Effect of pretesting on intentions and behaviour: A pedometer and walking intervention

References

• Ajzen , I , Brown , TC and Carvajal , F . 2004 . Explaining the discrepancy between intentions and actions: The case of hypothetical bias in contingent valuation . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 : 1108 – 1121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen , I and Fishbein , M . 2004 . Questions raised by a reasoned action approach: Comment on Ogden (2003) . Health Psychology , 23 : 431 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett , DR Jr , Ainsworth , BE , Leggett , SR , Mathien , CA , Main , JA Hunter , DC . 1996 . Accuracy of five electronic pedometers for measuring distance walked . Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise , 28 : 1071 – 1077 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett , DR , Cureton , AL and Ainsworth , BE . 2000 . Measurement of daily walking distance-questionnaire versus pedometer . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 32 : 1018 – 1023 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry , TR , Fraser , S , Spence , JC and Garcia Bengoechea , E . 2007 . Pedometer ownership, motivation, and walking: Do people walk the talk? . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 78 : 369 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravata , DM , Smith-Spangler , C , Sundaram , V , Gienger , AL , Lin , N Lewis , R . 2007 . Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: A systematic review . JAMA , 298 : 2296 – 2304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braver , MC and Braver , SL . 1988 . Statistical treatment of the Solomon Four-Group Design: A meta-analytic approach . Psychological Bulletin , 104 : 150 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , DT and Stanley , JC . 1963 . Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research , Chicago, IL : Rand-McNally .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J . 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd , Hillsdale, NJ : L. Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Connor , M and Norman , P . 2005 . Predicting health behaviour , 2nd , Berskshire, , England : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Craig , CL , Marshall , AL , Sjostrom , M , Bauman , A , Booth , ML Ainsworth , BE . 2003 . International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 35 : 1381 – 1395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastep , E , Beveridge , S , Eisenman , P , Ransdall , L and Shultz , B . 2004 . Does augmented feedback from pedometers increase adults' walking behavior? . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 99 : 392 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyler , AA , Brownson , RC , Bacak , SJ and Houseman , RA . 2003 . The epidemiology of walking for physical activity in the United States . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 35 : 1529 – 1536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glanz , K , Lewis , FM and Rimer , BK . 2002 . Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice , 3rd , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Godin , G , Sheeran , P , Conner , M and Germain , M . Asking questions changes behavior: Mere measurement effects on frequency of blood donation . Health Psychology , In press
   Google Scholar
• Hagger , MS , Chatzisarantis , NLD and Biddle , SJH . 2002 . A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: Predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 24 : 3 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huck , S and Sandler , HM . 1973 . A note on Solomon 4-group design: Appropriate statistical analyses . Journal of Experimental Education , 42 : 54 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humpel , N , Marshall , AL , Leslie , E , Bauman , A and Owen , N . 2004 . Changes in neighborhood walking are related to changes in perceptions of environmental attributes . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 27 : 60 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffery , RW . 2004 . How can Health Behavior Theory be made more useful for intervention research? . International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity , 1 : 10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lana , RE . 1969 . “ Pretest sensitization ” . In Artifact in behavioral research , Edited by: Rosenthal , R and Rosnow , RL . 119 – 141 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levav , J and Fitzsimons , GJ . 2006 . When questions change behavior: The role of ease of representation . Psychological Science , 17 : 207 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , SJ and Biddle , SJH . 2001 . The transtheoretical model of behavior change: A meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exercise . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 23 : 229 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNaughton , D and Gabbard , C . 1993 . Physical exertion and immediate mental performance of sixth grade children . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 77 : 1155 – 1159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morwitz , VG and Fitzsimons , GJ . 2004 . The mere-measurement effect: Why does measuring intentions change actual behavior? . Journal of Consmer Psychology , 14 : 64 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden , J . 2003 . Some problems with social cognition models: A pragmatic and conceptual analysis . Health Psychology , 22 : 424 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogilvie , D , Egan , M , Hamilton , V and Petticrew , M . 2004 . Promoting walking and cycling as an alternative to using cars: Systematic review . BMJ , 329 : 763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , CR , Newton , TL , Abraham , JJ , Sen , A , Jimbo , M and Swartz , AM . 2008 . A meta-analysis of pedometer-based walking interventions and weight loss . Annals of Family Medicine , 6 : 69 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers , WM and Sullivan , MJL . 2001 . Task, coping, and scheduling self-efficacy in relation to frequency of physical activity . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 31 : 741 – 753 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooney , B , Smalley , K , Larson , J and Havens , S . 2003 . Is knowing enough? Increasing physical activity by wearing a pedometer . Wisconsin Medical Journal , 102 ( 4 ) : 31 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R and Rosnow , RL . 1991 . Essentials of behavioural research: Methods and data analysis , (2nd ed.) , McGraw–Hill Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Rothman , AJ . 2004 . “Is there nothing more practical than a good theory?”: Why innovations and advances in health behavior change will arise if interventions are used to test and refine theory . International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity , 1 : 11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott , EJ , Eves , FF , French , DP and Hoppe , R . 2007 . The theory of planned behaviour predicts self-reports of walking, but does not predict step count . British Journal of Health Psychology , 12 : 601 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman , SJ . 1980 . On the self-erasing nature of errors of prediction . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 211 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon , RL . 1949 . An extension of control group design . Psychological Bulletin , 46 : 137 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spangenberg , ER . 1997 . Increasing health club attendance through self-prophecy . Marketing Letters , 8 : 23 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Spence , JC and Blanchard , C . 2001 . Effect of pretesting on feeling states and self-efficacy in acute exercise . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 72 : 310 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprott , DE , Smith , RJ , Spangenberg , ER and Freson , TS . 2004 . Specificity of prediction requests: Evidence for the differential effects of self-prophecy on commitment to a health assessment . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 34 : 1176 – 1190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprott , DE , Spangenberg , ER , Block , L , Fitzsimons , GJ , Morwitz , VG and Williams , P . 2006 . The question-behavior effect: What we know and where we go from here . Social Influence , 1 : 128 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Tudor-Locke , C and Bassett , DR . 2004 . How many steps/day are enough? Preliminary pedometer indices for public health . Sports Medicine , 34 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tudor-Locke , C and Myers , AM . 2001 . Methodological considerations for researchers and practitioners using pedometers to measure physical (ambulatory) activity . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 72 : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Sluijs , EM , van Poppel , MN , Twisk , JW and van Mechelen , W . 2006 . Physical activity measurements affected participants' behavior in a randomised controlled trial . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 59 : 404 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , P , Block , L and Fitzsimons , GJ . 2006 . Simply asking questions about health behaviors increases both healthy and unhealthy behaviors . Social Influence , 1 : 117 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Willson , VL and Putnam , RR . 1982 . A meta-analysis of pretest sensitization effects in experimental design . American Educational Research Journal , 19 : 249 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar