Healthcare discrimination and treatment adherence among sexual and gender minority individuals living with chronic illness: the mediating effects of anticipated discrimination and depressive symptoms

References

• Alvidrez, J., Castille, D., Laude-Sharp, M., Rosario, A., & Tabor, D. (2019). The national institute on minority health and health disparities research framework. American Journal of Public Health, 109(S1), S16–S20. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bariola, E., Lyons, A., & Lucke, J. (2017). Flourishing among sexual minority individuals: Application of the dual continuum model of mental health in a sample of lesbians and gay men. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000210
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, V. R. (1981). Minority stress and lesbian women. Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, B. D., Job, S. A., Clark, E. A., Todd, E. A., & Williams, S. L. (2020). Concealment as a moderator of anticipated stigma and psychiatric symptoms. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 24(3), 240–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2020.1721037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, B. D., Kaniuka, A., Job, S. A., Hodgkinson, N., Kelliher Rabon, J., Williams, S. L., & Hirsch, J. K. (2022a). Anticipated sexual minority stress and mental health after the 2016 presidential election: Examining a psychological mediation framework. Journal of Homosexuality, 1–24. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2087481
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, B. D., Kaniuka, A. R., Rabon, J. K., Sirois, F. M., & Hirsch, J. K. (2022b). Social support and subjective health in fibromyalgia: Self-compassion as a mediator. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 29(2), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-021-09832-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caceres, B. A., Streed, C. G., Jr., Corliss, H. L., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Matthews, P. A., Mukherjee, M., Poteat, T., Rosendale, N., & Ross, L. M., American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Hypertension; Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; and Stroke Council. (2020). Assessing and addressing cardiovascular health in LGBTQ adults: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 142(19), e321–e332. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capriotti, M. R., & Flentje, A. (2018). Recommendations for practitioners for providing competent care to gender and sexual minority individuals.
   Google Scholar
• Chaudoir, S. R., & Quinn, D. M. (2016). Evidence that anticipated stigma predicts poorer depressive symptom trajectories among emerging adults living with concealable stigmatized identities. Self and Identity, 15(2), 139–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1091378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. M., Feinstein, B. A., Rodriguez-Seijas, C., Taylor, C. B., & Newman, M. G. (2016). Rejection sensitivity as a transdiagnostic risk factor for internalizing psychopathology among gay and bisexual men. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(3), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000170
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conger, J. J. (1975). Proceedings of the American psychological association, incorporated, for the year 1974: Minutes of the annual meeting of the council of representatives. American Psychologist, 30(6), 620–651. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0078455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulter, R. W. S., Kenst, K. S., Bowen, D. J., & Scout. (2014). Research funded by the National Institutes of Health on the health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), e105–e112. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz, T. M. (2014). Assessing access to care for transgender and gender nonconforming people: A consideration of diversity in combating discrimination. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 110, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler, R. L., Fernandez-Llimos, F., Frommer, M., Benrimoj, C., & Garcia-Cardenas, V. (2018). Economic impact of medication non-adherence by disease groups: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 8(1), e016982. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMatteo, M. R. (2004a). Variations in patients’ adherence to medical recommendations: A quantitative review of 50 years of research. Medical Care, 42(3), 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000114908.90348.f9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMatteo, M. R. (2004b). Social support and patient adherence to medical treatment: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 23(2), 207–218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.2.207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMatteo, M. R., Lepper, H. S., & Croghan, T. W. (2000). Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(14), 2101. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.14.2101
   Google Scholar
• DiMatteo, M. R., Haskard, K. B., & Williams, S. L. (2007). Health beliefs, disease severity, and patient adherence: A meta-analysis. Medical Care, 45(6), 521–528. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e318032937e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drescher, J. (2010). Queer diagnoses: Parallels and contrasts in the history of homosexuality, gender variance, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(2), 427–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9531-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, Y., Shen, B. J., & Tay, H. Y. (2021). Depression, anxiety, perceived stress, and their changes predicted medical adherence over 9 months among patients with coronary heart disease. British Journal of Health Psychology, 26(3), 748–766. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein, B. A. (2020). The rejection sensitivity model as a framework for understanding sexual minority mental health. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(7), 2247–2258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-1428-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein, B. A., Davila, J., & Dyar, C. (2017). A weekly diary study of minority stress, coping, and internalizing symptoms among gay men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(12), 1144–1157. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flentje, A. (2020). AWARENESS: Development of a cognitive–behavioral intervention to address intersectional minority stress for sexual minority men living with HIV who use substances. Psychotherapy (Chicago, IL), 57(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flentje, A., Heck, N. C., Brennan, J. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2020). The relationship between minority stress and biological outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 43(5), 673–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-019-00120-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Kim, H. J., Shui, C., & Bryan, A. E. (2017). Chronic health conditions and key health indicators among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older US adults, 2013–2014. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), 1332–1338. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Simoni, J. M., Kim, H. J., Lehavot, K., Walters, K. L., Yang, J., Hoy-Ellis, C. P., & Muraco, A. (2014). The health equity promotion model: Reconceptualization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health disparities. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(6), 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaab, J., Rohleder, N., Nater, U. M., & Ehlert, U. (2005). Psychological determinants of the cortisol stress response: The role of anticipatory cognitive appraisal. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(6), 599–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gast, A., & Mathes, T. (2019). Medication adherence influencing factors—An (updated) overview of systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 8(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1014-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham, R., Berkowitz, B., Blum, R., Bockting, W., Bradford, J., de Vries, B., & Makadon, H. (2011). The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: Building a foundation for better understanding. Institute of Medicine. 10, p.13128.
