J. Van der Leun, and J. Rath. 1999. “Mixed Embeddedness: (in)Formal Economic Activities and Immigrant Businesses in The Netherlands.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23 (2): 252–268.
  • *Knight, J. 2015. “The Evolving Motivations of Ethnic Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 9 (2): 114–131. doi:10.1108/JEC-10-2013-0031.
  • *Knight, J. 2015. “Migrant Employment in the Ethnic Economy: Why Do Some Migrants Become Ethnic Entrepreneurs and Others Co-Ethnic Workers?” Journal of International Migration and Integration 16 (3): 575–592.
  • Kotey, B., and G. G. Meredith. 1997. “Relationships among Owner/Manager Personal Values, Business Strategies, and Enterprise Performance.” Journal of Small Business Management 1997 (April), : 37–61.
  • **Kourtit, K. N., P. Nijkamp, and S. Suzuki. 2016. “New Urban Economic Agents: A Comparative Analysis of High-Performance New Entrepreneurs.” Quaestiones Geographicae 35 (4): 5–22.
  • Lassmann, A., and C. Busch. 2015. “Revisiting Native and Immigrant Entrepreneurial Activity.” Small Business Economics 45 (4): 841–873.
  • **Lee, M. S., A. N. Puryear, E. G. Rogoff, J. Onochie, G. W. Haynes, and R. K. Zachary. 2010. “Exploring the Impact of Education on Korean-American Entrepreneurs.” New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 13 (1): 47–59.
  • Lee, Y. G., M. A. Fitzgerald, and K. R. Bartkus. 2017. “Adjustment Strategy Use in Minority Family Businesses: Differences across Gender.” Journal of Family and Economic Issues 38 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1007/s10834-015-9478-8.
  • Lee, Y. G. P. B., R. Kenneth, and Myung-Soo Lee. 2015. “The Diversity of Legacy Motivation: Succession Planning of African-American, Mexican-American, and Korean-American Business Owners.” American Journal of Entrepreneurship 8 (1): 71–93.
  • Li, E. X., P. S. Li, and L. Zong. 2016. “Profile of Small Businesses among Chinese in Vancouver.” Canadian Ethnic Studies 48 (2): 53–70.
  • Li, P. S. 2001. “Immigrants' Propensity to Self-Employment: Evidence from Canada.” International Migration Review 35 (4): 1106–1128. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2001.tb00054.x.
  • *Liargovas, P. G., and K. S. Skandalis. 2012. “Motivations of Migrant Entrepreneurship in Greece: A Factor Analysis Approach.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 19 (4): 627–639. doi:10.1108/14626001211277433.
  • **Lin, X., and S. Tao. 2012. “Transnational Entrepreneurs: Characteristics, Drivers, and Success Factors.” Journal of International Entrepreneurship 10 (1): 50–69. doi:10.1007/s10843-011-0082-1.
  • *Lintner, C. 2019. “‘If I Have to Clean, I Clean my Own Shop’: Migrant Entrepreneurship as a Form of Emplacement in Times of Crisis: The Example of Italy.” Ethnicities 19 (2): 414–432.
  • *Lloyd, W. 2019. “Entrepreneurial Motivation: The Impact of Cultural Capital on the 'Who' is Motivated.” International Journal of Business and Globalisation 23 (1): 139–152.
  • *Lucas, S. 2019. “Exploring the Role of Context in Motivating Entrepreneurial Behaviours: The Motivations of Migrant Entrepreneurs in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 23 (6): 624–639.
  • **Lundberg, H., and A. Rehnfors. 2018. “Transnational Entrepreneurship: Opportunity Identification and Venture Creation.” Journal of International Entrepreneurship 16 (2): 150–175.
  • *Maj, J., and S. Kubiciel-Lodzińska. 2020. “Entrepreneurial Tendencies of Migrants Working in the Care Sector in Poland.” Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 8 (3): 27–46.
  • Malerba, R. C., and J. J. Ferreira. 2021. “Immigrant Entrepreneurship and Strategy: A Systematic Literature Review.” Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 33 (2): 183–217.
  • *Masurel, E., and P. Nijkamp. 2004. “Differences between First-Generation and Second-Generation Ethnic Start-Ups: Implications for a New Support Policy.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 22 (5): 721–737.
  • *Masurel, E., P. Nijkamp, M. Tastan, and G. Vindigni. 2002. “Motivations and Performance Conditions for Ethnic Entrepreneurship.” Growth and Change 33 (2): 238–260.
  • McPherson, M. 2019. “Think Non-Ethnic, but Act Ethnic: Perspectives from South Asian Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Entrepreneurship Management and Innovation 15 (2): 35.
  • Moher, D., A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, and D. G. Altman. 2009. “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement.” PLoS Medicine 6 (7): e1000097–6.
  • *Morrison, A. 2001. “Entrepreneurs Transcend Time: A Biographical Analysis.” Management Decision 39 (9): 784–790.
  • Murnieks, Y. C., C. A. Klotz, and A. D. Shepherd. 2020. “Entrepreneurial Motivation: A Review of the Literature and Anagenda for Future Research.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 41 (2): 115–144.
  • Naffziger, W. D., S. J. Hornsby, and F. D. Kuratko. 1994. “A Proposed Research Model of Entrepreneurial Motivation.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 18 (3): 29–41.
  • **Nijkamp, P., M. Sahin, and T. Baycan-Levent. 2010. “Migrant Entrepreneurship and New Urban Economic Opportunities: Identification of Critical Success Factors by Means of Qualitative Pattern Recognition Analysis.” Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 101 (4): 371–391.
  • Nkongolo-Bakenda, J.-M., and V. Chrysostome. 2019. “Dual Environments of Home and Host Countries of Diasporic Transnational Entrepreneurs: An Empirical Study in the Canadian Context.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 39 (4): 455–500.
  • *Omar, H. 2011. “Arab American Entrepreneurs in San Antonio, Texas: Motivation for Entry into Self-Employment.” Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues 4 (1): 33–42. doi:10.1108/17537981111111256.
  • Parks-Leduc, L., G. Feldman, and A. Bardi. 2015. “Personality Traits and Personal Values: A Meta-Analysis.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 19 (1): 3–19.
  • *Peterson, M. F. 1995. “Leading Cuban-American Entrepreneurs - the Process of Developing Motives, Abilities, and Resources.” Human Relations 48 (10): 1193–1215.
  • Portes, A. 2003. “Conclusion: Theoretical Convergencies and Empirical Evidence in the Study of Immigrant Transnationalism. The.” International Migration Review 37 (3): 874–892. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00161.x.
  • Portes, A., L. E. Guarnizo, and W. J. Haller. 2002. “Transnational Entrepreneurs: An Alternative Form of Immigrant Economic Adaptation.” American Sociological Review 67 (2): 278–298. doi:10.2307/3088896.
  • *Pruthi, S., A. Basu, and M. Wright. 2018. “Ethnic Ties, Motivations, and Home Country Entry Strategy of Transnational Entrepreneurs.” Journal of International Entrepreneurship 16 (2): 210–243.
  • Radipere, S., and S. Dhliwayo. 2014. “An Analysis of Local and Immigrant Entrepreneurs in South Africa's SME Sector.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5 (9): 189–198.
  • *Rahman, K. M., and S. F. Rahman. 2012. “Entrepreneurship Needs and Achievement Motivations of Descendant Latin-Japanese Entrepreneurs in Japan.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship 16: 25–42.
  • *Rametse, N., T. Moremong-Nganunu, M. J. Ding, and P. Arenius. 2018. “Entrepreneurial Motivations and Capabilities of Migrant Entrepreneurs in Australia.” International Migration 56 (4): 217–234.
  • Reynolds, D. P., D. W. Bygrave, E. Autio, W. L. Cox, and M. Hay. 2002. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2002 Executive Report. Regents Park, London: Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, London Business School. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273705516_Global_Entrepreneurship_Monitor_2002_Executive_Report
  • **Rodrigo, L. M., G. Romani, and E. Ricci. 2018. “Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Antofagasta, Chile: The Contribution of South-South Entrepreneurs.” Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 31 (3): 450–470.
  • **Rosique-Blasco, M., A. Madrid-Guijarro, and D. Garcia-Perez-de-Lema. 2017. “Performance Determinants in Immigrant Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Study.” International Review of Entrepreneurship 15 (4): 489–518.
  • *Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, M. J., I. Romero, and Z. Yu. 2020. “Guanxi and Risk-Taking Propensity in Chinese Immigrants’ Businesses.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 16 (1): 305–325.
  • Schwartz, S. H. 1992. “Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology  25:1–65. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6.
  • Sedziniauskiene, R., J. Sekliuckiene, and A. Zucchella. 2019. “Networks’ Impact on the Entrepreneurial Internationalization: A Literature Review and Research Agenda.” Management International Review 59 (5): 779–823. doi:10.1007/s11575-019-00395-6.
  • Segal, G., D. Borgia, and J. Schoenfeld. 2005. “The Motivation to Become an Entrepreneur.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 11 (1): 42–73.
  • **Sequeira, J. M., J. C. Carr, and A. A. Rasheed. 2009. “Transnational Entrepreneurship: Determinants of Firm Type and Owner Attributions of Success.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33 (5): 1023–1044.
  • **Sequeira, J., S. L. Mueller, and J. E. McGee. 2007. “The Influence of Social Ties and Self-Efficacy in Forming Entrepreneurial Intentions and Motivating Nascent Behavior*.” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 12 (03): 275–293.
  • Shane, S., E. Locke, and C. Collins. 2003. “Entrepreneurial Motivation.” Human Resource Management Review 13 (2): 257–280.
  • *Shinnar, R. S., M. S. Cardon, M. Eisenman, V. S. Zuiker, and M. S. Lee. 2009. “Immigrant and US-Born Mexican-Owned Business: Motivations and Management.” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 14 (03): 273–295.
  • *Shinnar, R. S., and D. Z. Nayır. 2019. “Immigrant Entrepreneurship in an Emerging Economy: The Case of Turkey.” Journal of Small Business Management 57 (2): 559–575. doi:10.1111/jsbm.12408.
  • *Shinnar, R. S., and C. A. Young. 2008. “Hispanic Immigrant Entrepreneurs in the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area: Motivations for Entry into and Outcomes of Self-Employment.” Journal of Small Business Management 46 (2): 242–262.
  • **Skandalis, A. 2014. “Immigration and Entrepreneurship in Greece: Factors Influencing and Shaping Entrepreneurship Establishments by Immigrants.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship 18: 77–100.
  • *Soydas, Y., and T. Aleti. 2015. “Immigrant and Second-Generation Turkish Entrepreneurs in Melbourne Australia a Qualitative Investigation of Entrepreneurial Motivations.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 21 (2): 154–174.
  • *Szarucki, M., J. Brzozowski, and J. Stankevičienė. 2016. “Determinants of Self-Employment among Polish and Romanian Immigrants in Germany.” Journal of Business Economics and Management 17 (4): 598–612.
  • Szkudlarek, B., and S. X. Wu. 2018. “The Culturally Contingent Meaning of Entrepreneurship: Mixed Embeddedness and Co-Ethnic Ties.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 30 (5–6): 585–611.
  • *Tehseen, S., and A. R. Anderson. 2020. “Cultures and Entrepreneurial Competencies; Ethnic Propensities and Performance in Malaysia.” Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 12 (5): 643–666.
  • *Ullah, F., M. Z. Rahman, R. Smith, and A. Beloucif. 2016. “What Influences Ethnic Entrepreneurs' Decision to Start-up Some Evidence from Aberdeen, Scotland.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 23 (4): 1081–1103.
  • UN. 2017. International Migration Report. New York: United Nations. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf
  • UNC. 2021. Creating a PRISMA Flow Diagram. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina. https://guides.lib.unc.edu/prisma#s-lg-box-7601771.
  • van der Zwan, P., R. Thurik, I. Verheul, and J. Hessels. 2016. “Factors Influencing the Entrepreneurial Engagement of Opportunity and Necessity Entrepreneurs.” Eurasian Business Review 6 (3): 273–295.
  • Vinogradov, E., and L. Kolvereid. 2010. “Home Country National Intelligence and Self-Employment Rates among Immigrants in Norway.” Intelligence 38 (1): 151–159.
  • Walch, B. 2015. “The Foreign Entrepreneur: An Exploratory Study of How Assets and Liabilities of Foreignness Affect the Foreign Entrepreneurial Venture.” American Journal of Entrepreneurship 8 (2): 43–65.
  • Wang, Q. F., and C. Y. Liu. 2015. “Transnational Activities of Immigrant-Owned Firms and Their Performances in the USA.” Small Business Economics 44 (2): 345–359.
  • *Yoon, I. J. 1995. “The Growth of Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Chicago.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 18 (2): 315–335.
  • You, T. L., and M. Zhou. 2019. “Simultaneous Embeddedness in Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Global Forces behind Chinese-Owned Nail Salons in New York City.” American Behavioral Scientist 63 (2): 166–185.
  • Zhou, M. 2004. “Revisiting Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Convergencies, Controversies, and Conceptual Advancements.” International Migration Review 38 (3): 1040–1074. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00228.x.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.