546
Views
50
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Is the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) a reliable screening tool in early pregnancy?

&
Pages 787-800 | Received 07 Nov 2003, Accepted 08 Jul 2004, Published online: 01 Feb 2007

References

References

  • Akaike , H . 1987 . Factor analysis and the AIC . Psychometrika , 52 : 317 – 332 .
  • Arbuckle JL Wothke W 1999 AMOS 4.0 Users Guide, Smallwaters Chicago
  • Austin , MP . 2003 . Targeted group antenatal prevention of postnatal depression: a review . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 107 : 244 – 250 .
  • Austin , MP . 2004 . Antenatal screening and early intervention for “perinatal” distress, depression and anxiety: where to from here? . Archives of Women's Mental Health , 7 : 1 – 6 .
  • Barczak , P , Kane , N , Andrews , S , Congdon , AM , Clay , JC and Betts , T . 1988 . Patterns of psychiatric morbidity in a genito-urinary clinic. A validation of the Hospital Anxiety Depression scale (HAD) . British Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 698 – 700 .
  • Beck , AT , Ward , CH , Mendelson , M , Mock , J and Erbaugh , J . 1961 . An inventory for measuring depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 4 : 561 – 571 .
  • Bentler , PM . 1990 . Comparative fit indexes in structural models . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 238 – 246 .
  • Bentler , PM and Bonett , DG . 1980 . Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures . Psychological Bulletin , 88 : 588 – 606 .
  • Bergant , AM , Heim , K , Ulmer , H and Illmensee , K . 1999 . Early postnatal depressive mood: associations with obstetric and psychosocial factors . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 46 : 391 – 394 .
  • Bjelland , I , Dahl , AA , Haug , TT and Neckelmann , D . 2002 . The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: an updated literature review . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 52 : 69 – 77 .
  • Bozdogan , H . 1987 . Model selection and Akaike's information criterion (AIC): The general theory and its analytical extensions . Psychometrika , 52 : 345 – 370 .
  • Brouwers , EP , Van Baar , AL and Pop , VJ . 2001 . Does the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale measure anxiety? . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 51 : 659 – 663 .
  • Browne MW Cudeck R 1993 Alternative ways of assessing model fit In: Bollen, K.A. and Long, J.S. (Eds.) Testing Structural Equation Models, Sage Newbury Park CA pp. 136–162
  • Caci , H , Bayle , FJ , Mattei , V , Dossios , C , Robert , P and Boyer , P . 2003 . How does the Hospital and Anxiety and Depression Scale measure anxiety and depression in healthy subjects? . Psychiatry Research , 118 : 89 – 99 .
  • Cederholm , M , Sjoden , PO and Axelsson , O . 2001 . Psychological distress before and after prenatal invasive karyotyping . Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica , 80 : 539 – 545 .
  • Clark , LA and Watson , D . 1991 . Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 : 316 – 336 .
  • Cordle , CJ and Prettyman , RJ . 1994 . A 2-year follow-up of women who have experienced early miscarriage . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 12 : 37 – 43 .
  • Cox JL Holden JM 2003 A Guide to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Gaskell London
  • Cox , JL , Holden , JM and Sagovsky , R . 1987 . Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale . British Journal of Psychiatry , 150 : 782 – 786 .
  • Cronbach , LJ . 1951 . Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests . Psychometrika , 16 : 297 – 334 .
  • Dunbar , M , Ford , G , Hunt , K and Der , G . 2000 . A confirmatory factor analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale: comparing empirically and theoretically derived structures . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 39 : 79 – 94 .
  • Eberhard-Gran , M , Eskild , A , Tambs , K , Opjordsmoen , S and Samuelsen , SO . 2001 . Review of validation studies of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 104 : 243 – 249 .
  • Friedman , S , Samuelian , JC , Lancrenon , S , Even , C and Chiarelli , P . 2001 . Three-dimensional structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in a large French primary care population suffering from major depression . Psychiatry Research , 104 : 247 – 257 .
  • Goldberg DP Williams P 1988 A User's Guide to the General Health Questionnaire Basingstoke NFER-Nelson
  • Harris , B , Huckle , P , Thomas , R , Johns , S and Fung , H . 1989 . The use of rating scales to identify post-natal depression . British Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 813 – 817 .
  • Hayes , BA , Muller , R and Bradley , BS . 2001 . Perinatal depression: a randomized controlled trial of an antenatal education intervention for primiparas . Birth , 28 : 28 – 35 .
  • Herrmann , C . 1997 . International experiences with the hospital anxiety and depression scale – a review of validation data and clinical results . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 42 : 17 – 41 .
  • Hu LT Bentler PM 1995 Evaluating model fit In: Hoyle R.H. (Ed.) Structural Equation Modelling: Concepts, Issues and Applications, Sage Thousand Oaks CA pp. 77–99
  • Joreskog KG Sorbom D 1993 LISREL 8, Scientific Software International Chicago IL
  • Karimova , G and Martin , CR . 2003 . A psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale during pregnancy . Psychology, Health and Medicine , 8 : 89 – 103 .
  • Kline P 1993 The Handbook of Psychological Testing, Routledge London
  • Kline P 2000 A Psychometrics Primer, Free Association Books London
  • Kline RB 1998 Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, Guilford New York
  • Lee , DT , Yip , AS , Chiu , HF , Leung , TY and Chung , TK . 2001 . Screening for postnatal depression: are specific instruments mandatory? . Journal of Affective Disorders , 63 : 233 – 238 .
  • Lloyd-Williams , M , Friedman , T and Rudd , N . 2000 . Criterion validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale as a screening tool for depression in patients with advanced metastatic cancer . Journal of Pain and Symptom Management , 20 : 259 – 265 .
  • Lobel , M , Yali , AM , Zhu , W , DeVincent , CJ and Meyer , BA . 2002 . Beneficial associations between optimistic disposition and emotional disorder in high-risk pregnancy . Psychology and Health , 17 : 77 – 95 .
  • Marsh , HW , Balla , JR and McDonald , RP . 1988 . Goodness-of-fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 391 – 410 .
  • Martin , CR and Jomeen , J . 2003 . Is the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) confounded by scoring method during pregnancy and following birth? . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 21 : 267 – 278 .
  • Martin , CR and Thompson , DR . 1999 . Utility of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in patients with end-stage renal disease on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis . Psychology, Health and Medicine , 4 : 369 – 376 .
  • Martin , CR and Thompson , DR . 2000a . Prediction of quality of life in patients with end-stage renal disease . British Journal of Health Psychology , 5 : 41 – 55 .
  • Martin , CR and Thompson , DR . 2000b . A psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in coronary care patients following acute myocardial infarction . Psychology, Health and Medicine , 5 : 193 – 201 .
  • Martin , CR , Lewin , RJP and Thompson , DR . 2003 . A confirmatory factor analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in coronary care patients following acute myocardial infarction . Psychiatry Research , 120 : 85 – 94 .
  • Martin , CR , Tweed , AE and Metcalfe , MS . 2004 . A psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in patients diagnosed with end-stage renal disease . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 43 : 51 – 64 .
  • Matthey , S , Barnett , B , Howie , P and Kavanagh , DJ . 2003 . Diagnosing postpartum depression in mothers and fathers: whatever happened to anxiety? . Journal of Affective Disorders , 74 : 139 – 147 .
  • McCue , P , Martin , CR , Buchanan , T , Rodgers , J and Scholey , AB . 2003 . An investigation into the psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in individuals with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome . Psychology, Health and Medicine , 8 : 425 – 439 .
  • Misri , S , Kostaras , X , Fox , D and Kostaras , D . 2000 . The impact of partner support in the treatment of postpartum depression . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 45 : 554 – 558 .
  • Moorey , S , Greer , S , Watson , M , Gorman , C , Rowden , L , Tunmore , R , Robertson , B and Bliss , J . 1991 . The factor structure and factor stability of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in patients with cancer . British Journal of Psychiatry , 158 : 255 – 259 .
  • Murray , L and Cooper , P . 1997 . Effects of postnatal depression on infant development . Archives of Disorders of Childhood , 77 : 99 – 101 .
  • Murray , L , Cooper , PJ and Stein , A . 1991 . Postnatal depression and infant development . British Medical Journal , 302 : 978 – 979 .
  • Murray , D and Cox , J . 1990 . Screening for depression during pregnancy with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 8 : 99 – 107 .
  • O’ Hara , MW and Swain , AM . 1996 . Rates and risks of postpartum depression – a meta analysis . International Review of Psychiatry , 8 : 37 – 54 .
  • Pop , VJ , Komproe , IH and Van Son , MJ . 1992 . Characteristics of the Edinburgh Post Natal Depression Scale ion the Netherlands . Journal of Affective Disorders , 26 : 105 – 110 .
  • Prettyman , RJ , Cordle , CJ and Cook , GD . 1993 . A three-month follow-up of psychological morbidity after early miscarriage . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 66 : 363 – 372 .
  • Pritchard , CW . 1994 . Depression and smoking in pregnancy in Scotland . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 48 : 377 – 382 .
  • Razavi , D , Delvaux , N , Farvacques , C and Robaye , E . 1990 . Screening for adjustment disorders and major depressive disorders in cancer in-patients . British Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 79 – 83 .
  • Righetti-Veltema , M , Conne-Perreard , E , Bousquet , A and Manzano , J . 2002 . Postpartum depression and mother-infant relationship at 3 months old . Journal of Affective Disorders , 70 : 291 – 306 .
  • Ross , LE , Gilbert Evans , SE , Sellers , EM and Romach , MK . 2003 . Measurement issues in postpartum depression part 1: Anxiety as a feature of postpartum depression . Archives of Women's Mental Health , 6 : 51 – 57 .
  • Rowsell , E , Jongman , G , Kilby , M , Kirchmeier , R and Orford , J . 2001 . The psychological impact of recurrent miscarriage, and the role of counselling at a pre-pregnancy counselling clinic . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 19 : 33 – 45 .
  • Snaith RP Zigmond AS 1994 The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Manual, NFER, Nelson Windsor
  • Spinelli , MG and Endicott , J . 2003 . Controlled clinical trial of interpersonal psychotherapy versus parenting education program for depressed pregnant women . American Journal of Psychiatry , 160 : 555 – 562 .
  • Stowe , ZN and Nemeroff , CB . 1995 . Women at risk for postpartum-onset major depression . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 173 : 639 – 645 .
  • Thapar , AK and Thapar , A . 1992 . Psychological sequelae of miscarriage: a controlled study using the general health questionnaire and the hospital anxiety and depression scale . British Journal of General Practice , 42 : 94 – 96 .
  • Thompson , WM , Harris , B , Lazarus , J and Richards , C . 1998 . A comparison of the performance of rating scales used in the diagnosis of postnatal depression . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 98 : 224 – 227 .
  • West R 1991 Computing for Psychologists, Harwood Academic Publishers Char
  • Zigmond , AS and Snaith , RP . 1983 . The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 67 : 361 – 370 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.