Publication Cover
Early Years
An International Research Journal
Volume 42, 2022 - Issue 4-5
9,421
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Attachment theory, cortisol and care for the under-threes in the twenty-first century: constructing evidence-informed policy

Pages 450-464 | Received 17 Oct 2019, Accepted 30 Apr 2020, Published online: 13 May 2020

References

  • Ainsworth, M. 1967. Infancy in Uganda: Infant Care and the Growth of Love. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., and S. M. Bell. 1970. “Attachment, Exploration, and Separation: Illustrated by the Behavior of One-year-olds in a Strange Situation.” Child Development 41 (1): 49–67. doi:10.2307/1127388.
  • Albers, E., J. Roseriet Bijers, M. Riksen-Walraven, C. Fred, and C. de Weerth. 2016. “Cortisol Levels of Infants in Center Care across the First Year of Life: Links with Quality of Care and Infant Temperament.” Stress 19 (1): 8–17. doi:10.3109/10253890.2015.1089230.
  • Alderson, P. 2008. Young Children’s Rights. London: Jessica Kingsley.
  • Badanes, L., J. Dmitrieva, and S. Watamura. 2012. “Understanding Cortisol Reactivity across the Day at Child Care: The Potential Buffering Role of Secure Attachments to Caregivers.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 27 (1): 156–165. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.05.005.
  • Belsky, J. 2006. “Early Child Care and Early Child Development: Major Findings of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care.” European Journal of Developmental Psychology 3 (1): 95–110. doi:10.1080/17405620600557755.
  • Bernard, K., M. Dozier, J. Bick, and M. K. Gordon. 2015. “Intervening to Enhance Cortisol Regulation among Children at Risk for Neglect: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial.” Development and Psychopathology 27 (3): 829–841. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941400073X.
  • Berry, D., C. Blair, A. Ursache, M. Willoughby, P. Garrett-Peters, L. Vernon-Feagans, M. Bratsch-Hines, R. Mills-Koonce, and D. Granger. 2014. “Child Care and Cortisol across Early Childhood: Context Matters.” Developmental Psychology 50: 514–525. doi:10.1037/a0033379.
  • Berry, D., C. Blair, M. Willoughby, P. Garrett-Peters, L. Vernon-Feagans, W. R. Mills-Koonce, et al. 2016. “Household Chaos and Children’s Cognitive and Socio-emotional Development in Early Childhood: Does Childcare Play a Buffering Role?” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 34: 115–127. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.09.003.
  • Blair, K., J. Topitzes, and J. Mersky. 2019. “Do Parents’ Adverse Childhood Experiences Influence Treatment Responses to Parent-Child Interaction Therapy? An Exploratory Study with a Child Welfare Sample.” Child & Family Behavior Therapy 41 (2): 73–83. doi:10.1080/07317107.2019.1599255.
  • Bowlby, J. 1952. “Maternal Care and Mental Health.” Geneva: The World Health Organisation. Accessed 16 October 2019. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/40724
  • Bowlby, J. 1953. Child Care and the Growth of Love. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
  • Bowlby, J. 1980. Attachment and Loss, Volume III: Loss, Sadness and Depression. London: Random House.
  • Bowlby, J. 1988. A Secure Base. London: Routledge.
  • Cassidy, J., and Shaver. 2013. “Contributions of Attachment Theory and Research: A Framework for Future Research, Translation, and Policy.” Development and Psychopathology 25: 1415–1434. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000692.
  • Child Poverty Action Group. 2019. “Child Poverty Facts and Figures.” http://www.cpag.org.uk/content/child-poverty-facts-and-figures
  • Cobb, R. J., and J. Davila. 2009. “Internal Working Models and Change.” In Attachment Theory and Research in Clinical Work with Adults, edited by J. H. Obegi & E. Berant, 209–233. New York: Guildford Press.
  • Davidson, K. 2016. “Employers Find ‘Soft Skills’ like Critical Thinking in Short Supply: Companies Put More Time and Money into Teasing Out Job Applicants’ Personality Traits.” The Wall Street Journal Online, August 30. Accessed 13 October 2019. https://www.wsj.com/articles/employers-find-soft-skills-like-critical-thinking-in-short-supply-1472549400?mod=e2tw
  • Dettling, A. C., M. R. Gunnar, and B. Donzella. 1999. “Cortisol Levels of Young Children in Full-day Childcare Centers: Relations with Age and Temperament.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 24 (5): 519–536. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(99)00009-8.
  • Dettling, A. C., S. W. Parker, S. Lane, A. Sebanc, and M. R. Gunnar. 2000. “Quality of Care and Temperament Determine Changes in Cortisol Concentrations over the Day for Young Children in Childcare.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 25 (8): 819–836. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(00)00028-7.
  • Drugli, M., E. Solheim, S. Lydersen, V. Moe, L. Smith, and T. S. Berg-Nielsen. 2018. “Elevated Cortisol Levels in Norwegian Toddlers in Childcare (2018) Elevated Cortisol Levels in Norwegian Toddlers in Childcare.” Early Child Development and Care 188 (12): 684–1695. doi:10.1080/03004430.2016.1278368.
  • Ellis, M., B. Weiss, and J. Lochman. 2009. “Executive Functions in Children: Associations with Aggressive Behavior and Appraisal Processing.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 37 (7): 945–956. [PubMed: 19408113]. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9321-5.
  • Epel, E., A. Crosswell, S. Mayera, A. Prathera, G. Slavich, E. Putermanc, and W. Berry Mendesa. 2018. “More than A Feeling: A Unified View of Stress Measurement for Population Science.” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 49: 146–169. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001.
  • Espy, K. A. 2004. “Using Developmental, Cognitive, and Neuroscience Approaches to Understand Executive Control in Young Children.” Developmental Neuropsychology 26 (1): 379–384. [PubMed: 15276900]. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2601_1.
  • Fairbairn, J. 2007. “Stress, Cortisol and Executive Function: A Study of Pre-adolescent School Children.” Unpublished PhD. University College, London. Accessed 16 October 2019. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/isd/services/research-it/research-it-applications/maintenance#81.100.234.242
  • Felitti, V., R. Anda, D. Nordenberg, D. Williamson, A. Spitz, V. Edwards, M. Koss, and J. Marks. 1998. “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of The Leading Causes of Death in Adults.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine 14 (4): 245–258.
  • Ferguson, D. 2019. “Parents in England Face Shock Rise in Childcare Costs as Government Cuts Bite.” The Observer online. Accessed 16 October 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2019/mar/31/childcare-fees-rocket-lack-of-early-years-funding-nurseries-close
  • Gray, P. 2011. “The Decline of Play and the Rise of Psychopathology in Children and Adolescents.” American Journal of Play 3 (4): 443–463.
  • Howe, D., M. Brandon, and G. Schofield. 1999. Attachment Theory, Child Maltreatment and Family Support: A Practice and Assessment Model. London: Macmillan.
  • Isaacs, S. 1952. The Educational Value of the Nursery School. London: Headly Brothers.
  • Jarvis, P. 2016. “Families and the State.” In The Complete Companion for Teaching and Leading Practice in the Early Years, edited by P. Jarvis, J. George, W. Holland, and J. Docherty, 243–263. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Jarvis, P. 2019. “Why ACEs are Key to Behaviour Management.” The TES online. Accessed 16 October 2019. https://www.tes.com/news/why-aces-are-key-behaviour-management
  • Lengua, L., S. Thompson, L. Moran, M. Zalewski, E. Ruberry, M. Klein, and C. Kiff. 2019. “Pathways from Early Adversity to Later Adjustment: Tests of the Additive and Bidirectional Effects of Executive Control and Diurnal Cortisol in Early Childhood.” Development and Psychopathology 1–14. doi:10.1017/S0954579419000373.
  • Lorenz, K. 1935. “Der Kumpan in der Umwelt des Vogels. Der Artgenosse als auslösendes Moment sozialer Verhaltensweisen.” Journal Für Ornithologie 83 (2): 137–215, 289–413. doi:10.1007/BF01905355.
  • Lumian, D., J. Dmitrieva, M. Mendoza, L. Badanes, and S. Watamura. 2016. “The Impact of Program Structure on Cortisol Patterning in Children Attending Out-of-Home Child Care.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 34: 92–103. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.09.004.
  • Morton, K. 2018. “Nursery Closures Rise 66 per Cent since 30 Hours Began.” Nursery World online. Accessed 16 October 2019. https://www.nurseryworld.co.uk/nursery-world/news/1165551/nursery-closures-rise-66-per-cent-since-30-hours-began
  • Naumann, I., C. McLean, A. Koslowski, K. Tisdall, and E. Lloyd 2013. “Early Childhood Education and Care Provision: International Review of Policy, Delivery and Funding.” Centre for Research on Families and Relationships (University of Edinburgh). Accessed 16 October 2019. https://www.nls.uk/scotgov/2013/9781782564164.pdf
  • Page, J. 2018. “Love, Care and Intimacy in Early Childhood Education: Characterising the Principles of Professional Love in Early Childhood Care and Education.” International Journal of Early Years Education 26 (2): 125–141. doi:10.1080/09669760.2018.1459508.
  • Raymond, C., M. Marin, D. Majeur, and S. Lupien. 2018. “Early Child Adversity and Psychopathology in Adulthood: HPA Axis and Cognitive Dysregulations as Potential Mechanisms.” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 85 (85): 152–160. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.07.015.
  • Schaffer, H. R., and P. F. Emerson. 1964. “The Development of Social Attachments in Infancy.” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 29 (No. 3): 1–77. doi:10.2307/1165727.
  • Scorza, P., R. Arayad, A. Wuermlib, and T. Betancourt. 2016. “Towards Clarity in Research on “Non-cognitive” Skills: Linking Executive Functions, Self-Regulation, and Economic Development to Advance Life Outcomes for Children, Adolescents and Youth Globally.” Human Development 58 (6): 313–317. doi:10.1159/000443711.
  • Shonkoff, J., P. Levitt, S. Bunge, J. Cameron, G. Duncan, P. Fisher, N. Fox, et al. 2015. “Supportive Relationships and Active Skill Building Strengthen the Foundations of Resilience.” National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. Harvard: Center for the Developing Child, Harvard University. Accessed 16 October 2019. https://developingchild.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/The-Science-of-Resilience.pdf
  • Shonkoff, J. P., and D. A. Phillips. 2000. From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • Shpancer, N. 2018. “Day Care.” In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, edited by T. Shackelford and V. Weekes-Shackelford. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_2435-1. https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-16999-6_2435-1
  • Sims, M., A. Guilfoyle, and T. Parry. 2006. “Child Care for Infants and Toddlers: Where in the World are We Going? The First Years – Nga Tau Tuatahi.” New Zealand Journal of Infant and Toddler Education 8 (1): 12–19.
  • Singer, E., and S. Wong 2019. “Emotional Security and Daycare for Babies and Toddlers in Social-political Contexts: Reflections of Early Years Pioneers since the 1970s.” Early Child Development and Care. published online 29 May 2019. doi:10.1080/03004430.2019.1622539.
  • Singer, P. 1999. A Darwinian Left. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Smith, L. 2018. “Adverse Childhood Experiences: Educational Interventions.” Improving lives through knowledge, evidence and innovation (Iriss). Accessed 16 October 2019. https://www.iriss.org.uk/resources/esss-outlines/aces
  • Sokačová, L. 2011. “The Czech Republic: Gender Studies O.P.S Comparative Analysis of the Work/life Balance Situation in the Czech Republic, Poland, Germany and Slovakia.” Accessed 16 October 2019. http://www.genderstudies.cz/download/AnalysisEN.pdf
  • Sylva, K., E. Melhuish, P. Sammons, I. Siraj-Blatchford, and B. Taggart 2004. “The Effective Provision of Pre-SchoolEducation (EPPE) Project: Findings from Pre-school to End of Key Stage 1.” Accessed 16 October 2019. https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/18189/2/SSU-SF-2004-01.pdf
  • Tharner, A. 2011. “Parents and Infants: Determinants of Attachment in a Longitudinal Population-based Study.” Amsterdam: Erasmus Medical Centre. Accessed 16 October 2019. https://repub.eur.nl/pub/32494/
  • Thomas, J., N. Letourneau, T. Campbell, and G. Giesbrecht. 2018. “Social Buffering of the Maternal and Infant HPA Axes: Mediation and Moderation in the Intergenerational Transmission of Adverse Childhood Experiences.” Development and Psychopathology 30 (3): 921–939. doi:10.1017/S0954579418000512.
  • Tiffin, A. 2018. “My Universal Credit Diary: ‘With Six Days to Go, I Have Nothing Left’.” New Statesman online. Accessed 17 October 2019. https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/welfare/2018/06/my-universal-credit-diary-six-days-go-i-have-nothing-left
  • Tizard, B. 2009. “The Making and Breaking of Attachment.” The Psychologist 22 (10): 902–903.
  • Tizard, B., and J. Rees. 1974. “A Comparison of the Effects of Adoption, Restoration to the Natural Mother, and Continued Institutionalization on the Cognitive Development of Four-year-old Children.” Child Development 45 (1): 92–99. doi:10.2307/1127754.
  • UNICEF. 2008. The Child Care Transition: A league table of early childhood education and care in economically advanced countries. Retrieved from: http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/rc8_eng.pdf 7th May 2020.
  • United Nations. 1959. “Declaration of the Rights of the Child.” Accessed 16 October 2019. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Education/Training/Compilation/Pages/1DeclarationoftheRightsoftheChild(1959).aspx
  • Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., and P. M. Kroonenberg. 1988. “Cross-cultural Patterns of Attachment: A Meta-analysis of the Strange Situation.” Child Development 59 (1): 147–156. doi:10.2307/1130396.
  • Vermeer, H. J., and M. H. van IJzendoorn. 2006. “Children’s Elevated Cortisol Levels at Daycare: A Review and Meta-analysis.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 21 (3): 390–401. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2006.07.004.
  • Wagner, S., I. Cepeda, D. Krieger, S. Maggi, A. D’Angiulli, J. Weinberg, and R. Grunau. 2016. “Higher Cortisol Is Associated with Poorer Executive Functioning in Preschool Children: The Role of Parenting Stress, Parent Coping and Quality of Daycare.” Child Neuropsychology 22 (7): 853–869. doi:10.1080/09297049.2015.1080232.
  • Watamura, S., C. Coe, M. Laudenslager, and S. Robertson. 2010. “Child Care Setting Affects Salivary Cortisol and Antibody Secretion in Young Children.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 35 (8): 1156–1166. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.02.001.
  • Watamura, S., D. Phillips, T. Morrissey, K. McCartney, and K. Bub. 2011. “Double Jeopardy: Poorer Social-Emotional Outcomes for Children in the NICHD SECCYD Experiencing Home and Child-Care Environments that Confer Risk.” Child Development 82 (1): 48–65. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01540.x.
  • Watamura, S. E., B. Donzella, J. Alwin, and M. R. Gunnar. 2003. “Morning-to-afternoon Increases in Cortisol Concentrations for Infants and Toddlers at Child Care: Age Differences and Behavioral Correlates.” Child Development 74 (4): 1006–1020. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00583.
  • Watamura, S. E., E. M. Kryzer, and S. S. Robertson. 2009. “Cortisol Patterns at Home and Childcare: Afternoon Differences and Evening Recovery in Children Attending Very High Quality Full-day Center-based Child Care.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 30 (4): 475–485. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.027.
  • Whalley, M. 2001. Involving Parents in Their Children’s Learning. London: Paul Chapman.
  • Whitebread, D., and M. Basilio. 2012. “The Emergence and Early Development of Self-Regulation in Young Children.” Profesorado 16 (1): 15–33.
  • Williams, M. 1922. “The Velveteen Rabbit.” Accessed 16 October 2019. https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/williams/rabbit/rabbit.html
  • Winnicott, D. W. 1951. “Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena. A Study of the First Not-me Possession.” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 34: 89–97.
  • Woodhouse, S., B. Powell, G. Cooper, K. Hoffman, and J. Cassidy. 2018. “The Circle of Security Intervention: Design, Research and Implementation.” In Handbook of Attachment Interventions, edited by H. Steele and M. Steele, 50–78. Guildford: New York.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.