How Necessary are Intermediary Organizations in the Commercialization of Research?

References

• Abetti , P. A. 2004 . Government-supported incubators in the Helsinki region, Finland: Infrastructure, results, and best practices . Journal of Technology Transfer , 29 ( 1 ) : 19 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Alestalo , M. 1997 . Variations in state responsiveness: The science system and competing theories of the state . International Sociology , 12 ( 1 ) : 73 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asheim , B. and Gertler , M. S. 2006 . “ The geography of innovation: Regional innovation systems ” . In The Oxford Handbook of Innovation , Edited by: Faberger , J. , Mowery , D. C. and Nelsen , R. 291 – 317 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bozeman , B. 1994 . Evaluating government technology transfer. Early impacts of the “cooperative technology paradigm” . Policy Studies Journal , 22 ( 2 ) : 322 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozeman , B. 2000 . Technology transfer and public policy: A review of research and theory . Research Policy , 29 ( 4–5 ) : 627 – 655 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caloghirou , Y. , Tsakanikas , A. and Vonortas , N. S. 2001 . University–industry cooperation in the context of the European framework programmes . Journal of Technology Transfer , 26 ( 1–2 ) : 153 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Clarysse , B. and Moray , N. 2004 . A process study of entrepreneurial team formation: The case of a research-based spin-off . Journal of Business Venturing , 19 ( 1 ) : 55 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , W. , Nelson , R. and Walsh , J. 2002 . Links and impacts: The influence of public research on industrial R&D . Management Science , 48 ( 1 ) : 1 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , P. 2002a . Regional innovation systems: General findings and some new evidence from biotechnology clusters . Journal of Technology Transfer , 27 ( 1 ) : 133 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , P. 2002b . Biotechnology clusters as regional, sectoral innovation systems . International Regional Science Review , 25 ( 1 ) : 8 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , P. and Schienstock , G. 2000 . Structural competitiveness and learning regions . Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies , 1 ( 3 ) : 265 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Dalziel , M. 2007 . A systems-based approach to industry classification . Research Policy , 36 ( 10 ) : 1559 – 1574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debackere , K. and Veugelers , R. 2005 . The role of academic technology transfer organisations in improving industry science links . Research Policy , 34 ( 3 ) : 321 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz , H. 2006 . The new visible hand: An assisted linear model of science and innovation policy . Science and Public Policy , 33 ( 5 ) : 310 – 320 .
   Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz , H. and Leydesdorff , L. 1997 . “ Universities and the global knowledge economy ” . In Universities and the Global Knowledge Economy. A Triple Helix of University–Government Relations , Edited by: Etzkowitz , H. and Leydesdorff , L. 1 – 8 . London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz , H. and Leydesdorff , L. 2000 . The dynamics of innovation: From National Systems and Mode 2 to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations . Research Policy , 29 ( 2 ) : 109 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana , R. and Guerzoni , M. 2007 . Incentives and uncertainty: An empirical analysis of the impact of demand on innovation . SPRU Electronic Working Paper Series 163, University of Sussex, SPRU—Science and Technology Policy Research
   Google Scholar
• Hämäläinen , T. and Schienstock , G. 2001 . Transformation of the Finnish Innovation System: A Network Approach , Helsinki : Suomen itsenäisyyden juhlarahasto, SITRA .
   Google Scholar
• Hoppe , H. C. and Ozdenoren , E. 2005 . Intermediation in innovation . CEPR Discussion Paper No. 4891
   Google Scholar
• Howells , J. 2006 . Intermediation and the role of intermediaries in innovation . Research Policy , 35 ( 5 ) : 715 – 728 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , W. H. A. 2008 . Roles, resources and benefits of intermediate organizations supporting Triple Helix collaborative R&D: The case of Precarn . Technovation , 28 ( 8 ) : 495 – 505 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kankaala , K. , Kutinlahti , P. and Törmälä , T. 2007 . Tutkimustulosten kaupallinen hyödyntäminen—Kvantitatiivisia tuloksia , Helsinki : Sitra .
   Google Scholar
• Kanninen , S. , Mikkonen , R. , Kuusisto , J. , Lemola , T. , Halme , K. and Viljamaa , K. 2006 . “ Osaamiskeskusohjelma 1999–2006, Loppuarviointi, Sisäasianministeriön julkaisu 57/2006 ” . Helsinki : Edita . [Centre of expertise program 1999–2006. Final evaluation. Ministry of the Interior Publications 57/2006]
   Google Scholar
• Kenney , M. 2000 . Understanding Silicon Valley. The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region , Edited by: Kenney , M. Stanford : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kenney , M. and Patton , D. 2007 . “ The coevolution of technologies and institutions: Silicon Valley as the iconic high-technology cluster ” . In Cluster Genesis. Technology Based Industrial Development , Edited by: Braunerhjelm , P. and Feldmann , M. 38 – 60 . New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Konttinen , J. and Nieminen , M. Analysing innovation intermediary organisations from the public management perspective . Proceedings 6th International Triple Helix Conference: Emerging Models for the Entrepreneurial University: Regional Diversities or Global Convergence . May 16–18 2007 . pp. 32 – 48 . Singapore, National University of Singapore
   Google Scholar
• Koskenlinna , M. , Smedlund , A. , Ståhle , P. , Köppä , L. , Niinikoski , M.-L. , Valovirta , V. , Halme , K. , Saapunki , J. and Leskinen , J. 2005 . Välittäjäorganisaatiot—moniottelijat innovaatioita edistämässä. Technology Review 168/2005 , Helsinki : Tekes .
   Google Scholar
• Kubeczko , K. , Rametsteiner , E. and Weiss , G. 2006 . The role of sectoral and regional innovation systems in supporting innovations . Forestry, Forest Policy and Economics , 8 ( 7 ) : 704 – 715 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutinlahti , P. 2005 . Universities Approaching Market. Intertwining Scientific and Entrepreneurial Goals , Espoo : VTT . VTT Publications 589
   Google Scholar
• Lester , R. K. 2005 . Universities, Innovation, and the Competitiveness of Local Economies: Summary Report from the Local Innovation Systems Project—Phase 1 , Working Paper 05-010, Industrial Performance Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
   Google Scholar
• Lester , R. K. and Sotarauta , M. 2007 . Innovation, Universities, and the Competitiveness of Regions , Edited by: Lester , R. K. and Sotarauta , M. Helsinki : Tekes . Technology Review 214/2007, Industrial Performance Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Tekes
   Google Scholar
• Leydesdorff , L. 1997 . “ The new communication regime of university–industry–government relations ” . In Universities and the Global Knowledge Economy. A Triple Helix of University–Government Relations , Edited by: Etzkowitz , H. and Leydesdorff , L. 1 – 8 . London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Leydesdorff, L. & Etzkowitz, H. (1997) A triple helix of university-industry-government relations, in: H. Etzkowitz & L. Leydesdorff (Eds), Universities and the Global Knowledge Economy. A Triple Helix of University–Government Relations, pp. 155–162. (London: Printer).
   Google Scholar
• Malerba , F. 2002 . Sectoral systems of innovation and production . Research Policy , 31 ( 2 ) : 247 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malerba , F. 2004 . Sectoral Systems of Innovation: Concepts, Issues and Analyses of Six Major Sectors in Europe , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , S. and Scott , J. T. 2000 . The nature of innovation market failure and the design of public support for private innovation . Research Policy , 29 ( 4–5 ) : 437 – 447 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maula , M. , Salmenkaita , J.-P. and Uusitalo , M. A. 2004 . “ Teknologia—ja innovaatiopolitiikan perusteet ja perushaasteet, in: T. Lemoa & P. Honkanen (Eds) ” . In Innovaatiopolitiikka: Kenen hyväksi, keiden ehdoilla? , 281 – 289 . Helsinki : Gaudeamus .
   Google Scholar
• Maula , M. , Murray , G. and Jääskeläinen , M. 2007 . Public Financing of Young Innovative Companies in Finland , MTI Publications, 3/2007, Helsinki
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , A. S. Towards a theory of intermediating organisations: Agency between the academy, industry and government . The Triple Helix 5 Conference . May 18–20 2005 , Turin, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education . 2008 . KOTA—database (statistical data on universities and fields of education) . Available at https://kotaplus.csc.fi/online/Etusivu.do?lng=en (accessed 12 March 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Moulaert , F. and Sekia , F. 2003 . Territorial innovation models. A critical survey . Regional Studies , 37 ( 3 ) : 289 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowery , D. C. and Sampat , B. N. 2006 . “ Universities in national innovation systems ” . In The Oxford Handbook of Innovation , Edited by: Faberger , J. and Mowery , D. C. 209 – 239 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ndonzuau , F. N. , Pirnay , F. and Surlemont , B. 2002 . A stage model of academic spin-off creation . Technovation , 22 ( 5 ) : 281 – 289 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , R. 1993 . National Innovation Systems. A Comparative Analysis , Edited by: Nelson , R. New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• OECD . 2006 . Innovation in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. Comparing National Innovation Systems at the Sectoral Level , (Paris: OECD Publishing, OECD)
   Google Scholar
• Oltra , V. and Saint-Jean , M. 2007 . Incrementalism of environmental innovations versus paradigmatic change: A comparative study of the automotive and chemical industries . GRES. Available at http://cahiersdugres.u-bordeaux4.fr/2007/2007-19.pdf (accessed 11 October 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Pavitt , K. 1984 . Sectoral patterns of technical change: Towards a taxonomy and a theory . Research Policy , 13 ( 6 ) : 343 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelkonen , A. 2003 . Intermediary organisations and commercialisation of academic research . VEST—Journal for Science and Technology Studies , 16 ( 1 ) : 47 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollard , D. 2006 . Innovation and technology transfer intermediaries: A systemic international study . Advances in Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams , 12 ( 1 ) : 137 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Porter , M. E. 2000 . Location, competition, and economic development: Local clusters in a global economy . Economic Development Quarterly , 14 ( 1 ) : 15 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salter , A. and Martin , B. R. 2000 . The economic benefits of publicly funded basic research: A critical review . Research Policy , 30 ( 3 ) : 509 – 532 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapsed , J. , Grantham , A. and Defillippi , R. 2007 . A bridge over troubled waters: Bridging organisations and entrepreneurial opportunities in emerging sectors . Research Policy , 36 ( 9 ) : 1314 – 1334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxenian , A. L. 1994 . Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schartinger , D. , Rammer , C. , Fischer , M. M. and Fröhlich , J. 2002 . Knowledge interactions between universities and industry in Austria: Sectoral patterns and determinants . Research Policy , 31 ( 3 ) : 303 – 328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shonfield , A. 1981 . “ Innovation: Does government have a role? ” . In Industrial Policy and Innovation. Joint Studies in Public Policy , Edited by: Carter , C. 4 – 20 . London : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Smits , R. and Kuhlmann , S. 2004 . The rise of systemic instruments in innovation policy . International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy , 1 ( 1/2 ) : 4 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Sotarauta , M. and Kautonen , M. 2007 . Co-evolution of the Finnish national and local innovation and science arenas: Towards a dynamic understanding of multi-level governance . Regional Studies , 41 ( 8 ) : 1085 – 1098 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Finland . 2008 . Finland in figures . Available at www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/index_en.html (accessed 22 October 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Tuunainen , J. 2005 . Contesting a hybrid firm at a traditional university . Social Studies of Science , 35 ( 2 ) : 173 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , A. , Auer , M. and Ritter , T. 2006 . The impact of network capabilities and entrepreneurial orientation on university spin-off performance . Journal of Business Venturing , 21 ( 4 ) : 541 – 567 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolter , K. 2004 . “ High-tech industry clustering rationales: The case of German biotechnology ” . In Regional Economies as Knowledge Laboratories , Edited by: Cooke , P. and Piccaulga , A. 117 – 141 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Woolthuis , R. K. , Lankhuizen , M. and Gilsing , V. 2005 . A system failure framework for innovation policy design . Technovation , 25 ( 6 ) : 609 – 619 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar