559
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The intersection of race and financial strain: The pain of social disconnection among women in the United States

, , , &
Pages 38-48 | Received 20 Sep 2021, Accepted 03 Feb 2022, Published online: 28 Feb 2022

References

  • Anderson, G. O., & Thayer, C. E. (2018). Loneliness and social connections: A national survey of adults 45 and older. AARP Foundation.
  • Assari, S. (2019). Race, depression, and financial distress in a nationally representative sample of American adults. Brain Sciences, 9(2), 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9020029
  • Assari, S., Cobb, S., Saqib, M., & Bazargan, M. (2020). Economic strain deteriorates while education fails to protect Black older adults against depressive symptoms, pain, self-rated health, chronic disease, and sick days. Journal of Mental Health & Clinical Psychology, 4(2), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.29245/2578-2959/2020/2.1203
  • Barber, S. J., & Kim, H. (2021). COVID-19 worries and behavior changes in older and younger men and women. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(2), e17–e23. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa068
  • Bhatta, T., Roy, M., & Lekhak, N. (2018). The effects of “natural” disasters on older adults in south Asia: The case of intersectional identities. In G. W. Muschert, K. M. Budd, & M. Christian (Eds.), Global agenda for social justice (pp. 53–60). Policy Press.
  • Carr, D. (2020). COVID-19 and the long-standing vulnerabilities of older adults. Current History, 119(820), 323–325. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2020.119.820.323
  • Cohen-Mansfield, J., Hazan, H., Lerman, Y., & Shalom, V. (2016). Correlates and predictors of loneliness in older-adults: A review of quantitative results informed by qualitative insights. International Psychogeriatrics, 28(4), 557–576. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610215001532
  • Collins, P. H. (1993). Toward a new vision: Race, class, and gender as categories of analysis and connection. Race, Sex & Class, 1(1), 25–45.
  • Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
  • Cudjoe, T. K., Roth, D. L., Szanton, S. L., Wolff, J. L., Boyd, C. M., & Thorpe, R. J. Jr. (2020). The epidemiology of social isolation: National health and aging trends study. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 75(1), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby037
  • Davis, O., Fisher, B., Ghilarducci, T., & Radpour, S. (2020). A first in nearly 50 years, older workers face higher unemployment than mid-career workers. Status of Older Workers Report Series. Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis at The New School for Social Research.
  • De Leon, C. F. M., Rapp, S. S., & Kasl, S. V. (1994). Financial strain and symptoms of depression in a community sample of elderly men and women: A longitudinal study. Journal of Aging and Health, 6(4), 448–468. https://doi.org/10.1177/089826439400600402
  • Dhamoon, R. K., & Hankivsky, O. (2011). Why the theory and practice of intersectionality matter to health research and policy. In O. Hankivsky (Ed.), Health Inequities in Canada: Intersectional Frameworks and Practices, (pp. 16–50). Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press.
  • Division of Consumer and Community Affairs. (2020). Report on the economic well-being of US households in 2019, featuring supplemental data from April 2020. Federal Reserve Board. https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/2019-report-economic-well-being-us-households-202005.pdf
  • Ellwardt, L., Aartsen, M., Deeg, D., & Steverink, N. (2013). Does loneliness mediate the relation between social support and cognitive functioning in later life? Social Science & Medicine, 98, 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.002
  • Else-Quest, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2016). Intersectionality in quantitative psychological research: II. Methods and techniques. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316647953
  • Erving, C. L., Patterson, E. J., & Boone, J. (2021). Black women’s mental health matters: Theoretical perspectives and future directions. Sociology Compass, 15(9), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12919.
  • Gezici, A., & Ozay, O. (2020). An intersectional analysis of COVID-19 unemployment. Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 3(4), 270–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41996-020-00075-w
  • Gold, J. A., Rossen, L. M., Ahmad, F. B., S, P., Li, Z., Salvatore, P. P., Coyle, J. P., DeCuir, J., Baack, B. N., Durant, T. M., Dominguez, K. L., Henley, S. J., Annor, F. B., Fuld, J., Dee, D. L., Bhattarai, A., & Jackson, B. R. (2020). Race, ethnicity, and age trends in persons who died from COVID-19 - United States, May-August 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(42), 1517–1521. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6942e1
  • Goler, T. D., Bhatta, T. R., Lekhak, N., & Langa, N. (2021). Racial differences in self-appraisal, religious coping, and psychological well-being in later life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Elder Policy, 1(3), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.18278/jep.1.3.4
  • Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227.
  • Hawkley, L. C., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Masi, C. M., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008). From social structural factors to perceptions of relationship quality and loneliness: The Chicago health, aging, and social relations study. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(6), S375–S384. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/63.6.s375
  • House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Addison-Wesley.
  • Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655–672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027504268574
  • Hutchins, S. S., Fiscella, K., Levine, R. S., Ompad, D. C., & McDonald, M. (2009). Protection of racial/ethnic minority populations during an influenza pandemic. American Journal of Public Health, 99(S2), S261–S270. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161505
  • Jacobson, G., Feder, J. M., Radley, D. C. (2020). COVID-19’s impact on older workers: Employment, income, and Medicare spending. The Commonwealth Fund. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2020/oct/covid-19-impact-older-workers-employment-income-medicare
  • Kahn, J. R., & Pearlin, L. I. (2006). Financial strain over the life course and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47(1), 17–31.
  • Keith, V. M., & Brown, D. R. (2018). Mental health: an intersectional approach. In C. Froyum, B. J. Risman, & W. J. Scarborough (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of gender (pp. 131–142). Springer.
  • Kochhar, R., & Bennett, J. (2021). US labor market inches back from the COVID-19 shock, but recovery is far from complete. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/14/u-s-labor-market-inches-back-from-the-covid-19-shock-but-recovery-is-far-from-complete/
  • Krause, N. (2005). Exploring age differences in the stress-buffering function of social support. Psychology and Aging, 20(4), 714–717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.714
  • Li, Y., & Mutchler, J. E. (2020). Older adults and the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 32(4-5), 477–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2020.1773191
  • Lincoln, K. D., Chatters, L. M., & Taylor, R. J. (2005). Social support, traumatic events, and depressive symptoms among African Americans. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 67(3), 754–766. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00167.x
  • Lincoln, K. D., Taylor, R. J., & Chatters, L. M. (2013). Correlates of emotional support and negative interaction among African Americans and Caribbean Blacks. Journal of Family Issues, 34(9), 1262–1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12454655
  • Mackey, K., Ayers, C. K., Kondo, K. K., Saha, S., Advani, S. M., Young, S., Spencer, H., Rusek, M., Anderson, J., Veazie, S., Smith, M., & Kansagara, D. (2021). Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19-related infections, hospitalizations, and deaths: A systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 174(3), 362–373. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-6306
  • Morese, R., Lamm, C., Bosco, F. M., Valentini, M. C., & Silani, G. (2019). Social support modulates the neural correlates underlying social exclusion. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 14(6), 633–643. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz033
  • Nguyen, A. W., Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., & Mouzon, D. M. (2016). Social support from family and friends and subjective well-being of older African Americans. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(3), 959–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9626-8
  • Nguyen, A. W., Taylor, R. J., Taylor, H. O., & Chatters, L. M. (2020). Objective and subjective social isolation and psychiatric disorders among African Americans. Clinical Social Work Journal, 48(1), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-019-00725-z
  • Novacek, D. M., Hampton-Anderson, J. N., Ebor, M. T., Loeb, T. B., & Wyatt, G. E. (2020). Mental health ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic for Black Americans: Clinical and research recommendations. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(5), 449–451. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000796
  • Okechukwu, C. A., El Ayadi, A. M., Tamers, S. L., Sabbath, E. L., & Berkman, L. (2012). Household food insufficiency, financial strain, work-family spillover, and depressive symptoms in the working class: The Work, Family, and Health Network study. American Journal of Public Health, 102(1), 126–133. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300323
  • Perry, B. L., Aronson, B., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2021). Pandemic precarity: COVID-19 is exposing and exacerbating inequalities in the American heartland. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(8), e2020685118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020685118
  • Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2001). Influences on loneliness in older adults: A meta-analysis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23(4), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1207/153248301753225702
  • Polenick, C. A., Perbix, E. A., Salwi, S. M., Maust, D. T., Birditt, K. S., & Brooks, J. M. (2021). Loneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic among older adults with chronic conditions. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 40(8), 804–813. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464821996527
  • Rokach, A., Rosenstreich, E., Istaharov, G., Aryeh, I., & Brill, S. (2017). Do financial difficulties make it harder to deal with pain and loneliness? Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, 3, 1000S3001.
  • Rushovich, T., Boulicault, M., Chen, J. T., Danielsen, A. C., Tarrant, A., Richardson, S. S., & Shattuck-Heidorn, H. (2021). Sex disparities in COVID-19 mortality vary across US racial groups. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36(6), 1696–1701.
  • Santini, Z. I., Jose, P. E., Cornwell, E. Y., Koyanagi, A., Nielsen, L., Hinrichsen, C., Meilstrup, C., Madsen, K. R., & Koushede, V. (2020). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among older Americans (NSHAP): A longitudinal mediation analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 5(1), e62–e70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30230-0
  • Snowden, L. R., & Graaf, G. (2021). COVID-19, social determinants past, present, and future, and African Americans’ health. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 8(1), 12–20.
  • Stokes, E. K., Zambrano, L. D., Anderson, K. N., Marder, E. P., Raz, K. M., Felix, S. E., Tie, Y., & Fullerton, K. E. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 case surveillance—United States, January 22–May 30, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(24), 759–765. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6924e2.htm https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e2
  • Taylor, R. J., Chatters, L. M., Woodward, A. T., & Brown, E. (2013). Racial and ethnic differences in extended family, friendship, fictive Kin and Congregational Informal Support Networks. Family Relations, 62(4), 609–624. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12030
  • Tobin, C. S. T., Erving, C. L., & Barve, A. (2021). Race and SES differences in psychosocial resources: Implications for social stress theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 84(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272520961379
  • Trad, N. K., Wharam, J. F., & Druss, B. (2020). Addressing loneliness in the era of COVID-19. JAMA Health Forum, 1(6), e200631. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0631
  • Turner, J. B., & Turner, R. J. (2013). Social relations, social integration, and social support. In C. S., Aneshensel, J. C., Phelan & A. Bierman (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 341–356). Springer.
  • Wilkinson, L. R. (2016). Financial strain and mental health among older adults during the great recession. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71(4), 745–754. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw001
  • Wu, M., Yu, E., Kodali, A., Wang, K., Chen, R., Song, K., & Chen, A. (2021). Investigating the economic impacts of COVID-19 on the mental health of different demographics. SSRN.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.