A Critical Assessment of Regional Innovation Policy in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

References

• Asheim , B. T. , Cooke , P. and Martin , R. 2006 . Clusters and Regional Development: Critical Reflections and Explorations , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Audretsch , D. B. and Stephan , P. E. 1996 . Company-scientist locational links: The case of biotechnology . American Economic Review , 86 ( 3 ) : 641 – 652 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boschma , R. A. , Frenken , K. , van Oort , F. G. and Verburg , T. 2004 . Variety and Regional Economic Growth in the Netherlands , The Hague : Ministry of Economic Affairs . Final report to the Ministry of Economic Affairs
   Google Scholar
• Breschi , S. and Lissoni , F. 2001 . Knowledge spillovers and local innovation systems: A critical survey . Industrial and Corporate Change , 10 ( 4 ) : 975 – 1006 .
   Google Scholar
• Braunerhjelm , P. and Feldman , M. 2006 . Cluster Genesis , Edited by: Braunerhjelm , P. and Feldman , M. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bresnahan , T. , Gambardella , A. and Saxenian , A. 2001 . Old economy inputs for “new economy” outcomes: Cluster formation in the new Silicon Valleys . Industrial and Corporate Change , 10 ( 4 ) : 836 – 860 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , P. 2003 . Networks and Hierarchies in Bioscientific Knowledge Management , Cardiff : Centre for Advanced Studies, Cardiff University . working paper
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , P. 2004 . “ Evolution of regional innovation systems—emergence, theory, challenge for action ” . In Regional Innovation Systems , 2 Edited by: Cooke , P. 1 – 18 . London , , Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , P. 2005 . “ Regional knowledge capabilities and open innovation: regional innovation systems and clusters in the asymmetric knowledge economy ” . In Clusters, Networks, and Innovation , Edited by: Breschi , S. and Malerba , F. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , P. Paper presented at the Innogen Conference “Evolution of the Life Science Industries” . February 23–25 , Edinburgh . The Evolution of Biotechnology in Bioregions and Their Globalisation. ,
   Google Scholar
• Coombs , R. and Metcalfe , J. S. 2000 . “ Organising for innovation: co-ordinating distributed innovation capabilities? ” . In Competence, Governance, and Entrepreneurship , Edited by: Foss , N. J. and Mahnke , V. 209 – 231 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dosi , G. , Llerena , P. and Sylos Labini , M. 2005 . Science–Technology–Industry Links and the “European Paradox”: Some Notes on the Dynamics of Scientific and Technological Research in Europe , Pisa : Laboratory of Economics and Management Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Fujita , M. and Thisse , J. F. 1996 . Economics of agglomeration . Journal of the Japanese and International Economies , 10 : 339 – 378 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliani , E. 2004 . Laggard Clusters as Slow Learners, Emerging Clusters as Locus of Knowledge Cohesion (and Exclusion). A Comparative Study in the Wine Industry , Pisa : Laboratory of Economics and Management Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies . LEM working paper
   Google Scholar
• Harmaakorpi , V. 2004 . Building a Competitive Regional Innovation Environment—The Regional Development Platform Method as a Tool for Regional Innovation Policy , Espoo : Helsinki University of Technology Lahti Center . Doctoral dissertation series 2004/1
   Google Scholar
• Harmaakorpi , V. and Tura , T. Practice-based innovation activities and network-facilitating innovation policy . Proceedings of the International ProAct Conferenc . March 15–17 , Tampere , Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , J. V. 1986 . The efficiency of resource usage and city size . Journal of Urban Economics , 19 : 47 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenney , M. and von Burg , U. 2001 . Technology, entrepreneurship and path-dependence: industrial clustering in Silicon Valley and Route 128 . Industrial and Corporate Change , 10 : 67 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Klepper , S. 2002 . The capabilities of new firms and the evolution of the US automobile industry . Industrial and Corporate Change , 11 : 645 – 666 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krugman , P. 1991 . Economic geography . Journal of Political Economy , 99 : 483 – 499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , R. and Sunley , P. 2005 . “ Deconstructing clusters: chaotic concept or policy panacea? ” . In Clusters, Networks, and Innovation , Edited by: Breschi , S. and Malerba , F. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mason , C. and Harrison , R. 2003 . Closing the regional equity gap? A critique of the Department of Trade and Industry's regional venture capital funds initiative . Regional Studies , 37 ( 8 ) : 855 – 868 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maskell , P. 2001 . Towards a knowledge-based theory of the geographical cluster . Industrial and Corporate Change , 10 ( 4 ) : 921 – 944 .
   Google Scholar
• Maskell , P. and Lorenzen , M. Paper presented at the Regional Studies Association International Conference on “Reinventing Regions in a Global economy” . April 12–15 , Pisa . The Cluster and Other Current Forms of Market Organization. ,
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , J. S. 1997 . “ Science policy and technology policy in a competitive economy ” . In Systems of Innovation, Growth, Competitiveness and Employment , Edited by: Edquist , C. and McKelvey , M. 201 – 217 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Mowery , D. C. and Nelson , R. R. 2004 . “ The Bay–Dole Act of 1980 and university–industry technology transfer: A model for other OECD governments? ” . In Ivory Tower and Industrial Innovation: University–Industry Technology Transfer Before and After the Bay–Dole Act , Edited by: Mowery , D. C. , Nelson , R. R. , Sampat , B. N. and Ziedonis , A. A. Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nordfors , D. , Sandred , J. and Wessner , C. 2003 . Commercialisation of Academic Results , Stockholm : Vinnova .
   Google Scholar
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) . 2006 . Innovation in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Paris : OECD .
   Google Scholar
• Orsenigo , L. 2006 . “ Clusters and clustering in biotechnology: Stylised facts, issues and theories. From clusters to network structures and their dynamics ” . In Cluster Genesis , Edited by: Braunerhjelm , P. and Feldman , M. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Orsenigo , L. , Pammolli , F. and Riccaboni , M. 2001 . Technological change and network dynamics. The case of the bio-pharmaceutical industry . Research Policy , 30 : 485 – 508 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen Smith , J. and Powell , W. W. 2004 . Knowledge networks as channels and conduits: The effects of spillovers in the Boston biotechnology community . Organization Science , 15 ( 1 ) : 5 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PACEC . 2003 . The Cambridge Phenomenon—Fulfilling the Potential: Technical Report , Cambridge : Greater Cambridge Partnership .
   Google Scholar
• Pavitt , K. 1998 . The social shaping of the national science base . Research Policy , 27 : 793 – 805 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , E. and Hood , N. 2003 . “ Scotland's biotechnology cluster: Strategic issues and responses ” . In Scotland in a Global Economy , Edited by: Hood , N. , Peat , G. , Peters , E. and Young , S. 89 – 112 . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Pisano , G. P. 2006 . Science Business: The Promise, the Reality and the Future of Biotech , Cambridge , MA : Harvard Business School University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Porter , K. , Whittington , K. B. and Powell , W. W. 2005 . “ The Institutional Embeddedness of High-tech Regions: Relational Foundations of the Boston Biotechnology Community ” . In Clusters, Networks, and Innovation , Edited by: Breschi , S. and Malerba , F. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Powell , W. W. , Koput , K. W. , Bowie , J. I. and Smith-Doerr , L. 2002 . The spatial clustering of science and capital: Accounting for biotech firm–venture capital relationships . Regional Studies , 36 ( 3 ) : 291 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosiello , A. 2005 . Comparing Biotechnology Innovation Systems: The Cases of Scotland, Sweden and Denmark , Glasgow : Scottish Enterprise . Innogen working paper, report to the Scottish Enterprise
   Google Scholar
• Rosiello , A. 2007 . The geography of knowledge transfer and innovation in biotechnology: The cases of Scotland, Sweden and Denmark . European Planning Studies , 15 ( 6 ) : 787 – 815 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scottish Enterprise . 2005a . Biotechnology Scotland: Framework for Action 2004/05 , Glasgow : Scottish Enterprise .
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Enterprise . 2005b . Scottish Life Science Strategy: Creating Critical Mass , Glasgow : Scottish Enterprise .
   Google Scholar
• Senker , J. , Calvert , J. , Nesta , L. and Patel , P. 2003 . Efficiency of Innovation Policies in High Technology Sectors in Europe , Luxembourg : European Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Tait , J. and Williams , R. 1999 . Policy approaches to research and development: Foresight, framework and competitiveness . Science and Public Policy , 26 ( 2 ) : 101 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Von Hippel , E. 1999 . “ Sticky information and the locus of problem solving: Implications for innovation ” . In The Dynamic Firm , Edited by: Chandler , A. D. Jr , Hagstrom , P. and Solvell , O. 60 – 77 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zeller , C. 2004 . North Atlantic innovative relations of Swiss pharmaceuticals and the proximities with regional biotech arenas . Economic Geography , 80 ( 1 ) : 83 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucker , L. G. , Liebeskind , J. P. , Oliver , A. L. and Brewer , M. B. 1995 . Social Networks, Learning, and Flexibility: Sourcing Scientific Knowledge in New Biotechnology Firms , Cambridge , MA : National Bureau of Economic Research . NBER working paper no. 5320
   Google Scholar