   Google Scholar
• Grenard, J. L., Munjas, B. A., Adams, J. L., Suttorp, M., Maglione, M., McGlynn, E. A., & Gellad, W. F. (2011). Depression and medication adherence in the treatment of chronic diseases in the United States: A meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(10), 1175–1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-011-1704-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold, S. M., Köhler-Forsberg, O., Moss-Morris, R., Mehnert, A., Miranda, J. J., Bullinger, M., Steptoe, A., Whooley, M. A., & Otte, C. (2020). Comorbid depression in medical diseases. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-0200-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135(5), 707–730. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haviland, K. S., Swette, S., Kelechi, T., & Mueller, M. (2020). Barriers and facilitators to cancer screening among LGBTQ individuals with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 47(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.44-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. A regression-based approach. 3rd ed. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hibbert, M., Wolton, A., Crenna-Jennings, W., Benton, L., Kirwan, P., Lut, I., Okala, S., Ross, M., Furegato, M., Nambiar, K., Douglas, N., Roche, J., Jeffries, J., Reeves, I., Nelson, M., Weerawardhana, C., Jamal, Z., Hudson, A., & Delpech, V. (2018). Experiences of stigma and discrimination in social and healthcare settings among trans people living with HIV in the UK. AIDS Care, 30(7), 836–843. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1436687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howren, M. B. (2013). Adherence. Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine (pp. 33–39). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• James, S., Herman, J., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. A. (2016). The report of the 2015 US transgender survey.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. E., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2017). Motivational interviewing for LGBT patients. In Trauma, resilience, and health promotion in LGBT patients (pp. 203–217). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kaniuka, A. R., Job, S. A., Brooks, B. D., & Williams, S. L. (2021). Gratitude and lower suicidal ideation among sexual minority individuals: Theoretical mechanisms of the protective role of attention to the positive. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(6), 819–830. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1818814
   Google Scholar
• Kcomt, L., Gorey, K. M., Barrett, B. J., & McCabe, S. E. (2020). Healthcare avoidance due to anticipated discrimination among transgender people: A call to create trans-affirmative environments. SSM - Population Health, 11, 100608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   Google Scholar
• Lambda Legal. (2010). When health care isn’t caring: Lambda Legal’s survey of discrimination against LGBT people and people with HIV (pp. 1–26). New York: Lambda Legal.
   Google Scholar
• Lick, D. J., Durso, L. E., & Johnson, K. L. (2013). Minority stress and physical health among sexual minorities. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(5), 521–548. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613497965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahowald, L., Gruberg, S., & Halpin, J. (2020). The state of the LGBTQ Community in 2020: A national public opinion study. Center for American Progress (October 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Major, B., & O’Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393–421. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137
   Google Scholar
• Mandpe, A. S., Pandit, V. A., Dawane, J. S., & Patel, H. R. (2014). Correlation of disease knowledge with adherence to drug therapy, blood sugar levels and complications associated with disease among type 2 diabetic patients. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism, 5, 369. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000369
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2013). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(S), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/2329-0382.1.S.3
   Google Scholar
• Milner, G. E., & McNally, R. J. (2020). Nonadherence to breast and cervical cancer screening among sexual minority women: Do stigma-related psychological barriers play a role? Health Psychology, 39(10), 891–899. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitzel, L. D., Vanable, P. A., Brown, J. L., Bostwick, R. A., Sweeney, S. M., & Carey, M. P. (2015). Depressive symptoms mediate the effect of HIV-related stigmatization on medication adherence among HIV-infected men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 19(8), 1454–1459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1038-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitzel, L. D., Vanable, P. A., & Carey, M. P. (2019). HIV-related stigmatization and medication adherence: Indirect effects of disclosure concerns and depression. Stigma and Health, 4(3), 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000144
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morris, M., Cooper, R. L., Ramesh, A., Tabatabai, M., Arcury, T. A., Shinn, M., Im, W., Juarez, P., & Matthews-Juarez, P. (2019). Training to reduce LGBTQ-related bias among medical, nursing, and dental students and providers: A systematic review. BMC Medical Education, 19(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1727-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health. (2020). Strategic plan to advance research on the health and well-being of sexual & gender minorities: Fiscal years 2021–2025. https://dpcpsi.nih.gov/sites/default/files/SGMStrategicPlan_2021_2025.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Osterberg, L., & Blaschke, T. (2005). Adherence to medication. The New England Journal of Medicine, 353(5), 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra050100.
   Google Scholar
• New England Healthcare Institute. (2009). Thinking outside the pillbox: A system-wide approach to improving patient medication adherence for chronic disease. New England Health Care Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, T. Q., Bandeen-Roche, K., Bass, J. K., German, D., Nguyen, N. T., & Knowlton, A. R. (2016). A tool for sexual minority mental health research: The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a depressive symptom severity measure for sexual minority women in Viet Nam. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 20(2), 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2015.1080204.
   Google Scholar
• Pachankis, J. E., McConocha, E. M., Reynolds, J. S., Winston, R., Adeyinka, O., Harkness, A., Burton, C. L., Behari, K., Sullivan, T. J., Eldahan, A. I., Esserman, D. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Safren, S. A. (2019). Project ESTEEM protocol: A randomized controlled trial of an LGBTQ-affirmative treatment for young adult sexual minority men’s mental and sexual health. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7346-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachankis, J. E., Sullivan, T. J., Feinstein, B. A., & Newcomb, M. E. (2018). Young adult gay and bisexual men’s stigma experiences and mental health: An 8-year longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 54(7), 1381–1393. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.40.3.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis, A. C., Guerra, M. N., & Lencastre, L. M. (2013). Treatment adherence and subjective well-being in HIV/AIDS infection. AIDS Care, 25(12), 1604–1611. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.793276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, O. Z., Fridman, R., Rosen, B. T., Shane, R., & Pevnick, J. M. (2017). Medication adherence as a predictor of 30-day hospital readmissions. Patient Preference and Adherence, 11, 801–810. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S125672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabaté, E. (2003). Adherence to long-term therapies: Evidence for action. World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Sabin, J. A., Riskind, R. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2015). Health care providers’ implicit and explicit attitudes toward lesbian women and gay men. American Journal of Public Health, 105(9), 1831–1841. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safren, S. A., O’Cleirigh, C. M., Bullis, J. R., Otto, M. W., Stein, M. D., & Pollack, M. H. (2012). Cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) in HIV-infected injection drug users: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(3), 404–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer, P. J., Major, B., Casad, B. J., Townsend, S. S., & Mendes, W. B. (2012). Discrimination and the stress response: Psychological and physiological consequences of anticipating prejudice in interethnic interactions. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620
   Google Scholar
• Shi, Z., Chang, J., Ma, X., Yin, F., Ma, M., Li, W., Zhu, B., Ai, Z., & Zhao, X. (2021). The psychometric properties of general adherence scale in Chinese (GAS-C) in patients with type 2 diabetes using insulin. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 14, 801–811. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S286153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiu, C., Kim, H. J., & Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. (2017). Health care engagement among LGBT older adults: The role of depression diagnosis and symptomatology. The Gerontologist, 57(suppl 1), S105–S114. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S., & Durso, L. E. (2017). Widespread discrimination continues to shape LGBT people’s lives in both subtle and significant ways. Center for American Progress, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Szymanski, D. M. (2006). Does internalized heterosexism moderate the link between heterosexist events and lesbians’ psychological distress? Sex Roles, 54, 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9340-4
   Google Scholar
• Sirois, F. M., & Hirsch, J. K. (2019). Self-compassion and adherence in five medical samples: The role of stress. Mindfulness, 10(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0945-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmins, L., Rimes, K. A., & Rahman, Q. (2017). Minority stressors and psychological distress in transgender individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(3), 328–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000237
   Google Scholar
• Turan, B., Rogers, A. J., Rice, W. S., Atkins, G. C., Cohen, M. H., Wilson, T. E., Adimora, A. A., Merenstein, D., Adedimeji, A., Wentz, E. L., Ofotokun, I., Metsch, L., Tien, P. C., Johnson, M. O., Turan, J. M., & Weiser, S. D. (2017). Association between perceived discrimination in healthcare settings and HIV medication adherence: Mediating psychosocial mechanisms. AIDS and Behavior, 21(12), 3431–3439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1957-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Akker, M., van Steenkiste, B., Krutwagen, E., & Metsemakers, J. F. (2015). Disease or no disease? Disagreement on diagnoses between self-reports and medical records of adult patients. The European Journal of General Practice, 21(1), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.3109/13814788.2014.907266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voyles, C. H., & Sell, R. L. (2015). Continued disparities in lesbian, gay, and bisexual research funding at NIH. American Journal of Public Health, 105(S3), e1–e2. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, B. W., Joestl, S. S., Galinsky, A. M., & Dahlhamer, J. M. (2015). Peer reviewed: Selected diagnosed chronic conditions by sexual orientation: A National Study of US Adults, 2013. Preventing Chronic Disease, 12. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.150292
   Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in phys- ical and mental health: Socioeconomic status, stress, and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2(3), 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539700200305
   Google Scholar
• Williams, S. L., Job, S. A., Todd, E., & Braun, K. (2020). A critical deconstructed quantitative analysis: Sexual and gender minority stress through an intersectional lens. Journal of Social Issues, 76(4), 859–879. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, S. L., Mann, A. K., & Fredrick, E. G. (2017). Proximal minority stress, psycho- social resources, and health in sexual minorities. Journal of Social Issues, 73(3), 529–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12230
   Google Scholar
• Zolnierek, K. B. H., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2009). Physician communication and patient adherence to treatment: A meta-analysis. Medical Care, 47(8), 826–834. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31819a5acc
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar