Why franchisors recruit franchisees from the ranks of their employees

References

• Aaker, D., Kumar, V., & Day, G. (1997). Marketing research (6th ed.). New York, USA: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Alchian, A., & Demsetz, H. (1972). Production, information costs, and economic organization. The American Economic Review, 62(5), 777–795.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alon, I. (2001). The use of franchising by U.S.-based retailers. Journal of Small Business Management, 39(2), 111–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385–405.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, M. (2018). Foodco grows profit despite ‘misguided’ franchising inquiry. Australian Financial Review. Retrieved from https://www.afr.com/business/retail/foodco-grows-profit-despite-misguided-franchising-inquiry-20181105-h17izh
   Google Scholar
• Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender, J. (2015). Barking up the wrong tree: The NRLB’s joint-employer standard and the case for preserving the formalities of business format franchising. Franchise Law Journal, 35(2), 209–235.
   Google Scholar
• Bisio, R. (2015). Four reasons why former employees make the best franchisees. Entrepreneur Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/250917
   Google Scholar
• Bodey, K., Weaven, S., & Grace, D. (2011). Contrasting the four franchising imperatives across hybridized governance models: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 12(3), 244–279.
   Google Scholar
• Bodey, K., Weaven, S., & Grace, D. (2013). Multiple-unit franchising and performance outcomes. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 14(1), 279–312.
   Google Scholar
• Bordonaba-Juste, M., & Polo-Redondo, Y. (2008). Differences between short and long-term relationships: An empirical analysis in franchise systems. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 16(4), 327–354.
   Google Scholar
• Boulay, J., Caemmerer, B., Evanschitzky, H., & Duniach, K. (2016). Growth, uniformity, local responsiveness, and system-Wide adaptation in multiunit franchising. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(4), 1193–1205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradach, J. (1995). Chains within chains: The role of multi-unit franchisees. Journal of Marketing Channels, 4(2), 65–81.
   Google Scholar
• Bradach, J. (1997). Using the plural form in the management of restaurant chains. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(2), 276–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradach, J., & Eccles, R. (1989). Price, authority, and trust: From ideal types to plural forms. Annual Review of Sociology, 15(1), 97–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Camplin, A. (2013). From head office employee to franchisee. Inside Franchise Business Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.franchisebusiness.com.au/news/from-head-office-employee-to-franchisee-alex-campl
   Google Scholar
• Caves, R., & Murphy, W. (1976). Franchising: Firms, markets, and intangible assets. Southern Economic Journal, 42(1–4), 572–587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien, S. (2014). Franchisor resources, spousal resources, entrepreneurial orientation, and performance in a couple-owned franchise outlet. Management Decision, 52(5), 916–933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cliquet, G., & Penard, T. (2012). Plural form franchise networks: A test of bradach’s model. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 19(1), 159–167.
   Google Scholar
• Combs, J., Ketchen Jr, D. J., & Short, J. (2011). Franchising research: Major milestones, new directions, and its future within entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(3), 413–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combs, J., Michael, S., & Castrogiovanni, G. (2009). Institutional influences on the choice of organizational form: The case of franchising. Journal of Management, 35(5), 1268–1290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J. (2017). Grounded theory. Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3), 301–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed, International student ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Croonen, E., Brand, M., & Huizingh, E. (2016). To be entrepreneurial, or not to be entrepreneurial? Explaining differences in franchisee entrepreneurial behavior within a franchise system. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(3), 531–553.
   Google Scholar
• Dada, O., & Watson, A. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation and the franchise system. European Journal of Marketing, 47(5–6), 790–812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dada, O., Watson, A., & Kirby, D. (2015). Entrepreneurial tendencies in franchising: Evidence from the UK. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 22(1), 82–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dant, R., Grunhagen, M., & Windsperger, J. (2011). Franchising research frontiers for the twenty-first century. Journal of Retailing, 87(3), 253–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darr, E., Argote, L., & Epple, D. (1995). The acquisition, transfer, and depreciation of knowledge in service organizations: Productivity in franchises. Management Science, 41(11), 1750–1762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (2005). The sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Dick, B. (2016). Convergent interviewing essentials. Chapel Hill, Qld: Interchange. Retrieved from http://www.aral.com.au/resources/coin.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt, K. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fair Work Commission. (2019). Unfair dismissals benchbook. Retrieved from https://www.fwc.gov.au/unfair-dismissals-benchbook/overview-unfair-dismissal
   Google Scholar
• Frazer, H. (2004). Doing narrative research: Analysing personal stories line by line. Qualitative Social Work, 3(2), 179–201.
   Google Scholar
• Frazer, L., & Roussety, M. (2017). Both franchisees and franchisors benefit from company-owned stores. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/both-franchisees-and-franchisors-benefit-from-company-owned-stores-81261
   Google Scholar
• Frazer, L., Weaven, S., & Bodey, K. (2012). Franchising Australia 2012. Brisbane: Asia Pacific Centre for Franchising Excellence, Griffith University.
   Google Scholar
• Frazer, L., Weaven, S., & Grace, A. (2014). Franchising Australia 2014. Brisbane: Asia Pacific Centre for Franchising Excellence, Griffith University.
   Google Scholar
• Frazer, L., Weaven, S., Grace, A., & Selvanathan, S. (2016). Franchising Australia 2016. Brisbane: Asia Pacific Centre for Franchising Excellence, Griffith University.
   Google Scholar
• Garg, V., Priem, R., & Rasheed, A. (2013). A theoretical explanation of the cost advantages of multi-unit franchising. Journal of Marketing Channels, 20(1–2), 52–72.
   Google Scholar
• Garg, V., Rasheed, A., & Priem, R. (2005). Explaining franchisors’ choices of organization forms within franchise systems. Strategic Organization, 3(2), 185–217.
   Google Scholar
• Gillis, W., & Castrogiovanni, G. (2012). The franchising business model: An entrepreneurial growth alternative. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8(1), 75–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace, A., Frazer, L., Weaven, S., & Dant, R. (2016). Building franchisee trust in their franchisor: Insights from the franchise sector. Qualitative Market Research, 19(1), 65–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunhagen, M., & Mittelstaedt, R. (2005). Entrepreneurs or investors: Do multi-unit franchisees have different philosophical orientations? Journal of Small Business Management, 43(3), 207–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough?: An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hizam-Hanafiah, M., & Li, J. (2014). Franchisee satisfaction of goal attainment: A discovery of a hierarchy of entrepreneur goals. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 6(3), 243–267.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, D., Sreckovic, M., & Windsperger, J. (2018). An organizational capability perspective on multi-unit franchising : Evidence from germany and switzerland. Small Business Economics : An Entrepreneurship Journal, 50(4), 717–727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inside Franchise Business. (2018), Parliamentary Inquiry into franchising sees Foodco and RFG in the firing line. Retrieved from http://www.franchisebusiness.com.au/news/parliamentary-inquiry-into-franchising-sees-foodco
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, P. (1999). Franchising and the choice of self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(4), 345–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, P., & Dant, R. (1996). Multi-unit franchising: Growth and management issues. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(5), 343–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, P., & Eroglu, S. (1999). Standardization and adaptation in business format franchising. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(1), 69–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketchen, D., Ireland, R., & Snow, C. (2007). Strategic entrepreneurship, collaborative innovation, and wealth creation. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(3/4), 371–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, N., & Brooks, J. (2018). Thematic analysis in organisational research. In C. Cassell, A. L. Cunliffe, & G. Grandy (Eds.), The sage handbook of qualitative business and management research methods (pp. 219–236). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi:https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526430236
   Google Scholar
• Kroc, R., & Anderson, R. (1977). Grinding it out: The making of McDonald’s. Chicago, IL: Contemporary Books, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Labuschagne, A. (2003). Qualitative research–airy fairy or fundamental? The Qualitative Report, 8(1), 100–103.
   Google Scholar
• Lafontaine, F. (1992). Agency theory and franchising: Some empirical results. Rand Journal of Economics, 23(2), 263–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lashley, C., & Morrison, A. (2000). Franchising hospitality services. Oxford: Butterworth/Heinmann.
   Google Scholar
• MacPhail, C., Khoza, N., Abler, L., & Ranganathan, M. (2016). Process guidelines for establishing intercoder reliability in qualitative studies. Qualitative Research, 16(2), 198–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madanoglu, M., Castrogiovanni, G., & Kizildag, M. (2018). Franchising and firm risk among restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.10.021
   Google Scholar
• Meiseberg, B. (2013). The prevalence and performance impact of synergies in the plural form. Managerial and Decision Economics, 34(3–5), 140–160.
   Google Scholar
• Minkler, A. (1992). Why firms franchise: A search cost theory. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 148(2), 240–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintzberg, H., & Waters, J. (1985). Of strategies, deliberate and emergent. Strategic Management Journal, 6(3), 257–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, N., Loken, B., & Bennett, C. (2009). Brand dilution effects on franchises. Advances in Consumer Research, 36, 951–952.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, S. (1988a). An empirical look at franchising as an organizational form. The Journal of Business, 61(2), 197–218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton, S. (1988b). Franchising, brand name capital, and the entrepreneurial capacity problem. Strategic Management Journal, 9, 105–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxenfeldt, A., & Kelly, A. (1969). Will successful franchise systems ultimately become wholly-owned chains? Journal of Retailing, 44, 69–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrigot, R., & Herrbach, O. (2012). The plural form from the inside. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 40(7), 544–563.
   Google Scholar
• Perryman, A., & Combs, J. (2012). Who should own it? An agency-based explanation for multi-outlet ownership and co-location in plural form franchising. Strategic Management Journal, 33(4), 368–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaseshan, B., Rabbanee, F., & Burford, O. (2018). Combined effects of franchise management strategies and employee service performance on customer loyalty: A multilevel perspective. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 26(6), 479–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, P. (1978). The theory of the firm and the structure of the franchise contract. The Journal of Law and Economics, 21(1), 223–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, J. (2014). Elite Franchise Magazine. Retrieved from http://elitefranchisemagazine.co.uk/people/item/crossing-over-why-employees
   Google Scholar
• Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students (5th ed.). Harlow, Essex: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Schaper, M., & Buchan, J. (2014). Franchising in Australia: A history. International Journal of Franchising Law, 12(4), 3–23.
   Google Scholar
• Sirmon, D., Hitt, M., Ireland, R., & Gilbert, B. (2011). Resource orchestration to create competitive advantage: Breadth, depth, and life cycle effects. Journal of Management, 37(5), 1390–1412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storholm, G., & Scheuing, E. (1994). Ethical implications of business format franchising. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(3), 181–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed, R., & Syed, S. (2019). On the hunt for a franchisee? Take a look at your own employees. Smart Company. Retrieved from https://www.smartcompany.com.au/business-advice/franchising/finding-franchisee-look-own-employees/
   Google Scholar
• Teddlie, C., & Yu, F. (2007). Mixed methods sampling: A typology with examples. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 77–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaichon, P., Weaven, S., Quach, S., Baker, B., & Frazer, L. (2019). What to expect after the honeymoon: Evolutionary psychology of part-time franchising. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 1–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2019.1570315
   Google Scholar
• Thaichon, P., Weaven, S., Quach, S., Bodey, K., Merrilees, B., & Frazer, L. (2018). Female franchisees; a lost opportunity for franchising sector growth? Journal of Strategic Marketing, 1–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2018.1482946
   Google Scholar
• Vazquez, L. (2007). Proportion of franchised outlets and franchise system performance. The Service Industries Journal, 27(7), 907–921.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuong, B. (2017). IBISWorld industry report H4512 fast food and takeaway food services in Australia. IBISWorld. Retrieved from http://clients1.ibisworld.com.au.ezproxy.ecu.edu.au/reports/au/industry/default.aspx?entid=2005
   Google Scholar
• Watson, A., Dada, O., Grunhagen, M., & Wollan, M. (2016). When do franchisors select entrepreneurial franchisees? An organizational identity perspective. Journal of Business Research, 69(12), 5934–5945.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaven, S., & Frazer, L. (2007). Expansion through multiple unit franchising. International Small Business Journal, 25(2), 173–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaven, S., Isaac, J., & Herington, C. (2007). Franchising as a path to self-employment for Australian female entrepreneurs. Journal of Management and Organization, 13(4), 345–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whalen, P., Uslay, C., Pascal, V., Omura, G., McAuley, A., Kasouf, C., … Deacon, J. (2016). Anatomy of competitive advantage: Towards a contingency theory of entrepreneurial marketing. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 24(1), 5–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilk, V., Soutar, G., & Harrigan, P. (2019). Tackling social media data analysis. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 22(2), 94–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zikmund, W., Ward, S., Lowe, B., Winzar, H., & Babin, J. (2011). Marketing Research. (2nd Asia Pacific ed). South Melbourne, Victoria: Cengage Learning Australia.
   Google Scholar