Understanding children's non-standard spoken English: a perspective from variationist sociolinguistics

References

• Adger , C. T., and Christian , D. 2007 . “ Sociolinguistic variation and education ” . In Sociolinguistic variation: Theories, methods, and applications , Edited by: Bayley , R. and Lucas , C. 237 – 53 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Anderwald , L. 2001 . Was-were variation in non-standard British English today . English World-Wide , 22 ( 1 ) : 1 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Britain , D. 2002 . Diffusion, levelling, simplification and reallocation in past tense BE in the English Fens . Journal of Sociolinguistics , 6 ( 1 ) : 16 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Britain , D. 2007 . “ Grammatical variation in England ” . In Language in the British Isles , Edited by: Britain , D. 75 – 104 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Britain , D. , Rupp , L. , Fox , S. , Bray , M. , Baker , S. and Spurling , J. 2005 . The Northern and East Anglian subject rules: Two patterns, one rule? . Invited talk given at the Department of Linguistics, Queen Mary, October 20, in London
   Google Scholar
• Cajkler , W. 2004 . How a dead butler was killed: The way English national strategies maim grammatical parts . Language and Education , 18 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Chambers , J. 2004 . “ Dynamic typology and vernacular universals ” . In Dialectology meets typology , Edited by: Kortmann , B. 127 – 45 . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Cheshire , J. 1982 . Variation in an English dialect: A sociolinguistic study , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cheshire , J. 1999 . “ Spoken standard English ” . In Standard English: The widening debate , Edited by: Bex , T. and Watts , R. 129 – 48 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Cheshire , J. 2007 . “ Dialect and education: Responses from sociolinguists ” . In Sociolinguistic and pedagogical dimensions of dialects in education , Edited by: Papapavlou , A. and Pavlou , P. 14 – 33 . Newcastle : Cambridge Scholars Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Cheshire , J. and Edwards , V. 1993 . “ Sociolinguistics in the classroom: Exploring linguistic diversity ” . In Real English: The grammar of English dialects in the British Isles , Edited by: Milroy , J. and Milroy , L. 34 – 52 . London : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Cheshire , J. , Edwards , V. and Whittle , P. 1993 . “ Non-standard English and dialect levelling ” . In Real English: The grammar of English dialects in the British Isles , Edited by: Milroy , J. and Milroy , L. 53 – 96 . London : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Cheshire , J. and Fox , S. 2009 . Was/were variation: A perspective from London . Language Variation and Change , 21 ( 1 ) : 1 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheshire , J. , Kerswill , P. , Fox , S. and Torgersen , E. 2011 . Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of multicultural London English . Journal of Sociolinguistics , 15 ( 2 ) : 151 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheshire , J. and Milroy , J. 1993 . Syntactic variation in non-standard dialects: Background issues . Real English: The grammar of English dialects in the British Isles, ed. J. Milroy and L. Milroy , : 3 – 33 . London: Longman
   Google Scholar
• Czerniewska , P. 1992 . About writing , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education and Employment and Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (DfEE and QCA) . 1999 . “ The National Curriculum for England ” . (English, key stages 1–4). http://curriculum.qca.org.uk (accessed August 15, 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Eckert , P. 2000 . Linguistic variation as social practice , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Eisikovits , E. 1991 . “ Variation in subject-verb agreement in inner Sydney ” . In English around the world: Sociolinguistic perspectives , Edited by: Cheshire , J. 235 – 56 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fairclough , N. 1992 . Discourse and social change , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hay , J. and Schreier , D. 2004 . Reversing the trajectory of language change: Subject-verb agreement with BE in New Zealand English . Language Variation and Change , 16 ( 3 ) : 209 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Hudson , R. and Holmes , J. 1995 . Children's use of spoken standard English , London : School Curriculum and Assessment Authority .
   Google Scholar
• Kerswill , P. 1996 . Children, adolescents and language change . Language Variation and Change , 8 : 177 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Labov , W. 1972a . Some principles of linguistic methodology . Language in Society , 1 ( 1 ) : 97 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Labov , W. 1972b . Sociolinguistic patterns , Philadelphia , PA : University of Philadelphia Press .
   Google Scholar
• Labov , W. 1972c . Language in the inner city , Philadelphia , PA : University of Philadelphia Press .
   Google Scholar
• Labov , W. 1984 . “ Field methods of the project on linguistic change and variation ” . In Language in use: Readings in sociolinguistics , Edited by: Baugh , J. and Sherzer , J. 28 – 54 . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Labov , W. 1990 . The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change . Language Variation and Change , 2 ( 2 ) : 205 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Levey , S. 2007 . The next generation: Aspects of grammatical variation in the speech of some London preadolescents . PhD diss., London University
   Google Scholar
• Meechan , M. and Foley , M. 1994 . On resolving disagreement: Linguistic theory and variation – There's bridges . Language Variation and Change , 6 ( 1 ) : 63 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Milroy , L. 1987 . Observing and analysing natural language , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Milroy , J. and Milroy , L. 1991 . Authority in language , 2nd ed , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• National Curriculum Council (NCC) . 1993 . National Curriculum Council consultation report: English , York : NCC .
   Google Scholar
• Paterson , L. 2010 . Grammar and the English National Curriculum . Language and Education , 24 ( 6 ) : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poplack , S. 1982 . “ Bilingualism and the vernacular ” . In Issues in international bilingual education: The role of the vernacular , Edited by: Valdman , A. and Hartford , B. 1 – 24 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Poplack , S. , Bourdages , J. S. and Dion , N. 2009 . Normes et variation: L’école a-t-elle une influence? [Norms and variation: Does the school have an influence?] . Paper presented at CAAL (Canadian Association for Applied Linguistics), May 27–29, in Ottawa, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) . 2004 . Introducing the grammar of talk , London : QCA .
   Google Scholar
• Quirk , R. , Greenbaum , S. , Leech , G. and Svartik , J. 1985 . A comprehensive grammar of the English language London , Longman
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , J. 2002 . “ Child language variation ” . In The handbook of language variation and change , Edited by: Chambers , J. , Trudgill , P. and Schilling-Estes , N. 333 – 48 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Romaine , S. 1984 . The language of children and adolescents: The acquisition of communicative competence , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Sankoff , D. , Tagliamonte , S. and Smith , E. 2005 . “ Goldvarb X. Computer program ” . Department of Linguistics, University of Toronto, Canada. http://individual.utoronto.ca/tagliamonte/goldvarb.htm (accessed January 24, 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Schilling-Estes , N. and Wolfram , W. 1994 . Convergent explanation and alternative regularization: Were/weren’t leveling in a vernacular English variety . Language Variation and Change , 6 ( 3 ) : 273 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Tagliamonte , S. 1998 . Was/were variation across the generations: View from the city of York . Language Variation and Change , 10 ( 2 ) : 153 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Tagliamonte , S. 2002 . “ Comparative sociolinguistics ” . In The handbook of language variation and change , Edited by: Chambers , J. , Trudgill , P. and Schilling-Estes , N. 729 – 63 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Tagliamonte , S. 2006 . Analysing sociolinguistic variation , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tagliamonte , S. 2009 . “ There was universals, then there weren’t: A comparative sociolinguistic perspective on ‘default singulars.’ ” . In Vernacular universals and language contact: Evidence from varieties of English and beyond , Edited by: Filppula , M. , Klemola , J. and Paulasto , H. 103 – 32 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Tagliamonte , S. and Smith , J. 1999 . Analogical leveling in Samaná English. The case of was and were . Journal of English Linguistics , 27 ( 1 ) : 8 – 26. .
   Google Scholar
• Tagliamonte , S. and Smith , J. 2000 . “ Old was, new ecology: Viewing English through the sociolinguistic filter ” . In The English history of African American English , Edited by: Poplack , S. 141 – 61 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Watt , D. and Smith , J. 2005 . “ Language change ” . In Clinical sociolinguistics , Edited by: Ball , M. 101 – 19 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Weinreich , U. , Labov , W. and Herzog , M. 1968 . “ Empirical foundations for a theory of language change ” . In Directions for historical linguistics , Edited by: Lehmann , W. and Malkiel , Y. 95 – 188 . Austin, TX : University of Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , A. 1989 . “ Dialect in school written work ” . In Dialect and education: Some European perspectives , Edited by: Cheshire , J. , Edwards , V. , Münstermann , H. and Weltens , B. 182 – 99 . Clevedon : Multilingual Matters .
   Google Scholar
• Williamson , J. and Hardman , F. 1995 . Time for refilling the bath? A study of primary student teachers’ grammatical knowledge . Language and Education , 9 ( 2 ) : 117 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfram , W. 1993 . A proactive role for speech-language pathologists in sociolinguistic education . Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools , 24 ( 3 ) : 181 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfram , W. , Adger , C. T. and Christian , D. 1999 . Dialects in schools and communities , Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfram , W. and Schilling-Estes , N. 2003 . Language change in conservative dialects: The case of past tense BE in southern enclave communities . American Speech , 78 ( 2 ) : 208 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar