A comparison of policy provisions for managing “financial” and “non-financial” interests across health-related research organizations: A qualitative content analysis

References

• Ahn, R., A. Woodbridge, A. Abraham, S. Saba, D. Korenstein, E. Madden, W. J. Boscardin, and S. Keyhani. 2017. “Financial Ties of Principal Investigators and Randomized Controlled Trial Outcomes: Cross Sectional Study.” BMJ 356: i6770. doi:10.1136/bmj.i6770.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American College of Chest Physicians. 2018. CHEST Conflict of Interest Policy. Glenview, IL: American College of Chest Physicians.
   Google Scholar
• Bero, L. A., and Q. Grundy. 2016. “Why Having a (Nonfinancial) Interest Is Not a Conflict of Interest.” PLOS Biology 14 (12): e2001221. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bero, L. A., and Q. Grundy. 2018. “Not All Influences on Science are Conflicts of Interest.” American Journal of Public Health 108 (5): 632–633. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BMJ. 2014. “BMJ Policy on Declaration of Interests.” Accessed July 12. https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/attachments/resources/2011/07/bmjpolicyondeclarationofinterestsmarch2014.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Buse, K., N. Mays, and G. Walt 2012. Making Health Policy. 2nd ed. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill Education.
   Google Scholar
• Campsall, P., K. Colizza, S. Straus, and H. T. Stelfox. 2016. “Financial Relationships between Organizations that Produce Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Biomedical Industry: A Cross-sectional Study.” PLOS Medicine 13 (5): e1002029. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Cochrane Collaboration. 2014. Commercial Sponsorship Policy. London, UK: Cochrane.
   Google Scholar
• Daou, K. N., M. B. Hakoum, A. M. Khamis, L. Bou-Karroum, A. Ali, J. R. Habib, A. T. Semaan, G. Guyatt, and E. A. Akl. 2018. “Public Health Journals’ Requirements for Authors to Disclose Funding and Conflicts of Interest: A Cross-sectional Study.” BMC Public Health 18 (1): 533. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5456-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedman, L. 2019. “E.P.A. Broke Rules in Shake-up of Science Panels, Federal Watchdog Says.” New York Times, July 16, 10, A. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/15/climate/epa-advisory-panels-gao-report.html?auth=login-email&login=email
   Google Scholar
• Graham, T., P. Alderson, and T. Stokes. 2015. “Managing Conflicts of Interest in the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Clinical Guidelines Programme: Qualitative Study.” PloS ONE 10 (3): e0122313–e0122313. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy, Q., C. Mayes, K. Holloway, S. Mazzarello, B. D. Thombs, and L. Bero. 2020. “Conflict of Interest as Ethical Shorthand: Understanding the Range and Nature of “Non-financial Conflict of Interest” in Biomedicine.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 120: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.12.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt, G., E.A. Akl, J. Hirsh, C. Kearon, M. Crowther, D. Gutterman, S.Z. Lewis, I. Nathanson, R. Jaeschke, and H. Schnemannet al. 2010. “The Vexing Problem of Guidelines and Conflict of Interest: A Potential Solution.” Annals of Internal Medicine 152 (11): 738–741. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, C., A.Lundh, K.Rasmussen, and A. Hróbjartsson. 2019. “Financial Conflicts of Interest in Systematic Reviews: Associations with Results, Conclusions, and Methodological Quality.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8. doi:10.1002/14651858.MR000047.pub2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris, P. A., R. Taylor, R. Thielke, J. Payne, N. Gonzalez, and J. G. Conde. 2009. “Research Electronic Data Capture (Redcap) - A Metadata-driven Methodology and Workflow Process for Providing Translational Research Informatics Support.” Journal of Biomedical Informatics 42 (2): 377–381. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T., J. Thomas, J. Chandler, M. Cumpston, T. Li, M.J. Page, and V.A. Welch, eds. 2019. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 6.0 (Updated July 2019). Cochrane. www.training.cochrane.org/handbook
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (IOM). 2009. Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education and Practice. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine Committee on Standards for Developing Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines (IOM). 2011. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Tust. Edited by R. Graham, M. Mancher, D. Miller Wolman, S. Greenfield, and E. Steinberg. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). 2018. “Recommendations.” ICMJE. Accessed January 29. http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/
   Google Scholar
• Ioannidis, J. A., and J. F. Trepanowski. 2018. “Disclosures in Nutrition Research: Why It Is Different.” JAMA 319 (6): 547–548. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.18571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAMA Network. 2019. “Instructions for Authors.” JAMA Network. Accessed January 15. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/pages/instructions-for-authors
   Google Scholar
• Khamis, A. M., M. B. Hakoum, L. Bou-Karroum, J. R. Habib, A. Ali, G. Guyatt, F. El-Jardali, and E. A. Akl. 2017. “Requirements of Health Policy and Services Journals for Authors to Disclose Financial and Non-financial Conflicts of Interest: A Cross-sectional Study.” Health Research Policy and Systems 15 (1): 80. doi:10.1186/s12961-017-0244-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lenzer, J. 2016. “When Is a Point of View a Conflict of Interest?” BMJ 355. doi:10.1136/bmj.i6194.
   Google Scholar
• Lundh, A., J. Lexchin, B. Mintzes, J.B. Schroll, and L. Bero. 2017. “Industry Sponsorship and Research Outcome.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2: MR000033. doi:10.1002/14651858.MR000033.pub3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morciano, C., V. Basevi, C. Faralli, M. Hilton Boon, S. Tonon, and D. Taruscio. 2016. “Policies on Conflicts of Interest in Health Care Guideline Development: A Cross-sectional Analysis.” PLoS ONE 11 (11): e0166485. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napierala, H., L. Schäfer, G. Schott, N. Schurig, and T. Lempert. 2018. “Management of Financial Conflicts of Interests in Clinical Practice Guidelines in Germany: Results from the Public Database GuidelineWatch.” BMC Medical Ethics 19 (1): 65. doi:10.1186/s12910-018-0309-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2003. Policy on Committee Composition and Balance and Conflicts of Interest. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Optimizing the Process for Establishing Dietary Guidelines for Americans: The Selection Process. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• National Health and Medical Research Council. 2018. “Identifying and Managing Conflicts of Interest.” Australian Government. Accessed July 19. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelinesforguidelines/plan/identifying-and-managing-conflicts-interest
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 2018. Policy on Declaring and Managing Interests for NICE Advisory Committees. London, UK: NICE.
   Google Scholar
• Nature Research. 2018. “Competing Interests.” Springer Nature Limited. Accessed November 22. https://www.nature.com/nature-research/editorial-policies/competing-interests
   Google Scholar
• Neumann, I., R. Karl, A. Rajpal, E. A. Akl, and G. H. Guyatt. 2013. “Experiences with A Novel Policy for Managing Conflicts of Interest of Guideline Developers: A Descriptive Qualitative Study.” Chest 144 (2): 398–404. doi:10.1378/chest.12-2390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, S. L., H. K. Holmer, B. U. Burda, L. A. Ogden, and R. Fu. 2012. “Conflict of Interest Policies for Organizations Producing a Large Number of Clinical Practice Guidelines.” PLoS One 7 (5): e37413. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palys, T. 2008. “Purposive Sampling,” pp. 697-8. In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods, edited by L. M. Given. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• PLoS Medicine. 2019. “Competing Interests.” Accessed July 12. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/s/competing-interests
   Google Scholar
• Pruitt, S. E. 2017. Directive: Strengthening and Improving Membership on EPA Federal Advisory Committees. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Qaseem, A., and T. J. Wilt. 2019. “Disclosure of Interests and Management of Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Guidelines and Guidance Statements: Methods from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians.” Annals of Internal Medicine 171 (5): 354–361. doi:10.7326/M18-3279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodwin, M. 2018. “Attempts to Redefine Conflicts of Interest.” Accountability in Research 25 (2): 67–78. doi:10.1080/08989621.2017.1405728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal Australasian College of Physicians. 2018. Guidelines for Ethical Relationships between Healthcare Professionals and Industry. Sydney, NSW: RACP.
   Google Scholar
• Saver, R. S. 2012. “Is It Really All about the Money? Reconsidering Non-financial Interests in Medical Research.” The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40 (3): 467–481. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00679.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schott, G., K. Lieb, J. König, B. Mühlbauer, W. Niebling, H. Pachl, S. Schmutz, and W.-D. Ludwig. 2015. “Declaration and Handling of Conflicts of Interest in Guidelines: A Study of S1 Guidelines from German Specialist Societies from 2010-2013.” Deutsches Arzteblatt International 112 (26): 445–451. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schunemann, H. J., L. A. Al-Ansary, F. Forland, S. Kersten, J. Komulainen, I. B. Kopp, F. Macbeth, S. M. Phillips, C. Robbins, and P. van der Wees. 2015. “Guidelines International Network: Principles for Disclosure of Interests and Management of Conflicts in Guidelines.” Annals of Internal Medicine 163 (7): 548–553. doi:10.7326/M14-1885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schunemann, H. J., M. Osborne, J. Moss, C. Manthous, G. Wagner, L. Sicilian, J. Ohar, S. McDermott, L. Lucas, and R. Jaeschke. 2009. “An Official American Thoracic Society Policy Statement: Managing Conflict of Interest in Professional Societies.” American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 180 (6): 564–580. doi:10.1164/rccm.200901-0126ST.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shawwa, K., R. Kallas, S. Koujanian, A. Agarwal, I. Neumann, P. Alexander, K. A. O. Tikkinen, G. Guyatt, and E. A. Akl. 2016. “Requirements of Clinical Journals for Authors? Disclosure of Financial and Non-financial Conflicts of Interest: A Cross Sectional Study.” PLoS ONE 11 (3): e0152301. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2019. Policies and Procedures for Handling Conflicts of Interest with FDA Advisory Committee Members, Consultants, and Experts. Silver Spring, MD: US FDA.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. General Services Administration. 1972. Federal Advisory Committee Act. 5 U.S.C. app.Washington D.C.: U.S. General Services Administration.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). 2015. US. Preventive Services Task Force Procedure Manual. Rockville MD: USPSTF.
   Google Scholar
• Viswanathan, M., T.S. Carey, S.E. Belinson, E. Berliner, S. Chang, E. Graham, J.M. Guise, S.S. Ip, M.A. Maglione, D. McCrory, M. McPheeters, S.J. Newberry, P. Sista, and C.M. White. 2013. Identifying and Managing Nonfinancial Conflicts of Interest for Systematic Reviews. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
   Google Scholar
• Viswanathan, M., T. S. Carey, S. E. Belinson, E. Berliner, S. M. Chang, E. Graham, J.-M. Guise, S. Ip, M. A. Maglione, and D. C. McCrory. 2014. “A Proposed Approach May Help Systematic Reviews Retain Needed Expertise while Minimizing Bias from Nonfinancial Conflicts of Interest.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 67 (11): 1229–1238. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.02.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, A. T., C.P. McCoy, M.H. Murad, and V.M. Montori. 2010. “Association between Industry Affiliation and Position on Cardiovascular Risk with Rosiglitazone: Cross Sectional Systematic Review.” BMJ: 340. doi:10.1136/bmj.c1344.
   Google Scholar
• Wiersma, M., I. Kerridge, and W. Lipworth. 2018. “Dangers of Neglecting Non-financial Conflicts of Interest in Health and Medicine.” Journal of Medical Ethics 44 (5): 319–322. doi:10.1136/medethics-2017-104530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiersma, M., I. Kerridge, W. Lipworth, and M. Rodwin. 2018. “Should We Try to Manage Non-financial Interests?” BMJ 361: k1240. doi:10.1136/bmj.k1240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Association of Medical Editors (WAME). 2009. “Conflict of Interest in Peer-reviewed Medical Journals.” WAME. Accessed July 12. http://wame.org/conflict-of-interest-in-peer-reviewed-medical-journals
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). 2014. Handbook for Guideline Development. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar