REFERENCES
- AAMC. (2010). Enrollment, Graduates, and MD/PhD Data. http://www.aamc.org/data/facts/enrollmentgraduate/ Last accessed February 13, 2012 (http://www.aamc.org/data/facts/enrollmentgraduate/ Last accessed February 13, 2012)
- AAMC (2011). MD-PhD: Is it Right for Me? Training & Career Paths. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges. http://www.aamc.org/students/download/121086/data/mdphd_isitrightforme.pdf (http://www.aamc.org/students/download/121086/data/mdphd_isitrightforme.pdf) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Akst, J. (2010). Physician-scientists: vanishing? http://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/57191/ (http://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/57191/) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Anonymous. (2010). The CIHR Individual Grants Program. http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/cihrfunding/ (http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/cihrfunding/) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Bartels , S. J. , Lebowitz , B. D. , Reynolds 3rd , C. F. , Bruce , M. L. , Halpain , M. , Faison , W. E. and Kirwin , P. D. 2010 . Programs for developing the pipeline of early-career geriatric mental health researchers: Outcomes and implications for other fields . Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges , 85 : 26 – 35 .
- Bernoulli , R. 1994 . Paracelsus—Physician, reformer, philosophy, scientist . Experientia , 50 : 334 – 338 .
- Best , M. A. 2003 . Benjamin Franklin: Verification and Validation of the Scientific Process in Healthcare As Demonstrated by the Report of the Royal Commission of Animal Magnitism , Bloomington , IN : Trafford .
- Bloch , H. 1983 . William Charles Wells, M.D., F.R.S., 1757–1817. An American physician-scientist America almost forgot . New York State Journal of Medicine , 83 : 248 – 250 .
- Borges , N. J. , Navarro , A. M. , Grover , A. and Hoban , J. D. 2010 . How, when, and why do physicians choose careers in academic medicine? A literature review . Academic Medicine , 85 : 680 – 686 .
- Brass , L. F. , Akabas , M. H. , Burnley , L. D. , Engman , D. M. , Wiley , C. A. and Andersen , O. S. 2010 . Are MD-PhD programs meeting their goals? An analysis of career choices made by graduates of 24 MD-PhD programs . Academic Medicine , 85 : 692 – 701 .
- Brass , L. F. , Andersen , O. S. and Akabas , M. H. 2011 . The urgent need to increase support for the NIH's MD-PhD student fellowships: Reply . Academic Medicine , 86 : 277 – 278 .
- Brown , A. J. 2009 . “ Generation X and the millennials in academic medicine: Developing the next generation of physician-scientists ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A. I. 97 – 112 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Buckley , C. D. 2007 . Careers in clinical academic medicine: New opportunities or old threats? . Clinical Medicine , 7 : 79 – 81 .
- Cadman , E. C. 1994 . The academic physician-investigator—A crisis not to be ignored . Annals of Internal Medicine , 120 : 401 – 410 .
- Chen, J. C. (2011). National High School Journal of Science. http://nhsjs.com/ (http://nhsjs.com/) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- CIHR. (2011a). Follow-up to CIHR's Message to the Health Research Community from the Scientific Council of CIHR Regarding the Open Operating Grant (OOG) Competitions. http://secure.campaigner.com/Campaigner/Public/t.show?IDwP-6bpd-YiLSi4 (http://secure.campaigner.com/Campaigner/Public/t.show?IDwP-6bpd-YiLSi4) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- CIHR. (2011b). CIHR Peer Review Manual for Grant Applications. http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/4656.html (http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/4656.html) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- CIHR Scientific Council. (2010). Message to the Health Research Community from the Scientific Council of CIHR Regarding the OOG Competitions. http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/42857.html (http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/42857.html) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Cole , S. , Cole , J. R. and Simon , G. A. 1981 . Chance and consensus in peer review . Science , 214 : 881 – 886 .
- Coller , B. S. 2009 . “ Translational research and the physician-scientist ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A. I. 67 – 83 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Crist , T. B. , Barr , W. G. , Linas , S. L. and Zuckerman , K. S. 2004 . Using local solutions to address a national issue: ASP's recommendations to ensure the vitality of clinical research . American Journal of Medicine , 116 : 359 – 362 .
- Dennis , W. 1966 . Creative productivity between ages of 20 and 80 years . Journals of Gerontology , 21 : 1 – 8 .
- Dickler , H. B. , Di , F. , Heinig , S. J. , Johnson , E. and Korn , D. 2007 . New physician-investigators receiving National Institutes of Health research project grants: A historical perspective on the “endangered species.” . Journal of the American Medical Association , 297 : 2496 – 2501 .
- Donowitz , M. , Anderson , J. , Cominelli , F. and Germino , G. 2009 . “ The attrition of young physician-scientists: problems and potential solutions ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A. I. 193 – 207 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Emerson , S.G. , Meneely , P. and Punt , J. 2009 . “ Engaging undergraduate students in research: Sustaining our nation's pipeline of future biomedical investigators ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A.I. 113 – 119 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Forsdyke , D.R. 2000 . Tomorrow's Cures Today? How to Reform the Health Research System , London : Gordon & Breach .
- Freeman , R.B. 2006 . Does globalization of the scientific/engineering workforce threaten U.S. economic leadership? . Innovation Policy and the Economy , 6 : 123 – 157 .
- Goldsmith , L.A. 1992 . The physician-scientist. A vanishing oxymoron? . Archives of Dermatology , 128 : 474
- Gordon , R. 1993 . Grant agencies versus the search for truth . Accountability in Research , 2 : 297 – 301 .
- Gordon , R. and Poulin , B.J. 2009a . Indeed: Cost of the NSERC science grant peer review system exceeds the cost of giving every qualified researcher a baseline grant . Accountability in Research , 16 : 232 – 233 .
- Gordon , R. and Poulin , B.J. 2009b . Cost of the NSERC science grant peer review system exceeds the cost of giving every qualified researcher a baseline grant . Accountability in Research , 16 : 1 – 28 .
- Gordon, R. (2011). Cosmic Embryo #3: The ART of 3D Sun and Breast Cancer Imaging. http://www.science20.com/cosmic_embryo/cosmic_embryo_3_art_3d_sun_and_breast_cancer_imaging-75977 (http://www.science20.com/cosmic_embryo/cosmic_embryo_3_art_3d_sun_and_breast_cancer_imaging-75977) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Gunderman , R.B. and Kanter , S.L. 2008 . Perspective: “How to fix the premedical curriculum” revisited . Academic Medicine , 83 : 1158 – 1161 .
- Hauser , S.L. 2004 . The shape of things to come . Neurology , 63 : 948 – 950 .
- Henig , R.M. 2000 . The Monk in the Garden, The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor Mendel, the Father of Genetics , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
- Henke , P.K. 2003 . Collaboration based on the clinical model can help grow the physician-scientist . American Journal of Surgery , 185 : 42 – 44 .
- Howell , L.P. , Chen , C.Y. , Joad , J.P. , Green , R. , Callahan , E.J. and Bonham , A.C. 2010 . Issues and challenges of non-tenure-track research faculty: The UC Davis School of Medicine experience . Academic Medicine , 85 : 1041 – 1047 .
- Intel. (2011). About Intel > Corporate Responsibility > Education > Competitions. http://www.intel.com/about/corporateresponsibility/education/competitions/index.htm?iid=intel_inside_ed:science_head (http://www.intel.com/about/corporateresponsibility/education/competitions/index.htm?iid=intel_inside_ed:science_head) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Ioannidis , J.P.A. 2011 . Fund people not projects . Nature , 477 : 529 – 531 .
- Jagsi , R. and Tarbell , N.J. 2009 . “ Women as physician-scientists ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A.I. 84 – 96 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Kaushansky , K. 2009 . “ Mentoring physician-scientists: repairing the leaky pipeline ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A.I. 156 – 178 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Keller , E.F. 1983 . A Feeling for the Organism, The Life and Work of Barbara McClintock , New York : W. H. Freeman .
- Kissel, J. (2009). High school scientist's research published in medical journal. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09266/999916-54.stm (http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09266/999916-54.stm) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Korn , D. and Heinig , S.J. 2009a . “ Restoring and invigorating an “endangered species”: Initiatives by the Association of American Medical Colleges ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A.I. 208 – 226 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Korn , D. and Heinig , S.J. 2009b . “ The ecology of physician-scientists in academic medicine ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A.I. 50 – 66 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- LCME. (2008). LCME [Liaison Committee on Medical Education] Accreditation Standards (with annotations). http://www.lcme.org/functionslist.htm (http://www.lcme.org/functionslist.htm) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Ley , T.J. and Rosenberg , L.E. 2005 . The physician-scientist career pipeline in 2005—Build it, and they will come . Journal of the American Medical Association , 294 : 1343 – 1351 .
- Ley , T.J. 2009 . “ Demographics of the physician-scientist workforce: Impact of age, gender, degrees, and debt ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A.I. 39 – 49 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Loscalzo , J. 2006 . The NIH budget and the future of biomedical research . New England Journal of Medicine , 354 : 1665 – 1667 .
- Nathan , D.G. 2009 . “ A half century of clinical research ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A.I. 245 – 256 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- National Research Council . 2005 . Bridges to Independence: Fostering the Independence of New Investigators in Biomedical Research , Washington , DC : National Academies Press .
- Neilson , E.G. 2003 . The role of medical school admissions committees in the decline of physician-scientists . Journal of Clinical Investigation , 111 : 765 – 767 .
- NIH. (2011a). Research Supplements to Promote Re-Entry into Biomedical and Behavioral Research Careers. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/pa-08-191.html (http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/pa-08-191.html) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- NIH. (2011b). NIH Pathway to Independence Award (K99/R00). http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-09-036.html. (http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-09-036.html.) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Perry, M.J. (2010). Med School Grads Haven't Increased Since 1980; Nurses Can Help, But the AMA Protects Its Turf. http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2010/04/medical-school-grads-have-been-flat.html (http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2010/04/medical-school-grads-have-been-flat.html) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Pizzo , P.A. 2009 . “ The role of academic medical centers and medical schools in the training and support of physician-scientists ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A.I. 120 – 137 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Poulin , B.J. and Gordon , R. 2001 . How to organize science funding: The new Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR), an opportunity to vastly increase innovation . Canadian Public Policy , 27 : 95 – 112 .
- Rabinowitz , H.K. , Diamond , J.J. , Markham , F.W. and Wortman , J.R. 2008 . Medical school programs to increase the rural physician supply: A systematic review and projected impact of widespread replication . Academic Medicine , 83 : 235 – 243 .
- Reynolds , T. 2001 . Are physician-scientists a vanishing breed? . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 93 : 490 – 491 .
- Rodin , F.H. 1936 . Moses Maimonides: Great physician, scientist, and philosopher . Western Journal of Medicine , 44 : 192 – 196 .
- Roncari , D.A.K. , Salter , R.B. , Till , J.E. and Lowy , F.H. 1984 . Is the clinician scientist really vanishing: Encouraging results from a Canadian Institute of Medical Science . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 130 : 977 – 979 .
- Rosner , F. and Kottek , S.S. 1993 . Moses Maimonides : Physician, scientist, and philosopher , Northvale , NJ : J. Aronson .
- Royal Perth Hospital. (2005). 2005 Nobel Laureates, Professor Barry Marshall and Dr. Robin Warren. http://www.rph.wa.gov.au/nobel.html (http://www.rph.wa.gov.au/nobel.html) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Sales , C.S. and Schlaff , A.L. 2010 . Reforming medical education: a review and synthesis of five critiques of medical practice . Social Science and Medicine , 70 : 1665 – 1668 .
- Samarasinghe , R.A. 2011 . The urgent need to increase support for the NIH's MD-PhD student fellowships . Academic Medicine , 86 : 277
- Schafer , A.I. 2009a . “ Epilogue: looking forward ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A.I. 257 – 260 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Schafer, A.I. (2009b). How to Succeed as a Clinician Scientist in the Year 2009 and Beyond. [PowerPoint presentation]. http://www.afmr.org/files/2009/How-to-Succeed-as-a-Clinician-AFMR-Career-Development-Workshop.pdf (http://www.afmr.org/files/2009/How-to-Succeed-as-a-Clinician-AFMR-Career-Development-Workshop.pdf) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Schafer , A.I. 2009c . The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Schafer , A.I. 2009d . Revitalizing the nation's physician-scientist workforce: The Association of Professors of Medicine initiative , Edited by: Schafer , A.I. 227 – 244 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Schafer , A.I. 2009e . “ History of the physician as scientist ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A.I. 17 – 38 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Schafer , A.I. 2009f . “ Introduction ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A.I. 1 – 16 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Schafer , A.I. 2010 . The vanishing physician-scientist? . Translational Research , 155 : 1 – 2 .
- Schrier , R.W. 1998 . A Ph.D. in clinical science for physicians: One solution to the vanishing breed of the physician-scientist . Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians , 110 : 88 – 89 .
- Schwartz , A.L. and Hostetter , M.K. 2009 . “ Mentoring the physician-scientist: A developmental approach ” . In The Vanishing Physician-Scientist? , Edited by: Schafer , A.I. 179 – 192 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
- Schwartz , A.L. 2011 . Commentary: Physician-scientist attrition: Stemming the tide through national networks for training and development . Academic Medicine , 86 : 1071 – 1072 .
- Senior , K. 1999 . Are physician scientists close to extinction? . Molecular Medicine Today , 5 : 192
- Simon, I. (2011). MEDLines: Student Research Opportunities. http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/medicine/media/Standard_IS-14_-_Student_Research_Opportunities.pdf (http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/medicine/media/Standard_IS-14_-_Student_Research_Opportunities.pdf) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Simonton , D.K. 1997 . Creative productivity: A predictive and explanatory model of career trajectories and landmarks . Psychological Review , 104 : 66 – 89 .
- Sloan , A.W. 1978 . William Harvey, physician and scientist . South African Medical Journal , 54 : 247 – 252 .
- Smallwood, S. (2004). Doctor dropout: High attrition from Ph.D. programs is sucking away time, talent, and money and breaking some hearts, too. Chronicle of Higher Education (January 16). http://chronicle.com/article/Doctor-Dropout/33786 (http://chronicle.com/article/Doctor-Dropout/33786) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Smith , S.C. 1997 . The postdoc trap . University Affairs (Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada) , 38 : 16 – 17 .
- Stephan , P.E. and Levin , S.G. 1993 . Age and the Nobel Prize revisited . Scientometrics , 28 : 387 – 399 .
- Szabo , G. 2009 . The “health” and future of the physician-scientist in hepatology . Hepatology , 49 : 341 – 343 .
- Thomas , L. 1978 . Notes of a biology-watcher: How to fix premedical curriculum . New England Journal of Medicine , 298 : 1180 – 1182 .
- Vidyasagar , D. 2007 . Integrating international medical graduates into the physician-scientist pool: Solution to the problem of decreasing physician-scientists in the United States . Journal of Investigative Medicine , 55 : 406 – 409 .
- Wadman, M. (2011). NIH answers petitioners, defends grant review policy. http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2011/03/nih_defends_twostrikesandyoure.html (http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2011/03/nih_defends_twostrikesandyoure.html) (Accessed: 13 February 2012 ).
- Warren , J.R. and Marshall , B. 1983 . Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis . The Lancet , 321 : 1273 – 1275 .
- Weber , L.W. 2002 . Georgius Agricola (1494–1555): Scholar, physician, scientist, entrepreneur, diplomat . Toxicological Sciences , 69 : 292 – 294 .
- Wells , P.G. 2007 . Building a better pipeline: The case for undergraduates in gastrointestinal research . Gastroenterology , 133 : 740 – 741 .
- Wesson , D.E. 2007 . The Southern Society for Clinical Investigation contributes to the health of Academic Medical Centers . American Journal of Medical Science , 334 : 1 – 3 .
- Wingfield , B.D. 2010 . How long does it take to get a PhD? . South African Journal of Medicine , 106 : 1
- Wyngaarden , J.B. 1979 . The clinical investigator as an endangered species . New England Journal of Medicine , 301 : 1254 – 1259 .
- Wyngaarden , J.B. 1981 . The clinical investigator as an endangered species . Bulletins of the New York Academy of Medicine , 57 : 415 – 426 .
- Zemlo , T.R. , Garrison , H.H. , Partridge , N.C. and Ley , T.J. 2000 . The physician-scientist: Career issues and challenges at the year 2000 . FASEB Journal , 14 : 221 – 230 .