Selecting measures for the neurodevelopmental assessment of children in low- and middle-income countries

References

• Abedi, A., Malekpour, M., Oraizi, H., Faramarzi, S., & Paghale, S. J. (2012). Standardization of the neuropsychological test of NEPSY on 3–4 years old children. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 18, 52–60.
   Google Scholar
• Abubakar, A., Holding, P., Van Baar, A., Newton, C. R. J. C., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2008). Monitoring psychomotor development in a resource-limited setting: An evaluation of the Kilifi Developmental Inventory. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 28, 217–226. doi:10.1179/146532808X335679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achenbach, T. M. (2010). The multicultural supplement to the manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles ADM modules for ages 1 1/2-5 with multicultural options. Burlington, VT: ASEBA.
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach, T. M., & McConaughy, S. H. (2003). The Achenbach system of empirically based assessment. In C. R. Reynolds & R. W. Kamphaus (Eds.), Handbook of psychological and educational assessment of children: Personality, behavior, and context (Vol. 2, pp. 406–432). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Agiloti, S. M., & Liuzza, M. T. (2011). Social and cultural neuroscience: At the intersection between brain and social sciences. Sistemi Intelligenti, 23, 359–366.
   Google Scholar
• Albores-Gallo, L., Lara-Munoz, C., Esperon-Vargas, C., Cardenas Zetina, J. A., Perez Soriano, A. M., & Villanueva, C. G. (2007). Validity and reliability of the CBCL/6–18. Includes DSM scales. Actas Espanolas De Psiquiatria, 35, 393–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, A. B., Finestone, M., Eloff, I., Sipsma, H., Makin, J., Triplett, K., … Forsyth, B. W. C. (2014). The role of parenting in affecting the behavior and adaptive functioning of young children of HIV-infected mothers in South Africa. AIDS and Behavior, 18, 605–616. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0544-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual 5. New York, NY: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, P., Anderson, V., Northam, E., & Taylor, H. G. (2000). Standardization for the Contingency Naming Test (CNT) for school-aged children: A measure of reactive flexibility. Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment, 1, 247–273.
   Google Scholar
• Armecin, G., Gehrman, J., Duazo, P., Ghuman, S., Gultiano, S., King, E. M., & Lee, N. (2006, May 1). Early childhood development through an integrated program: Evidence from the Philippines. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3922. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=917493
   Google Scholar
• Bangirana, P., Menk, J., John, C. C., Boivin, M. J., & Hodges, J. S. (2013). The association between cognition and academic performance in Ugandan children surviving malaria with neurological involvement. PLoS Medicine, 8, e55653. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055653
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangirana, P., Musisi, S., Boivin, M. J., Ehnvall, A., John, C. C., Bergemann, T. L., & Allebeck, P. (2011). Malaria with neurological involvement in Ugandan children: Effect on cognitive ability, academic achievement and behaviour. Malaria Journal, 10, 334–341. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangirana, P., Nakasujja, N., Giordani, B., Opoka, R. O., John, C. C., & Boivin, M. J. (2009). Reliability of the Luganda version of the Child Behavior Checklist in measuring behavioural problems after cerebral malaria. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 3, 38–41. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-3-38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bangirana, P., Opoka, R. O., Boivin, M. J., Idro, R., Hodges, J. S., & John, C. C. (2016). Neurocognitive domains affected by cerebral malaria and severe malarial anemia in children. Learning and Individual Differences, 46, 38–44. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangirana, P., Opoka, R. O., Boivin, M. J., Idro, R., Hodges, J. S., Shapiro, E., … John, C. C. (2014). Severe malarial anemia is associated with long-term neurocognitive impairment. Clinical Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangirana, P., Seggane-Musisi, C., Allebeck, P., Giordani, B., John, C. C., Opoka, O. R., … Boivin, M. J. (2009). A preliminary examination of the construct validity of the KABC-II in Ugandan children with a history of cerebral malaria. African Health Sciences, 9, 186–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayley, N. (2005). Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (screening test). San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Beery, K. E. (1997). The Visual-Motor Integration Test (4th ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
   Google Scholar
• Beery, K. E., & Buktenica, N. A. (1997). Beery-Buktenica developmental test of visual-motor integration (4th ed.). Wilmington, DE: Wide Range.
   Google Scholar
• Bhave, A., Bhargava, R., & Kumar, R. (2010). Development and validation of a new Lucknow Development Screen for Indian Children aged 6 months to 2 years. Journal of Child Neurology, 25, 57–60. doi:10.1177/0883073809336121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birbeck, G. L., Molyneux, M. E., Kaplan, P. W., Seydel, K. B., Chimalizeni, Y., Kawaza, K., & Taylor, T. E. (2010). Blantyre Malaria Project Epilepsy Study (BMPES) of neurological outcomes in retinopathy-positive paediatric cerebral malaria survivors: A prospective cohort study. Lancet, 9, 1173–1181. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70270-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin, M. J. (2002). Effects of early cerebral malaria on cognitive ability in Senegalese children. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 23, 353–364. doi:10.1097/00004703-200210000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin, M. J., Bangirana, P., Byarugaba, J., Opoka, R. O., Idro, R., Jurek, A. M., & John, C. C. (2007). Cognitive impairment after cerebral malaria in children: A prospective study. Pediatrics, 119, e360–366. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin, M. J., Bangirana, P., Nakasujja, N., Page, C., Shohet, C., Givon, D., … Klein, P. S. (2013). A year-long caregiver training program to improve neurocognition in preschool Ugandan HIV-exposed children. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 34, 269–278. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e318285fba9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin, M. J., Busman, R. A., Sujal, M., Parikh, A., Bangirana, P., Page, C. F., … Giordani, B. (2010). A pilot study of the neuropsychological benefits of computerized cognitive rehabilitation in Ugandan children with HIV. Neuropsychology, 24, 667–673. doi:10.1037/a0019312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin, M. J., & Giordani, B. (2009). Neuropsychological assessment of African children: Evidence for a university basis to cognitive ability. In J. Y. Chiao (Ed.), Cultural neuroscience: Cultural influence on brain function (pp. 113–135). New York: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Boivin, M. J., Gladstone, M. J., Vokhiwa, M., Birbeck, G. L., Magen, J. G., Page, C., … Taylor, T. E. (2011). Developmental outcomes in Malawian children with retinopathy-positive cerebral malaria. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 16, 263–271. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02704.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin, M. J., Okitundu, D., Makila-Mabe Bumoko, G., Sombo, M.-T., Mumba, D., Tylleskar, T., … Tshala-Katumbay, D. (2013). Neuropsychological effects of konzo: A neuromotor disease associated with poorly processed cassava. Pediatrics, 131, e1231–1239. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracken, B. A. (2008). Bracken basic concept scale-revised. San Antonio, TX: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Brinkman, S. A., Silburn, S., Lawrence, D., Goldfeld, S., Sayers, M., & Oberklaid, F. (2007). Investigating the validity of the Australian Early Development Index. Early Education and Development, 18, 427–451.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T., & Lalor, A. (2009). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children – Second Edition (MABC-2): A review and critique. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics, 29, 86–103. doi:10.1080/01942630802574908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruininks, R. H., & Bruininks, B. D. (2005). Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency – Second Edition. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Bumoko, G. M., Sadiki, N. H., Rwatambuga, A., Kayembe, K. P., Okitundu, D. L., Mumba, N. D., … Tshala-Katumbay, D. (2015). Lower serum levels of selenium, copper, and zinc are related to neuromotor impairments in children with konzo. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 349, 149–153. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkey, M. D., Murray, S. M., Bangirana, P., Familiar, I., Opoka, R. O., Nakasujja, N., Boivin, M., & Bass, J. K. (2015). Executive function and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Uganadan children with perinatal HIV exposure. Global Mental Health, 2, e4–e16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiao, J. Y. (2010). At the frontier of cultural neuroscience: Introduction to the special issues. Scan, 5, 109–110.
   Google Scholar
• Chiao, J. Y., Hariri, A. R., Harada, T., Mano, Y., Sadato, N., Parrish, T. B., & Iidaka, T. (2010). Theory and methods in cultural neuroscience. Cultural Neuroscience, 5, 356–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopra, G., Verma, I. C., & Seetharaman, P. (1999). Development and assessment of a screening test for detecting childhood disabilities. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 66, 331–335. doi:10.1007/BF02845517
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chow, W., Gokiert, R., Parsa, B., & Rajani, N. (2009). Cross-cultural lessons: Early childhood developmental screening and approaches to research and practice. Edmonton, AB: Community University Partnership.
   Google Scholar
• Conners, C. K. (2004). Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT II). Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Dalen, K., Jellestad, F., & Kamaloodien, K. (2007). The translation of the NEPSY-II to Afrikaans, some ethical reflections. Cognitie, Creier, Compartament, 11, 609–620.
   Google Scholar
• de Andraca, I. P. P., de La Parra, A., & Rivera y Marcwla, F. (1998). Risk factors for psychomotor development among infants born under optimal biological conditions. Journal of Public Health, 32, 479–487.
   Google Scholar
• de Andraca, I. P. P., de La Parra, A., & Rivera y Marcwla, F. (1998). Risk factors for psychomotor development among infants born under optimal biological conditions. Journal of Public Health, 32, 479–487.
   Google Scholar
• Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (1994). The California Verbal Learning Test: Children’s Version. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, A. (1990). The development and neural bases of memory functions as indexed by the AB and delayed response tasks in human infants and infant monkeys. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 608, 267–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, D. M. (2007). Peabody picture vocabulary test. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Durkin, M. S., Hasan, Z. M., & Hasan, K. M. (1995). The ten questions screen for childhood disabilities: Its uses and limitations in Pakistan. Epidemiology, 5, 283–289. doi:10.1097/00001648-199405000-00005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, C. D., Murray, D. J., & Pearson, L. S. (1983). British ability scales. London: nfer-nelson.
   Google Scholar
• Engle, P., Black, M. M., Cabral del Mello, M., Gertler, P. J., Kapiriri, L., & Martorell, R., …International Child Development Steering Group. (2007). Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world. Lancet, 369, 229–242. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60112-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Familiar, I., Murray, S., Ruisenor-Escudero, H., Sikorskli, A., Nakasujja, N., Boivin, M., … & Bass, J. K. (2015). Socio-demographic correlates of depression and anxiety among female caregivers living with HIV in rural Uganda. AIDS care. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/09540121.2016.1191609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenson, L., Marchman, V. A., Thal, D. J., Dale, P. S., Reznick, J. S., & Bates, E. (2007). MacArthur-Bates communicative development inventories. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Fernald, L. C. H., Kariger, P., Engle, P., & Raikes, A. (2009). Examining early child development in low-income countries: A toolkit for the assessment of children in the first five years of life. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandes, M., Stein, A., Newton, C. R., Cheikh-Ismail, L., Kihara, M., Wulff, K., … Villar, J. (2014). The INTERGROWTH-21st project neurodevelopment package: A novel method for the multi-dimensional assessment of neurodevelopment in preschool age children. PLoS One, 9, 1–34. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, V. J., Morris, J., & Martines, J. (2014). Developmental screening tools: Feasibility of use at primary healthcare level in low- and middle-income settings. Journal of Health and Popular Nutrition, 32, 314–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, J. M. (1985). Memory for verbal and nonverbal stimuli in learning disability subgroups: Analysis by selective reminding. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 40, 244–259. doi:10.1016/0022-0965(85)90088-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankenburk, W. K., Dodds, J., Archer, P., Bresnick, B., Maschaka, P., Edelman, N., & Shapiro, H. (1990). Denver II screening manual. Denver: Denver Developmental Materials Incorporated.
   Google Scholar
• Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, K., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Giordani, B., Boivin, M. J., Opel, B., Nseyila, D. N. D., & Lauer, R. E. (1996). Use of the KABC with children in Zaire, Africa: An evaluation of the sequential-simultaneous processing distinction within an intercultural context. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 43, 5–24. doi:10.1080/0156655960430102
   Google Scholar
• Gladstone, M., Lancaster, G., Umar, E., Nyirenda, M., Kayira, E., Van den Broek, N., & Smyth, R. L. (2009). Perspectives of normal child development in rural Malawi – a qualitative analysis to create a more culturally appropriate developmental assessment tool. Child Care, Health, and Development, 36, 346–353. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.01008.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladstone, M., Lancaster, G., Umar, E., Nyrienda, M., Kayira, E., Van den Broek, N., & Smyth, R. L. (2010). The Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT): The creation, validation, and reliability of a tool to assess child development in rural African settings. PLoS Medicine, 7, 1–13. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, D., Shapiro, E., & Nelson, C. A. (2004). Measurement of vigilance in 2-year-old children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 25, 227–250. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2503_1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grantham-McGregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., Strupp, B., & International Child Development Steering. (2007). Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. The Lancet, 369, 60–70. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. M. (1989). Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA). Los Alamitos: Universal Attention Disorders.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. M., Kindschi, C. L., & Corman, C. M. (2000). Test of Variables of Attention: Clinical guide. Los Alamitos, CA: Universal Attention Disorders.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, R. (1976). Griffiths mental development scales. London: Test Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, R. (1984). The abilities of young children. Amersham: ARICD.
   Google Scholar
• Grover, V. M., & Sebate, M. (2005). Grover-counter scale of cognitive development. Johannesburg: Mindmuzik Media.
   Google Scholar
• Hagie, M. U., Gallipo, P. L., & Svien, L. (2003). Traditional culture versus traditional assessment for American Indian students: An investigation of potential test item bias. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 29, 15–25. doi:10.1177/073724770302900103
   Google Scholar
• Hamadani, J. D., Tofail, F., Nermell, B., Gardner, R., Shiraji, S., Bottai, M., … Vahter, M. (2011). Critical windows of exposure for arsenic-associated impairment of cognitive function in pre-school girls and boys: A population-based cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40, 1593–1604. doi:10.1093/ije/dyr176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haataja, L., McGready, R., Arunjerdja, R., Simpson, J. A., Mercuri, E., Nosten, F., & Dubowitz, L. (2002). A new approach for neurological evaluation of infants in resource-poor settings. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 22, 355–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haussler, I. M., & Marchant, T. (1980). TEPSI test of psychomotor development 2–5 years (Vol. 8). Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Catolica.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, S. E., & Sugden, D. A. (1992). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC). New York, NY: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, S. E., Sugden, D. A., & Barnett, A. L. (2007). Movement Assessment Battery for Children – Second Edition. London: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Heydon, R. M., & Iannacci, L. (2008). Early childhood curricula and the de-pathologizing of childhood. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holding, P. A., Taylor, H. G., Kazungu, S. D., Mkala, T., Gona, J., Mwamuye, B., … Stevenson, J. (2004). Assessing cognitive outcomes in a rural African population: Development of a neuropsychological battery in Kilifi District, Kenya. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 246–260. doi:10.1017/S1355617704102166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, C. C., Bangirana, P., Byarugaba, J., Opoka, R. O., Idro, R., Jurek, A. M., … Boivin, M. J. (2008). Cerebral malaria in children is associated with long-term cognitive impairment. Pediatrics, 122, e92–99. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, C. M., Johnson, A. L., Hughes, S. J., & Shapiro, E. G. (2008). The Color Object Association Test (COAT): The development of a new measure of declarative memory for 18- to 36-month-old toddlers. Child Neuropsychology, 14, 21–41. doi:10.1080/09297040601100430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, N. Z., Muslima, H., Begum, D., Shilpi, A. B., Akhter, S., Bilkis, K.,… Darmstadt, G. L. (2010). Validation of the rapid Neurodevelopmental Assessment Instrument for under two year old children in Bangladesh. Pediatrics, 125, 755–762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kammerer, B., Isquith, P. K., & Lundy, S. (2013). Approaches to assessment of very young children in Africa in the context of HIV. In M. J. Boivin & B. Giordani (Eds.), Neuropsychology of children in Africa: Perspectives on risk and resilience (pp. 17–36). New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kashala, E., Elgen, I., Sommerfelt, K., & Tylleskar, T. (2005). Teacher ratings of mental health among school children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 14, 208–215. doi:10.1007/s00787-005-0446-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004). Kaufman assessment battery for children-2. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
   Google Scholar
• King, G. A., Law, M., King, S., Hurley, P., Hanna, S., Kertoy, M., & Rosenbaum, P. (2006). Measuring children’s participation in recreation and leisure activities: Construct validation of the CAPE and PAC. Child Care, Health, and Development, 33, 28–39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00613.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, G. A., Law, M., King, S., Hurley, P., Hanna, S., Kertoy, M., & Young, N. (2004). Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) and Preferences for Activities of Children (PAC). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
   Google Scholar
• Kirova, A., & Hennig, K. (2013). Culturally responsive assessment practices: Examples from an intercultural multilingual early learning program for newcomer children. Power and Education, 5, 106–119. doi:10.2304/power
   Google Scholar
• Kitsao-Wekulo, P. K., Holding, P. A., Taylor, H. G., Abubakar, A., & Connolly, K. (2012). Neuropsychological testing in a rural African school-age population: Evaluating contributions to variability in test performance. Assessment, 20, 776–784. doi:10.1177/1073191112457408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolling, T., Lamm, B., Vierhaus, M., Knopf, M., Lohaus, A., Fassbender, I., … Keller, H. (2014). Differential development of motor abilities in western middle-class and Cameroonian Nso infants. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 1502–1508. doi:10.1177/0022022114542976
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkman, M., Kirk, S., & Kirk, U. (2007). NEPSY II. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, I., Singh, A. R., Y Akhtar, S. (2009). Social development of children with mental retardation. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 18, 56–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lansdown, R. G., Goldstein, H., Shah, P. M., Orley, J. H., Di, G., Kaul, K. K., … Reddy, V. (1996). Culturally appropriate measures for monitoring child development at family and community level: A WHO collaborative study. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 74, 283–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughton, B. (2010). The reliability of the Molteno Adapted Scale in predicting developmental outcomes at 2 years, in prematurely born very low birth weight infants (MS). University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
   Google Scholar
• Leung, P. W. L., Kwong, S. L., Tang, C. P., Ho, T. P., Hung, S. F., Lee, C. C., … Liu, W. S. (2006). Test-retest reliability and criterion validity of the Chinese version of CBCL, TRF, and YSR. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 47, 970–973. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01570.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livesey, D., Coleman, R., & Piek, J. (2007). Performance on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children by Australian 3- to 5-year-old children. Child: Care, Health, and Development, 33, 713–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luciana, M., & Nelson, C. A. (2002). Assessment of neuorpsychological function through the use of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery: Performance in 4- to 12-year-old children. Developmental Psychology, 22, 595–624.
   Google Scholar
• Luciana, M., Sullivan, J., & Nelson, C. A. (2001). Individual differences in the phenylalanine to tyrosine rations moderate cognitive outcomes in adolescents treated early and continuously for PKU. Child Development, 72, 1637–1652. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luiz, D. M., Foxcroft, C. D., & Povey, J.-L. (2006). The Griffiths scales of mental development: A factorial validity study. South African Journal of Psychology, 36, 192–214. doi:10.1177/008124630603600111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malda, M., van de Vijver, F. J., Srinivasan, K., Transler, C., & Sukumar, P. (2010). Traveling with cognitive tests: Testing the validity of a KABC-II adaptation in India. Assessment, 17, 107–115. doi:10.1177/1073191109341445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, M., Pradhan, S. K., & Prasuna, J. G. (2007). Screening for psychosocial development among infants in an urban slum of Delhi. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 74, 841–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manly, T., Nimmo-Smith, I., Watson, P., Anderson, V., Turner, A., & Robertson, I. H. (2001). The differential assessment of children’s attention: The Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-ch), normative sample and ADHD performance. Journal of Child Psychology, 42, 1056–1081. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manly, T., Robertson, I. H., Anderson, V., & Nimmo-Smith, I. (1999). The Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-ch). Bury St. Edmunds: Thames Valley Test.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, D. (1972). McCarthy scales of children’s abilities. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Mireku, M. O., Boivin, M. J., Davidson, L. L., Ouedraogo, J. B., Koura, G. K., Alao, M. J., … Bodeau-Livinec, F. (2015). Impact of helminth infection during pregnancy on cognitive and motor functions of one-year-old children. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseaes, 9, E0003463. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica, C. M., Maruff, P., & Vance, A. (2004). Development of a statistical approach to classifying treatment response in individual children with ADHD. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 19, 445–456. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen, E. M. (1995). Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Torrance, CA: WPS.
   Google Scholar
• Mung’ala-Odera, V., & Newton, C. R. J. C. (2007). Identifying children with neurological impairment and disability in resource-poor countries. Child Care, Health, and Development, 33, 249–256. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00714.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mung’ala-Odera, V., Njuguna, M. R., Mturi, N., Alcock, K., Carter, J. A., & Newton, C. R. J. C. (2004). Validity and reliability of the Ten Questions Questionnaire for detecting moderate to severe neurological impairment in children aged 6–9 years in rural Kenya. Neuroepidemiology, 23, 67–72. doi:10.1159/000073977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munir, S. Z., Zaman, S., & McConachie, H. (1999). Development of an independent behaviour assessment scale for Bangladesh. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 12, 241–252. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1468-3148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, C. J., & Lopez, A. D. (1997). Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global burden of disease study. The Lancet, 349(9063), 1436–1442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07495-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair, M. K. C., George, B., Philip, E., Lekshmi, M. A., Haran, J. C., & Sathy, N. (1991). Trivadrum developmental screening chart. Indian Pediatric, 28, 869–872.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nampijja, M., Apule, B., Lule, S., Akurut, H., Muhangi, L., Elliott, A. M., & Alcock, K. J. (2010). Adaptation of Western measures of cognition for assessing 5-year-old semi-urban Ugandan children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 15–30. doi:10.1348/000709909X460600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngoun, C., Stoey, L. S., Van't Ende, K., & Kumar, V. (2012). Creating a Cambodia-specific developmental milestone screening tool--A pilot study. Early Human Development, 88, 379–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nokes, C., McGarvey, S. T., Shiue, L., Wu, G., Wu, H., Bundy, A. P., & Olds, G. R. (1999). Evidence for an improvement in cognitive function following treatment of Schistosoma japonicum infection in Chinese primary school children. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 60, 556–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noll, R. B., Patel, S. K., Embry, L., Hardy, K. K., Pelletier, W., Annett, R. D., … Barakat, L. P. (2013). Children’s oncology group’s 2013 blueprint for research: Behavioral science. Pediatric Blood Cancer, 60, 1048–1054. doi:10.1002/pbc.24421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakland, T. (2007). How universal are test development and use? In E. L. Grigorenko (Ed.), Multicultural psychoeducational assessment (pp. 1–40). New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Ogunnaike, O. A., & Houser, R. F., Jr. (2002). Yoruba toddlers’ engagement in errands and cognitive performance on the Yoruba Mental Subscale. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 145–153. doi:10.1080/01650250042000708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oiberman, A., Orellana, L. C., & Mansilla, M. (2006, September 9). Evaluacion de la inteligencia en bebes argentinos: Escala Argentina de Inteligencia Sensorimotriz (p. 201).
   Google Scholar
• Petrides, M., & Milner, B. (1981). Deficits on subject-ordered tasks after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia, 20, 249–262. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(82)90100-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phatak, A. T., & Khurana, B. (1991). Baroda Development Screening Test for infants. Indian Pediatrics, 28, 31–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pienaar, A. E., Barhorst, R., & Twisk, J. W. (2014). Relationships between academic performance, SES school type, and perceptual motor skills in first grade South African learners: NW-CHILD study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 40, 370–378. doi:10.1111/cch.12059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prado, E. L., Abubakar, A., Abbeddou, S., Jimenez, E. Y., Some, J. W., & Ouedraogo, J. B. (2013). Extending the developmental milestones checklist for use in a different context in Sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Paediatrica, 103, 447–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prado, E. L., Hartini, S., Rahmawati, A., Ismayani, E., Hidayati, A., Hikmah, N., … Alcock, K. J. (2010). Test selection, adaptation, and evaluation: A systematic approach to assess nutritional influences on child development in developing countries. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 31–53. doi:10.1348/000709909X470483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., & Raven, J. (1998). Manual for Raven’s Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales: Section 2. The Colored Progressive Matrices. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, J., Hatton, C., Emerson, E., & Yasamy, M. T. (2012). The identification of children with, or at significant risk of, intellectual disabilities in low- and middle-income countries: A review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 25, 99–118. doi:10.1111/jar.2012.25.issue-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roid, G. H. (2003). Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales. Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Roid, G. H., & Miller, L. J. (1997). Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised. Naperville, IL: Stoelting.
   Google Scholar
• Rosselli, M., & Ardila, A. (2003). The impact of culture and education on nonverbal neuropsychological measurements: A critical review. Brain and Cognition, 52, 326–333. doi:10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00170-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruffieux, N., Njamnshi, A. K., Mayer, E., Sztajzel, R., Eta, S. C., Doh, R. F., … Hauert, C.-A. (2010). Neuropsychology in Cameroon: First normative data for cognitive tests among school-aged children. Child Neuropsychology, 16, 1–19. doi:10.1080/09297040902802932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruisenor-Escudero, H., Familiar, I., Nakasujja, N., Bangirana, P., Opoka, R., Giordani, B., & Boivin, M. (2015). Immunological correlates of behavioral problems in school-aged children living with HIV in Kayunga, Uganda. Global Mental Health, 2, 1–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakti, H., Nokes, C., Subagio, W. H., Hendratino, S., Hall, A., Bundy, D. A., et al. (1999). Evidence of an association between hookworm infection and cognitive function in Indonesian school children. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 4, 322–334. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00410.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattler, J. M. (2001). Assessment of children: Cognitive approaches. San Diego: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Sayers, M. (2004). The Australian Early Development Index, Building better communities for children. Every Child, 10.
   Google Scholar
• Schatz, P., & Zillmer, E. A. (2003). Computer-based assessment of sports-related concussion. Applied Neuropsychology, 10, 42–47. doi:10.1207/S15324826AN1001_6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonhaut, L., Rojas, P., & Kaempffer, R. (2005). Risk factors associated with developmental delay in preschool children from a low income urban/rural community of Santiago, Chile. Review of Chile Pediatrica, 76, 589–598.
   Google Scholar
• Schutt, R. K., Seidman, L. J., & Keshavan, M. S. (2015). Social neuroscience: Brain, mind, and society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Serpell, R., & Jere-Folotiya, J. (2011). Basic education for children with special needs in Zambia: Progress and challenges in the translation of policy into practice. Psychology & Developing Societies, 23, 211–245. doi:10.1177/097133361102300204
   Google Scholar
• Shallice, T. (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 298, 199–209. doi:10.1098/rstb.1982.0082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, E. G. (2010). Early Childhood Vigilance Test. Unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Soleimani, F., & Dadkhah, A. (2006). Validity and reliability of Infant Neurological International Battery for detection of gross motor developmental delay in Iran. Child: Care, Health, and Development, 33, 262–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Balla, D. A. (2005). Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (2nd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Spinazzola, J., Ford, J. D., Zucker, M., van der Kolk, B. A., Silva, S., Smith, S. S., & Blaustein, M. (2005). Survey evaluates complex trauma exposure, outcome, and intervention among children and adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 35, 433–439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squires, J. (2009). Ages and stages questionnaire (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Syvaoja, H. J., Tammelin, T. H., Ahonen, T., Rasanen, P., Tovanen, A., Kankaanpaa, A., & Kantomaa, M. T. (2015). Internal consistency and stability of the CANTAB neuropsychological test battery in children. Psychological Assessment, 27, 698–709. doi:10.1037/a0038485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombokan-Runtukahu, J., & Nitko, A. J. (1992). Translation, cultural adjustment, and validation of a measure of adaptive behavior. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 13, 481–501. doi:10.1016/0891-4222(92)90004-P
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toplak, M. E., Bucciarelli, S. M., Jain, U., & Tannock, R. (2008). Executive functions: Performance-based measures of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) in adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Neuropsychology, 1, 53–72. doi:10.1080/09297040802070929
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Meerbeke, A. V., Talero-Gutierrez, C., & Gonzalez-Reyes, R. (2007). Prevalence of delayed neurodevelopment in children from Bogota, Colombia. Neuroepidemiology, 29, 74–77. doi:10.1159/000109499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Widenfelt, B. M., Treffers, P. D. A., De Beurs, E., Siebelink, B. M., & Koudijs, E. (2005). Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of assessment instruments used in psychological research with children and families. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8(2), 135. doi:10.1007/s10567-005-4752-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazir, S., Naidu, A. N., Vidyasagar, P., Lansdown, R. G., & Reddy, V. (1994). Screening Test Battery for Assessment of Psychosocial Development. Indian Pediatric, 31, 1465–1475.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vierhaus, M., Lohaus, A., Kolling, T., Teubert, M., Keller, H., Fassbender, I., … Schwarzer, G. (2011). The development of 3- to 9-month-old infants in two cultural contexts: Bayley longitudinal results for Cameroonian and German infants. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 8, 349–366. doi:10.1080/17405629.2010.505392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visu-Petra, L., Benga, O., & Miclea, M. (2007). Dimensions of attention and executive functioning in 5- to 12-year-old children: Neuropsychological assessment with the NEPSY battery. Cognitie Creier Comportament, 11, 585–608.
   Google Scholar
• Vriezen, E. R., & Pigott, S. (2002). The relationship between parental report on the BRIEF and performance-based measures of executive function in children with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 296–303. doi:10.1076/chin.8.4.296.13505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, S. P., Wachs, T. D., Gardner, J. M., Lozoff, B., Wasserman, G. A., & Pollitt, E., … Group, International Child Development Steering. (2007). Child development: Risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. Lancet, 369, 145–157. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60076-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) (4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Westerman, R., Darby, D. G., Maruff, P., & Collie, A. (2001). Computer-assisted cognitive function assessment in pilots: How and why? Australian Defence Force Health Journal, 2, 29–36.
   Google Scholar
• Wirz, S., Edwards, K., Flower, J., & Yousafzai, A. (2005). Field testing of the ACCESS materials: A portfolio of materials to assist health workers to identify children with disabilities and offer simple advice to mothers. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 28, 293–302. doi:10.1097/00004356-200512000-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodcock, R. W., McGrew, K. S., & Mather, N. (2001a). Woodcock-Johnson III Test of Cognitive Abilities. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Woodcock, R. W., McGrew, K. S., & Mather, N. (2001b). Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement. Itasca, IL: Riverside.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2011). Development data – Malawi. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/country/malawi
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2015). Updated income classifications. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2007). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF): Child and Youth Version. Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar