References
- Ahmed, F. S., & Stephen Miller, L. (2011). Executive function mechanisms of theory of mind. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(5), 667–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1087-7
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013) . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
- Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A., & Frith, U. (1985). The autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognitive Development, 21(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8
- Beer, J. S., John, O. P., Scabini, D., & Knight, R. T. (2006). Orbitofrontal cortex and social behavior: Integrating self-monitoring and emotion-cognition interactions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(6), 871–879. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.6.871
- Berenguer, C., Miranda, A., Colomer, C., Baixauli, I., & Roselló, B. (2018). Contribution of theory of mind, executive functioning, and pragmatics to socialization behaviors of children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(2), 430–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3349-0
- Best, J., & Miller, P. (2010). A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Development, 81(6), 1641–1660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x
- Bierman, K. L., Nix, R. L., Greenberg, M. T., Blair, C., & Domitrovich, C. E. (2008). Executive functions and school readiness intervention: Impact, moderation, and mediation in the Head Start REDI program. Development and Psychopathology, 20(3), 821–843. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000394
- Bitsika, V., & Sharpley, C. F. (2019). Effects of diagnostic severity upon sex differences in behavioural profiles of young males and females with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(11), 4429–4440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04159-x
- Bora, E., & Pantelis, C. (2016). Meta-analysis of social cognition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Comparison with healthy controls and autistic spectrum disorder. Psychological Medicine, 46(4), 699–716. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002573
- Bruni, T. P. (2014). Test review: Social responsiveness Scale–Second Edition (SRS-2). Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 32(4), 365–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282913517525
- Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J., & Breton, C. (2002). How specific is the relation between executive function and theory of mind? Contributions of inhibitory control and working memory. Infant and Child Development, 11(2), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.298
- Carmo, J. C., Duarte, E., Pinho, S., Marques, J. F., & Filipe, C. N. (2015). Verbal fluency as a function of time in autism spectrum disorder: An impairment of initiation processes? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 37(7), 710–721. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2015.1062082
- Carmo, J. C., Duarte, E., Souza, C., Pinho, S., & Filipe, C. N. (2017). Brief report: Testing the impairment of initiation processes hypothesis in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(4), 1256–1260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3031-6
- Chaytor, N., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2003). The ecological validity of neuropsychological tests: A review of the literature on everyday cognitive skills. Neuropsychology Review, 13(4), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:NERV.0000009483.91468.fb
- Chouinard, B., Gallagher, L., & Kelly, C. (2019). He said, she said: Autism spectrum diagnosis and gender differentially affect relationships between executive functions and social communication. Autism, 23(7), 1793–1804. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318815639
- Christ, S. E., Kanne, S. M., & Reiersen, A. M. (2010). Executive function in individuals with subthreshold autism traits. Neuropsychology, 24(5), 590–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019176
- Colvert, E., Custance, D., & Swettenham, J. (2002). Rule-based reasoning and theory of mind in autism: A commentary on the work of Zelazo, Jacques, Burack and Frye. Infant and Child Development, 11(2), 197–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.305
- Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2005). Social responsive scale (SRS) manual. Western Psychological Services.
- Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2012). Social responsiveness scale: SRS-2. Western Psychological Services.
- Craig, F., Margari, F., Legrottaglie, A. R., Palumbi, R., de Giambattista, C., & Margari, L. (2016). A review of executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 1191–1202. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S104620
- De Vries, M., Prins, P. J. M., Schmand, B. A., & Geurts, H. M. (2015). Working memory and cognitive flexibility-training for children with an autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 56(5), 566–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12324
- Dean, M., Harwood, R., & Kasari, C. (2017). The art of camouflage: Gender differences in the social behaviors of girls and boys with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 21(6), 678–689. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316671845
- Demetriou, E. A., Lampit, A., Quintana, D. S., Naismith, S. L., Song, Y. J. C., Pye, J. E., Hickie, I., & Guastella, A. J. (2017). Autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of executive function. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(5), 1198–1204. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.75
- Di Martino, A., O’Connor, D., Chen, B., Alaerts, K., Anderson, J. S., Assaf, M., Balsters, J. H., Baxter, L., Beggiato, A., Bernaerts, S., Blanken, L. M. E., Bookheimer, S. Y., Braden, B. B., Byrge, L., Castellanos, F. X., Dapretto, M., Delorme, R., Fair, D. A., Fishman, I., Gallagher, L., Joanne Jao Keehn, R., Kennedy, D. P., Lainhart, J. E., Luna, B., Mostofsky, S. H., Müller, R.-A., Nebel, M. B., Nigg, J. T., O’Hearn, K., Solomon, M., Toro, R., Vaidya, C. J., Wenderoth, N., White, T., Craddock, R. C., Lord, C., Leventhal, B., & Milham, M. P. (2017). Enhancing studies of the connectome in autism using the autism brain imaging data exchange II. Scientific Data, 4(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.10
- Dimaggio, G., Lysaker, P. H., Carcione, A., Nicolò, G., & Semerari, A. (2008). Know yourself and you shall know the other … to a certain extent: Multiple paths of influence of self-reflection on mindreading. Consciousness and Cognition, 17(3), 778–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.02.005
- Dworzynski, K., Ronald, A., Bolton, P., & Happé, F. (2012). How different are girls and boys above and below the diagnostic threshold for autism spectrum disorders? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(8), 788–797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.05.018
- Elliott, C. D., Salerno, J. D., Dumont, R., & Willis, J. O. (2018). The differential ability scales—second edition. In (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: theories. tests, and issues (p. 360–382). The Guilford Press.
- Faja, S., & Nelson Darling, L. (2019). Variation in restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests relates to inhibitory control and shifting in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 23(5), 1262–1272. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318804192
- Fisher, N., & Happé, F. (2005). A training study of theory of mind and executive function in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(6), 757–771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-0022-9
- Freeman, L. M. M., Locke, J., Rotheram-Fuller, E., & Mandell, D. (2017). Brief report: Examining executive and social functioning in elementary-aged children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(6), 1890–1895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3079-3
- Gardiner, E., & Iarocci, G. (2017). Everyday executive function predicts adaptive and internalizing behavior among children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 11(2), 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1877
- Geurts, H., Sinzig, J., Booth, R., & HappÉ, F. (2014). Neuropsychological heterogeneity in executive functioning in autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 60(3), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047387714y.0000000047
- Gioia, G. A. (2000). Behavior rating inventory of executive function: Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Incorporated.
- Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Kenworthy, L., & Barton, R. M. (2002). Profiles of everyday executive function in acquired and developmental disorders. Child Neuropsychology, 8 (2), 121–137. https://doi.org/10.1076/chin.8.2.121.8727.
- Golshan, F., Soltani, A., & Afarinesh, M. R. (2019). The study of executive function domains in children with high-functioning autism. Learning and Motivation, 67(August), 101578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2019.101578
- Gotham, K., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2009). Standardizing ADOS scores for a measure of severity in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(5), 693–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0674-3
- Happé, F., Booth, R., Charlton, R., & Hughes, C. (2006). Executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Examining profiles across domains and ages. Brain and Cognition, 61(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2006.03.004
- Harrop, C., Shire, S., Gulsrud, A., Chang, Y.-C., Ishijima, E., Lawton, K., & Kasari, C. (2015). Does gender influence core deficits in ASD? An investigation into social-communication and play of girls and boys with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(3), 766–777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2234-3
- Hill, E. L. (2004a). Evaluating the theory of executive dysfunction in autism. Developmental Review, 24(2), 189–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2004.01.001
- Hill, E. L. (2004b). Executive dysfunction in autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.11.003
- Hiller, R. M., Young, R. L., & Weber, N. (2014). Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder based on DSM-5 criteria: Evidence from clinician and teacher reporting. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(8), 1381–1393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9881-x
- Hughes, C. (1998). Executive function in preschoolers: Links with theory of mind and verbal ability. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16(2), 233–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.1998.16.issue-2
- Hughes, C., Russell, J., & Robbins, T. W. (1994). Evidence for executive dysfunction in autism. Neuropsychologia, 32(4), 477–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(94)90092-2
- Hus, V., Bishop, S., Gotham, K., Huerta, M., & Lord, C. (2013). Factors influencing scores on the social responsiveness scale. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 54(2), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02589.x
- Hus, V., Gotham, K., & Lord, C. (2014). Standardizing ADOS domain scores: Separating severity of social affect and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2400–2412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1719-1
- Hutchison, S. M., Müller, U., & Iarocci, G. (2019). Parent reports of executive function associated with functional communication and conversational skills among school age children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03958-6
- Ickes, W., Holloway, R., Stinson, L. L., & Hoodenpyle, T. G. (2006). Self-monitoring in social interaction: The centrality of self-affect. Journal of Personality, 74(3), 659–684. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00388.x
- Kenworthy, L., Anthony, L. G., Naiman, D. Q., Cannon, L., Wills, M. C., Luong-Tran, C., Werner, M. A., Alexander, K. C., Strang, J., Bal, E., Sokoloff, J. L., & Wallace, G. L. (2014). Randomized controlled effectiveness trial of executive function intervention for children on the autism spectrum. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 55(4), 374–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12161
- Kenworthy, L., Black, D. O., Harrison, B., Della Rosa, A., & Wallace, G. L. (2009). Are executive control functions related to autism symptoms in high-functioning children? Child Neuropsychology, 15(5), 425–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297040802646983
- Kenworthy, L., Yerys, B. E., Anthony, L. G., & Wallace, G. L. (2008). Understanding executive control in autism spectrum disorders in the lab and in the real world. Neuropsychology Review, 18(4), 320–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-008-9077-7
- Kimhi, Y., Shoam-Kugelmas, D., Agam Ben-Artzi, G., Ben-Moshe, I., & Bauminger-Zviely, N. (2014). Theory of mind and executive function in preschoolers with typical development versus intellectually able preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(9), 2341–2354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2104-z
- Kleinhans, N., Akshoomoff, N., & Delis, D. C. (2005). Executive functions in autism and Asperger’s disorder: Flexibility, fluency, and inhibition the color-word interference test, trail making test, verbal fluency test, and design fluency test from the Delis–Kaplan executive function system (Delis). Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(3), 379–401. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2703_5
- Korkman, M., Kirk, U., & Kemp, S. (2007). NEPSY–second edition. Harcourt Assessment.
- Kuriakose, S. (2014). Concurrent validity of the WISC-IV and DAS-II in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 32(4), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282913511051
- Lai, C. L. E., Lau, Z., Lui, S. S. Y., Lok, E., Tam, V., Chan, Q., Cheng, K. M., Lam, S. M., & Cheung, E. F. C. (2017). Meta-analysis of neuropsychological measures of executive functioning in children and adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 10(5), 911–939. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1723
- Leonard, H. C., & Hill, E. L. (2014). Review: The impact of motor development on typical and atypical social cognition and language: A systematic review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(3), 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12055
- Leung, R. C., Vogan, V. M., Powell, T. L., Anagnostou, E., & Taylor, M. J. (2015). The role of executive functions in social impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Child Neuropsychology, 7049(March), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2015.1005066
- Lopez, B. R., Lincoln, A. J., Ozonoff, S., & Lai, Z. (2005). Examining the relationship between executive functions and restricted, repetitive symptoms of Autistic Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(4), 445–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-5035-x
- Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., Risi, S., Gotham, K., & Bishop, S. (2012). Autism diagnostic observation schedule: ADOS-2. Western Psychological Services.
- Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview-revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(5), 659–685. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02172145
- Mcauley, T., Chen, S., Goos, L., Schachar, R., & Crosbie, J. (2010). Is the behavior rating inventory of executive function more strongly associated with measures of impairment or executive function? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(3), 495–505. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617710000093
- Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24(1), 167–202. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167
- Miller, H. L., Ragozzino, M. E., Cook, E. H., Sweeney, J. A., & Mosconi, M. W. (2015). Cognitive set shifting deficits and their relationship to repetitive behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(3), 805–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2244-1
- Miranda, A., Berenguer, C., Roselló, B., Baixauli, I., & Colomer, C. (2017). Social cognition in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. associations with executive functions. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1035. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01035
- Mosconi, M. W., Kay, M., D’Cruz, A.-M., Seidenfeld, A., Guter, S., Stanford, L. D., & Sweeney, J. A. (2009). Impaired inhibitory control is associated with higher-order repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders. Psychological Medicine, 39(9), 1559–1566. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708004984
- Mundy, P., Sullivan, L., & Mastergeorge, A. M. (2009). A parallel and distributed-processing model of joint attention, social cognition and autism. Autism Research, 2(1), 2–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.61
- Ozonoff, S., & McEvoy, R. E. (1994). A longitudinal study of executive function and theory of mind development in autism. Development and Psychopathology, 6(3), 415–431. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006027
- Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1991). Executive function deficits in high‐functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32(7), 1081–1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x
- Pellicano, E. (2007). Links between theory of mind and executive function in young children with autism: Clues to developmental primacy. Developmental Psychology, 43(4), 974–990. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.974
- Pellicano, E. (2012). The development of executive function in autism. Autism Research and Treatment, 2012, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/146132
- Pugliese, C. E., Anthony, L. G., Strang, J. F., Dudley, K., Wallace, G. L., Naiman, D. Q., & Kenworthy, L. (2016). Longitudinal examination of adaptive behavior in autism spectrum disorders: Influence of executive function. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(2), 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2584-5
- Ratto, A. B., Kenworthy, L., Yerys, B. E., Bascom, J., Wieckowski, A. T., White, S. W., Wallace, G. L., Pugliese, C., Schultz, R. T., Ollendick, T. H., Scarpa, A., Seese, S., Register-Brown, K., Martin, A., & Anthony, L. G. (2018). What about the girls? Sex-based differences in autistic traits and adaptive skills. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1698–1711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3413-9
- Robinson, S., Goddard, L., Dritschel, B., Wisley, M., & Howlin, P. (2009). Executive functions in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Brain and Cognition, 71(3), 362–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.06.007
- Rosenthal, M., Wallace, G. L., Lawson, R., Wills, M. C., Yerys, B. E., & Kenworthy, L. (2016). Childhood to adolescence in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuropsychology, 27(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031299.Impairments.
- Russell, J. E. (1997). Autism as an executive disorder. Oxford University Press.
- Rynkiewicz, A., Schuller, B., Marchi, E., Piana, S., Camurri, A., Lassalle, A., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2016). An investigation of the “female camouflage effect” in autism using a computerized ADOS-2 and a test of sex/gender differences. Molecular Autism, 7(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0073-0
- Schuh, J. M., & Eigsti, I.-M. (2012). Working memory, language skills, and autism symptomatology. Behavioral Sciences, 2(4), 207–218. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs2040207
- Scott, W. C., Austin, D. W., & Reid, D. S. (2007). Investigation of the WISC-III and WASI in clinical child populations: A framework for further exploration. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 22(2), 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573507308162
- Stuss, D. T. (2011). Functions of the frontal lobes: Relation to executive functions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17(5), 759–765. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711000695
- RStudio Team. (2015). RStudio: Integrated development for R, Vol. 42. RStudio, Inc.. http://www.Rstudio.Com
- Thye, M. D., Bednarz, H. M., Herringshaw, A. J., Sartin, E. B., & Kana, R. K. (2017). The impact of atypical sensory processing on social impairments in autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 29, 151–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2017.04.010
- Tierney, S., Burns, J., & Kilbey, E. (2016). Looking behind the mask: Social coping strategies of girls on the autistic spectrum. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.11.013
- Torske, T., Nærland, T., Øie, M. G., Stenberg, N., & Andreassen, O. A. (2018). Metacognitive aspects of executive function are highly associated with social functioning on parent-rated measures in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Frontiers in Behavioral uroscience, 11, 258.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00258
- Turner, M. 1997. Towards an executive dysfunction account of repetitive behaviour in autism. In J. Russell (Ed.), Autism as an executive disorder (p. 57–100). Oxford University Press.
- Van Eylen, L., Boets, B., Steyaert, J., Wagemans, J., & Noens, I. (2015). Executive functioning in autism spectrum disorders: Influence of task and sample characteristics and relation to symptom severity. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(11), 1399–1417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0689-1
- Van Wijngaarden-Cremers, P. J. M., Van Eeten, E., Groen, W. B., Van Deurzen, P. A., Oosterling, I. J., & Van Der Gaag, R. J. (2014). Gender and age differences in the core triad of impairments in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(3), 627–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1913-9
- Wechsler, D. (1999). Manual for the Wechsler abbreviated intelligence scale (WASI). The Psychological Corporation.
- Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler intelligence scale for children–Fourth edition (WISC-IV). The Psychological Corporation.
- Wechsler, D. (2014). WISC-V: Technical and interpretive manual. NCS Pearson, Incorporated.
- Yerys, B. E., Wallace, G. L., Harrison, B., Celano, M. J., Giedd, J. N., & Kenworthy, L. E. (2009). Set-shifting in children with autism spectrum disorders: Reversal shifting deficits on the intradimensional/extradimensional shift test correlate with repetitive behaviors. Autism, 13(5), 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361309335716