Social perception in the clinical dental encounter: the matched-guise technique re-visited

References

• Adler , NE and Ostrove , JM . 1999 . Socio-economic status and health: what we know and what we don’t . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 896 : 3 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen I 1988 Attitudes, Personality and Behaviour, Dorsey Press Chicago
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , MR , Moscou , S , Fulchon , C and Neuspiel , DR . 2001 . The role of race in the clinical presentation . Family Medicine , 33 : 473 – 475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison , K . 1982 . Health education: self-responsibility vs. blaming the victim . Health Education , 20 : 11
   Google Scholar
• Argyle M 1994 The Psychology of Social Class, Routledge London
   Google Scholar
• Arroyo , JA . 1996 . Psychotherapist bias with Hispanics: an analogue study . Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , 18 : 21 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , RM , Albright , L and Malloy , TE . 1995 . Effects of behavioral and social class information on social judgement . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 21 : 308 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartley , M , Blane , D and Davey Smith , G . 1998 . Introduction: beyond the Black Report . Sociology of Health and Illness , 20 : 563 – 577 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , PD and Hudson , S . 2001 . Equity in the diagnosis of chest pain: race and gender . American Journal of Health Behavior , 25 : 60 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black D 1980 Inequalities in Health (Black Report). Report of a research working group chaired by Sir Douglas Black DHSS London
   Google Scholar
• Blaxter M 1990 Health and Lifestyles, Routledge London
   Google Scholar
• Cargile , AC , Giles , H , Ryan , EB and Bradac , JJ . 1994 . Language attitudes as a social process: a conceptual model and new direction . Language and Communication , 14 : 211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corah , NL , O'shea , RM , Bissell , GD , Thines , TJ and Mendola , P . 1988 . The dentist-patient relationship: perceived dentist behaviours that reduce anxiety and increase satisfaction . Journal of the American Dental Association , 116 : 73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp , RJ and Hewstone , M . 2001 . Multiple categorisation and implicit intergroup bias: differential category dominance and the positive-negative asymmetry effect . European Journal of Social Psychology , 31 : 501 – 514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crandall , SJ , Volk , RJ and Cacy , D . 1997 . A longitudinal investigation of medical student attitudes toward the medically indigent . Teaching and Learning in Medicine , 9 : 254 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiCaccavo , A and Reid , F . 1998 . The influence of attitudes toward male and female patients on treatment decisions in general practice . Sex Roles , 38 : 613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccles , M , Grimshaw , J , Steen , N , Parkin , D , Purves , I , McColl , E and Rousseau , N . 2000 . The design and analysis of a randomised controlled trial to evaluate computerised decision support in primary care: the COGENT study . Family Practice , 17 : 180 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellemers , N , Spears , R and Doojse , B . 2002 . Self and social identity . Annual Review of Psychology , 53 : 161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielding G Evered C 1980 The influence of patients’ speech upon doctors: the diagnostic view In: St Clair, R. and Giles, H. (Eds.) The Social and Psychological Contexts of Language, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Hillsdale N.J
   Google Scholar
• Fiske ST 2000 Interdependence reduces prejudice and stereotyping In: Oskamp, S. (Ed.) Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination, Erlbaum Mahwah N.J
   Google Scholar
• Forgas , JP . 1983 . What is social about social cognition? . British Journal of Social Psychology , 22 : 129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier , PJ , Jenny , J , Bagramian , RA , Robinson , E and Proshek , JM . 1977 . Provider expectations and consumer perceptions of the importance and value of dental care . American Journal of Public Health , 67 : 37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garb , HN . 1997 . Race bias, social class bias and gender bias in clinical judgement . Clinical Psychology – Science and Practice , 4 : 99
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• General Dental Council 2002 The First Five Years: a Framework for Undergraduate Dental Education 2nd Edn. Author London
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , DT and Hixon , JG . 1991 . The trouble of thinking: activation and application of stereotypic beliefs . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 509 – 517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham E MacLeod M Johnston M Dibben C Morgan I Briscoe S 2000 Individual deprivation, neighbourhood and recovery from illness In: Graham, H. (Ed.) Understanding Health Inequalities, Open University Press Buckingham
   Google Scholar
• Hadorn , DC . 1997 . Kinds of patients . Journal of Medicine and Philosophy , 22 : 567 – 587 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartstone , M and Augoustinos , M . 1995 . The minimal group paradigm - categorisation into 2 versus 3 groups . European Journal of Social Psychology , 25 : 179 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam , SA , Oakes , PJ , Reynolds , KJ and Turner , JC . 1999 . Social identity salience and the emergence of stereotype consensus . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 25 : 809 – 818 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam , SA , Oakes , PJ , Turner , JC and McGarty , C . 1995 . Social categorisation and group homogeneity: changes in the perceived applicability of stereotype content as a function of comparative content and trait favourableness . British Journal of Social Psychology , 34 : 139 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam , SA , Turner , JC , Oakes , PJ and McGarty , C . 1992 . Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping 1: The effects of intergroup relations as mediated by social change and frame of reference . European Journal of Social Psychology , 22 : 3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewstone M 1994 Revision and change of stereotypic beliefs: in search of the elusive subtyping model In: Stroebe, W. and Hewstone, M. (Eds.) European Review of Social Psychology Vol. 5. Wiley London
   Google Scholar
• Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health 1998 Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report (The Acheson Report) The Stationery Office London
   Google Scholar
• Jones , CM and Worthington , H . 2000 . Water fluoridation, poverty and tooth decay in 12-year old children . British Dental Journal , 28 : 389
   Google Scholar
• Kay , E and Blinkhorn , A . 1987 . Some factors related to dentists’ decisions to extract teeth . Community Dental Health , 4 : 3 – 10 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kearney , N , Miller , M , Paul , J and Smith , K . 2000 . Oncology healthcare professionals’ attitudes toward elderly people . Annals of Oncology , 11 : 599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , MA , Lange , B , Dunning , DG and Underhill , TE . 1990 . Reasons patients stay with a dentist . Journal of Dental Practice Administration , 7 : 9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kressin , NR and Petersen , LA . 2001 . Racial differences in the use of invasive cardiovascular procedures: review of the literature and prescription for future research . Annals of Internal Medicine , 135 : 352 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunda Z Adams B Davies PG Hoshino-Browne E Jordan C 2002 The impact of comprehension goals on the ebb and flow of stereotype activation during interaction In: Spencer, S.J., Fein, S., Zanna, M.P. and Olsen, J.M. (Eds.) Motivated Social Perception: The Ontario Symposium 9 Erlbaum Mahwah N.J
   Google Scholar
• Ladegaard , HJ . 1992 . Language attitude in Denmark - a sociopsychological analysis of stereotypical attitudes concerning language and language use in four regions of Denmark . Nordisk Psykologi , 44 : 173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahti , S , Verkasalo , M , Hausen , H and Tuutti , H . 1996 . Ideal role behaviours as seen by dentists and patients themselves and by their role partners: do they differ? . Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology , 24 : 245 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert WE Hodgson RC Gardner RG Fillenbaum S 1960 Evaluation Reactions to Spoken Languages Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60 (January) 44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lantz , PM , Lynch , JW , House , JS , Lepkowski , JM , Mero , RP , Musick , MA and Williams , DR . 2001 . Socioeconomic disparities in health change in a longitudinal study of US adults: the role of health-risk behaviours . Social Science and Medicine , 53 : 29 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepore , L and Brown , R . 1997 . Category and stereotype activation: is prejudice inevitable? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 275 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntyre , S . 1997 . The Black Report and beyond: what are the issues? . Social Science and Medicine , 44 : 723 – 745 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macrae , CN , Bodenhausen , GV , Milne , AB and Jetten , J . 1994 . Out of mind but back in sight: stereotypes on the rebound . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 808 – 817 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macrae , CN , Bodenhausen , GV and Milne , AB . 1998 . Saying no to unwanted thoughts: self-focus and the regulation of mental life . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy , S , Lyons , AC , Weinman , J , Talbot , R and Purnell , D . 2003 . Do expectations influence recovery from oral surgery? An illness representation approach . Psychology and Health , 18 : 109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinlay , JB . 1996 . Some Contributions from the Social System to Gender Inequalities in Heart Disease . Journal of Health and Social Behaviour , 37 : 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinlay , JB , Potter , DA and Feldman , HA . 1996 . Non-medical influences on medical decision-making . Social Science and Medicine , 42 : 769 – 776 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madon , S , Jussim , L , Keiper , S , Eccles , J , Smith , A and Palumbo , P . 1998 . The accuracy and power of sex, social class and ethnic stereotypes: a naturalistic study in person perception . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 24 : 1304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks DF 1995 A critical view of individualistic health psychology. Paper presented to the 9th conference of the European Health Psychology Society Bergen August 1995
   Google Scholar
• Milroy , C and McClenaghan , P . 1977 . Stereotyped reactions to four educated accents in Ulster . Belfast Working Papers in Language and Linguistics , 2 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Monteith MJ Voils CI 2001 Exerting control over prejudiced responses In: Moskowitz, G.B. (Ed) Cognitive Social Psychology: on the Future of Social Cognition, Erlbaum Mahwah N.J
   Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , GB , Gollwitzer , PM , Wasel , W and Schaal , B . 1999 . Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 : 167 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nettleton S 1992 Power, Pain and Dentistry, Open University Press Buckingham
   Google Scholar
• Oakes PJ Haslam SA Reynolds KJ 1999 Social categorization and social content: is stereotype change a matter of information or of meaning? In: Abrams, D. and Hogg, M.A. (Eds.) Social Identity and Social Cognition, Blackwell Oxford
   Google Scholar
• Ong , LM , Dehaes , JC , Hoos , AM and Lammes , FB . 1995 . Doctor-patient communication - a review of the literature . Social Science and Medicine , 40 : 903 – 918 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pill , R , Peters , TJ and Robling , MR . 1993 . Factors associated with a health behaviour among young mothers of lower socio-economic status: a British example . Social Science and Medicine , 36 : 1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyle , MA , Jasinevicius , TR and Sheehan , R . 1999 . Dental student perceptions of the elderly: measuring negative perceptions with projective tests . Special Care in Dentistry , 19 : 40 – 46 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raine , RA . 2000 . Does gender bias exist in the use of specialist health care? . Journal of Health Service Research and Policy , 5 : 237 – 249 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raine , RA , Crayford , TJ , Chan , KL and Chambers , JB . 1999 . Gender differences in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial ischemia and infarction in England . International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care , 15 : 136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranchor , A , Bouma , J and Sanderman , R . 1996 . Vulnerability and social class: differential patterns of personality and social support over the social classes . Personality and Individual Differences , 20 : 229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstock , IM . 1974 . The health belief model and preventive health behaviour . Health Education Monographs , 2 : 354
   Google Scholar
• Ryan EB Hewstone M Giles H 1984 Language and inter-group attitudes In: Eiser, J. (Ed.) Attitudinal Judgement, Springer New York
   Google Scholar
• Safran , DG , Rogers , WH , Tarlov , AR , McHorney , CA and Ware , JE . 1997 . Gender differences in medical treatment: the case of physician-prescribed activity restrictions . Social Science and Medicine , 45 : 711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sondell , K and Soderfeldt , B . 1997 . Dentist-patient communication: a review of relevant models . Acta Odontologica Scandinavica , 55 : 116 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , M , Moritzen , SK , Carmel , S and Olexa-Andrews , M . 2001 . The prematurity stereotype in Israeli healthcare providers . Medical Education , 35 : 129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand , EA . 1999 . Uncovering the role of gender stereotypes in speech perception . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 18 : 86
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szasz TS Hollender MH 1956 A contribution to the philosophy of medicine: the basic models of the doctor-patient relationship AMA Archives of Internal Medicine XCVII 585
   Google Scholar
• Tickle , M , Moulding , G , Milsom , K and Blinkhorn , A . 2000 . Dental caries, contact with dental services and deprivation in young children: their relationship at a small area level . British Dental Journal , 189 : 376 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudgill P 1983 On Dialect: Social and Geographical Perspectives, Blackwell Oxford
   Google Scholar
• Van Groenestijn , MAJ , Mass-De Waal , CJ , Mileman , PA and Swallow , JN . 1980 . The image of the dentist . Social Science and Medicine , 14A : 541
   Google Scholar
• Van Ryn , M . 2002 . Research on the provider contribution to race/ethnicity disparities in medical care . Medical Care , 40 : 140 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Ryn , M and Burke , J . 2000 . The effect of patient race and socio-economic status on physicians’ perceptions of patients . Social Science and Medicine , 50 : 813 – 828 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner , DM . 1997 . When the antidote is the poison: ironic mental control processes . Psychological Science , 8 : 148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson RG 1996 The psychosocial causes of illness In: Wilkinson, R.G. (Ed.) Unhealthy Societies: from Inequality to Well-being, Routledge London
   Google Scholar