Whistle blowing and research integrity: Potential remedy for research misconduct in Malaysian institutions of higher education

References

• Ana, J., T. Koehlmoos, R. Smith, and L. L. Yan. 2013. “Research Misconduct in Low and Middle Income Countries.” PLoS Med 10 (3): e1001315. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.10001315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreas, D.C., N.S. Abraham, A.D. Naik, R. L. Street, and B.F. Sharf. 2010. “Understanding Risk Communication Through Patient Narratives about Complex Antithrombotic Therapies.” Qualitative Health Research 20 (8): 1155-1165. doi:10.1177/1049732310370154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody, R., J. Coulter, and P. Mihalek. 1998. “Whistleblowing; A Cross-Culture Comparison of Ethical Perceptions of US and Japanese Accounting Students.” American Business Review 16 (2): 14–21.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., J. Pant, and D. Sharp. 1993. “Culture-Based Ethical Conflicts Confronting Multinational Accounting Firm.” Accounting Horizons 7: 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Couzin, J. 2006. “And How the Problem Eluded Peer Reviews and Editors.” Science 311: 23–24. doi:10.1126/science.311.5757.23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin, M., and K. Gray. 2007. “In Their Own Words: A Qualitative Study of the Reasons Australian Students Plagiarize.” Higher Education Research & Development 26 (2): 181-198.
   Google Scholar
• Eastwood, S., P. Derish, E. Leash, and S. Ordway. 1996. “Ethical Issues in Biomedical Research: Perceptions and Practices of Postdoctoral Research Fellows Responding to a Survey.” Science Engineering and Ethics Journal 2: 89–114. doi:10.1007/BF02639320.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fischbach, R. L., and D. C. Gilbert. 1995. “The Ombudsman for Research Practice: A Proposal for A New Position and an Invitation to Comment.” Science and Engineering Ethics Journal 1: 389–402. doi:10.1007/BF02583257.
   Google Scholar
• Frader, J. E. 1992. "Political and Interpersonal Aspects of Ethics Consultation." Theoretical Medicine 13 (1): 31-44.
   Google Scholar
• Geggie, D. 2001. “A Survey of Newly Appointed Consultants’ Attitudes toward Research Fraud.” Journal of Medical Ethics 27: 344–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glazer, M. P., and P. M. Glazer. 1989. The Whistleblower: Exposing Corruption in Government and Industry. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Godlee, F., and E. Wager. 2012. “Research Misconduct in the UK.” British Medical Journal 344: d8357. doi:10.1136/bmj.d8357.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunsalus, C. K. 1998. “Preventing the Need for Whistle Blowing: Practical Advice for University Administrators.” Science and Engineering Ethics Journal 5: 229–250.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, C. 1996. “Whistleblower Woes.„ Science 271: 35.
   Google Scholar
• Judson, H. F. 2004. The Great Betrayal: Fraud in Science. New York, NY: Harcourt.
   Google Scholar
• Kalichman, M. W., and P. J. Friedman. 1992. “A Pilot Study of Biomedical Trainees’ Perceptions Concerning Research Ethics.” Academic Medicine 67: 769–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaptein, M. 2011. “From Inaction to External Whistle Blowing: The Influence of the Ethical Culture of Organizations on Employee Responses to Observed Wrongdoing.” Journal of Business Ethics 98 (3): 513–530. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0591-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenan, J. P. 2002. “Comparing Indian and American Managers on Whistle Blowing.” Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 14 (2–3): 79–89. doi:10.1023/A:1021171520620.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J., and K. Park. 2013. “Ethical Modernization: Research Misconduct and Research Ethics Reforms in Korea following the Hwang Affair.” Science and Engineering Ethics Journal 19: 355–380. doi:10.1007/s11948-011-9341-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, G. III 2000. “The Implications of Differences in Cultural Attitudes and Style of Communication on Peer Reporting Behavior.” Cross Cultural Management-An International Journal 7 (2): 11–17. doi:10.1108/13527600010797066.
   Google Scholar
• Kornfeld, D. S. 2012. “Research Misconduct: The Search for a Remedy.” Academic Medicine 87 (7): 877–882. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e318257ee6a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubalin, J., M.E. Ardined, and J.L. Matheson. 1995. Consequences of whistleblowing for the whistleblower in misconduct in science cases. Report prepared for the Office of Research Integrity by the Research Triangle Institute. http://ori.dhhs.gov/documents/consequences.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Lubalin, J. S., and J. L. Matheson. 1999. “The Fallout: What Happens to Whistleblower and Those Accused but Axenorated of Scientific Misconduct?” Science and Engineering Ethics Journal 15: 229–250. doi:10.1007/s11948-999-0014-9.
   Google Scholar
• Malek, J. 2010. “To Tell or Not to Tell? the Ethical Dilemma of the Would-Be Whistleblower.” Accountability in Research 17: 115–129. doi:10.1080/08989621003791929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, J. (2015). Smiling Tiger, Hidden Dragon. Why Asian Avoid Conflict? www.leadership.com.sg/partnership/why-smiling-tiger-hidden-dragon-why-asians-avoid-conflict/#.W_tk59R968o
   Google Scholar
• Nylenna, M., D. Andersen, G. Dahlquist, M. Sarvas, and A. Aakvaag. 1999. “Handling of Scientific Dishonesty in the Nordic Countries. National Committees on Scientific Dishonesty in the Nordic Countries.” Lancet 354: 57–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okonta, P., and T. Rossouw. 2013. “Prevalence of Scientific Misconduct among a Group of Researchers in Nigeria.” Developing World of Bioethics 13 ((3)): 149–157. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8847.2012.00339.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Research Integrity (ORI). (1995). Consequences of whistle blowing for the whistle blower in misconduct in science cases-Final report. 1995. http://ori.hhs.gov/consequenceswhistleblowing-whistleblower-misconduct-science-cases-finalreport-1995.
   Google Scholar
• Rennie, D. 1998. “An American Perspective on Research Integrity.” British Medical Journal 316 (7146): 1726–1733.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Resnik, D. B., and Z. Master. 2013. “Policies and Initiatives Aimed at Addressing Research Misconduct in High-Income Countries.” PLoS Medicine 10 (3): e1001406. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R., and J. J. Strain. 2004. “Whistleblowing in Academic Medicine.” Journal of Medical Ethics 30: 35–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schein, E. 2004. Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, J. J., D. Johnson, D. Morris, and D. Drynes. 1993. “An Investigation of the Reporting of Questionable Acts in International Setting.” Journal of Accounting Research 31 (sup.): 75–103. doi:10.2307/2491165.
   Google Scholar
• Shamoo, A. S., and D. B. Resnik. 2009. Responsible Conduct of Research. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shuchman, M. 2000. “Consequences of Blowing the Whistle in Medical Research.” Annals of Internal Medicine 131: 1013–1015. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-132-12-200006200-00102.
   Google Scholar
• Steneck, N. H. 2006. “Fostering Integrity in Research: Definitions, Current Knowledge and Future Directions.” Science and Engineering Ethics Journal 12 (1): 53–74. doi:10.1007/s11948-006-0006-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swazey, J., M. Anderson, and K. Lewis. 1993. “Ethical Problems in Academic Research.” Academic Science 81: 542–543.
   Google Scholar
• Tavakoli, A. A., J. P. Keenan, and B. Crnjak-Karanovic. 2003. “Culture and Whistle Blowing: An Empirical Study of Croatian and US Managers Utilizing Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions.” Journal of Business Ethics 43 (1/2): 49–64. doi:10.1023/A:1022959131133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavare, A. 2011. “Managing Research Misconduct: Is Anyone Getting It Right?” British Medical Journal 343: 2821d. doi:10.1136/bmj.d8212.
   Google Scholar
• Titus, S. L., J. A. Wells, and L. J. Rhoades. 2008. “Repairing Research Integrity.” Nature 453: 980–982. doi:10.1038/453980a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, N. (2010). Difficulties in Defining Errors in case against Harvard Researcher. New York Times, October 26, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Weick, K. 1995. Sense Making in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Yaakob, O. (2014). Embrace Responsible Conduct of Research. News Straits Times. December 7. http://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/embrace-responsible-conduct-research?d=1
   Google Scholar