Normative power and organized hypocrisy: European Union member states' arms export to Libya

References

• Amnesty International, 2010. Killer facts: the impact of the irresponsible arms trade on lives, tights and livelihoods. London: Amnesty International.
   Google Scholar
• Amnesty International, 2011. Arms transfers to the Middle East and North Africa. Lessons for an effective arms trade treaty. London: Amnesty International.
   Google Scholar
• Anthony, I. and Bauer, S., 2005. Transfer controls. In: SIPRI yearbook 2005. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 699–719.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, S., 2003. The Europeanisation of arms export practices and its impact on democratic accountability. Thesis (PhD). Université Libre de Bruxelles and Freie Universität Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Bennhold, K., 2005. France looks for deals with Libya's military. New York Times, 7 Feb.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard, C. and Zanotti, J., 2011. Libya: background and U.S. relations. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
   Google Scholar
• Bromley, M., 2012. The review of the EU common position on arms exports: prospects for strengthened controls. Non-proliferation papers, no. 7. Brussels: EU Non-Proliferation Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Bull, H., 1982. Civilian power Europe: a contradiction in terms? Journal of common market studies, 12 (2), 146–164.
   Google Scholar
• Chivers, C., 2011a. Qaddafi troops fire cluster bombs into civilian areas. New York Times, 15 Apr.
   Google Scholar
• Chivers, C., 2011b. Following up, part 2. Down the rabbit hole: arms exports and Qaddafi’s cluster bombs. New York Times [online]. Available from: http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/22/following-up-part-ii-down-the-rabbit-hole-arms-exports-and-qaddafis-cluster-bombs/ [Accessed 7 July 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Cornish, P., 1995. The arms trade and Europe. London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union, 1998. European Union code of conduct on arms exports. Brussels: Council of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union, 2008. Council common position 2008/944/CFSP of 8 December 2008 defining common rules governing control of exports of military technology and equipment. Brussels: Council of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union, 2009. User's guide to council common position 2008/944/CFSP defining common rules governing the control of exports of military technology and equipment. Brussels: Council of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, I., 2002. The regulation of arms and dual-use exports. Germany, Sweden and the UK. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Doward, J., 2011. British gun dealer investigated in US over AK-47 empire. The Guardian, 20 Feb.
   Google Scholar
• Duchêne, F., 1972. Europe’s role in world peace. In: R. Mayne, ed. Europe tomorrow: sixteen Europeans look ahead. London: Fontana.
   Google Scholar
• Duchêne, F., 1973. The European community and the uncertainties of interdependence. In: M. Kohnstamm and W. Hager, eds. A nation writ large? Foreign-policy problems before the European community. London: Macmillan, 32–47.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission, 2001. Small arms and light weapons. The response of the European Union. Luxembourg: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission, 2009. Concept note Libya [online]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/mid_term_review/final_concept_note_libya_en.pdf [Accessed 3 December 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Erickson, J.L., 2013. Market imperative meets normative power: human rights and European arms transfer policy. European journal of international relations, 19 (2), 209–234. 10.1177/1354066111415883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsberg, T. and Herd, G.P., 2005. The EU, human rights, and the Russo-Chechen conflict. Political science quarterly, 120 (3), 455–478. 10.1002/j.1538-165X.2005.tb00554.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia D., 2011. Disarmament diplomacy and human security. Regimes, norms and moral progress in international relations. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Germany, 2009. Bericht der Bundesregierung über ihre Exportpolitik für konventionelle Rüstungsgüter im Jahre 2008 [Report of the Federal Government over its export policy for conventional military equipment in 2008]. Berlin: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie.
   Google Scholar
• Gibney, M., Cornett, L., Wood, R., and Haschke, P., 2013. Political terror scale 1976–2012. Available from: http://www.politicalterrorscale.org/ [Accessed 3 June 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Gleditsch, K.S., 2013. Modified Polity P4 and P4D Data, Version 4.0., Available from: http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/∼ksg/Polity.html [Accessed 3 June 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Guardian, 2011. UK firm defends Libya military sales. The Guardian, 21 Feb.
   Google Scholar
• Guisnel, J., 2011. Kadhafi, un client de choix pour les armes françaises [Gaddafi, a client of choice for French arms]. Le Point, 22 Feb.
   Google Scholar
• Holm, K., 2006. Europeanising export controls: the impact of the European Union code of conduct on arms exports in Belgium, Germany and Italy. European security, 15 (2), 213–234. 10.1080/09662830600903793
   Google Scholar
• Holtom, P., Bromley, M., and Wezeman, P.D., 2008. International arms transfers. In: SIPRI yearbook 2008. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 293–333.
   Google Scholar
• Holtom, P., et al., 2010. International arms transfers. In: SIPRI yearbook 2010. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 285–329.
   Google Scholar
• House of Commons, 2011. Scrutiny of arms export controls (2011): UK strategic export controls annual report 2009, quarterly reports for 2010, licensing policy and review of export control legislation. First Joint Report of Session 2010–2011.
   Google Scholar
• Hyde-Price, A., 2006. ‘Normative’ power Europe: a realist critique. Journal of European public policy, 13 (2), 217–234. 10.1080/13501760500451634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde-Price, A., 2008. A ‘tragic actor’? A realist perspective on ‘ethical power Europe’. International affairs, 84 (1), 29–44. 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00687.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Defence Review, 2007. ‘Libya contracts Alenia Aermacchi to overhaul trainer aircraft.’ International Defence Review, 6 Aug.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, S., 2013. Key developments in the main arms-producing countries, 2011–2012. In: SIPRI yearbook 2013. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 205–217.
   Google Scholar
• Jane’s Defence Industry, 2007. ‘Dassault reveals Rafale talks with Libya.’ Jane’s Defence Industry, 31 Aug.
   Google Scholar
• Jane's Defence Industry, 2008. GDUK confirms Libyan communications deal. Jane's Defence Industry, 9 May.
   Google Scholar
• Jane's Defence Weekly, 2006. Finmeccanica establishes joint venture in Libya. Jane's Defence Weekly, 20 Jan.
   Google Scholar
• Jane's Defence Weekly, 2007. France agrees Libyan arms sale. Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6 Aug.
   Google Scholar
• Kagan, R., 2003. Of paradise and power. America and Europe in the new world order. New York, NY: Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• King, T., 1999. Human rights in European foreign policy: success or failure for post-modern diplomacy? European journal of international law, 10 (2), 313–337. 10.1093/ejil/10.2.313
   Google Scholar
• Krasner, S., 1999. Sovereignty: organized hypocrisy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarevic, J., 2012. Point by point trends in transparency. In: Glenn McDonald, et al., eds. Small arms survey 2012. Moving targets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 282–311.
   Google Scholar
• Lustgarten, L., 2013. The European Union, the member states and the arms trade: a study in law and policy. European law review, 4, 521–541.
   Google Scholar
• Lutterbeck, D., 2009. Arming Libya: transfers of conventional weapons past and present. Contemporary security policy, 30 (3), 505–528. 10.1080/13523260903327451
   Google Scholar
• Manners, I., 2002. Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms? Journal of common market studies, 40 (2), 235–258. 10.1111/1468-5965.00353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manners, I., 2008. The normative ethics of the European Union. International affairs, 84 (1), 45–60. 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00688.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, N., 2007. Conflict specific capital: the role of weapons acquisition in civil war. International studies perspectives, 8 (1), 54–72. 10.1111/j.1528-3585.2007.00269.x
   Google Scholar
• Martinez, L., 2008. European Union’s exportation of democratic norms. The case of North Africa. In: Z. Laïdi, ed. EU foreign policy in a globalized world. Normative power and social preferences. London: Routledge, 118–133.
   Google Scholar
• Mearsheimer, J.J., 1994. The false promise of international institutions. International security, 19 (3), 5–49. 10.2307/2539078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon, A., Nicolaïdis, K., and Walsh, J., 2004. In defence of Europe – a response to Kagan. Journal of European affairs, 2 (3), 5–14.
   Google Scholar
• Mines Action Canada, 2011. Cluster munition monitor 2011. Ottawa: Mines Action Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Rettman, A., 2011. Italy-Libya arms deal shows weakness of EU code. EUObserver. Available from: http://euobserver.com/news/31915 [Accessed 3 June 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Rosso, R. and Dessey, O., 2007. Des Rafale à la Libye... si Washington le veut. L’Express, 14 Dec.
   Google Scholar
• Scheipers, S. and Siccurelli, D., 2007. Normative power Europe: a credible Utopia? Journal of common market studies, 45 (2), 435–457. 10.1111/j.1468-5965.2007.00717.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra Leone Truth & Reconciliation Commission, 2004. Report of the Sierra Leone truth & reconciliation commission. Volume 3B.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, H. and Swart, G., 2005. Libya’s foreign policy in flux. African affairs, 104 (416), 469–492. 10.1093/afraf/adi006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spleeters, D., 2012. Profit and proliferation: a special report on Belgian arms in the Arab uprising, part I. New York Times [online]. Available from: http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/profit-and-proliferation-a-special-report-on-belgian-arms-in-the-arab-uprising-part-i/?smid=tw-nytimesatwar&seid=auto [Accessed 5 May 2012].
   Google Scholar
• Sturman, K., 2003. The rise of Libya as a regional player. African security review, 12 (2), 109–112. 10.1080/10246029.2003.9627226
   Google Scholar
• Takeyh, R., 2001. ‘The rogue who came in from the cold’. Foreign affairs 80 (3), 62–72. 10.2307/20050151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telegraph, 2011. How Britain courted, armed and trained a Libyan Monster. The Telegraph, 25 Sep.
   Google Scholar
• United Kingdom, 2008a. United Kingdom strategic export controls export licence decisions during 2007 by country of destination. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills.
   Google Scholar
• United Kingdom, 2008b. Strategic export controls country pivot report 1st October 2008 – 31st Dec 2008. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills.
   Google Scholar
• United Kingdom, 2009. United Kingdom strategic export controls annual report 2008. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills.
   Google Scholar
• United States, 2008. Country reports on terrorism 2007. Washington, DC: Bureau of Counterterrorism.
   Google Scholar
• UNSC, 2003. Report of the Panel of Experts appointed pursuant to paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1478 (2003) concerning Liberia. S/2003/397.
   Google Scholar
• Waltz, K., 1979. Theory of international politics. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Wezeman, P.D., 2011. Libya: lessons in controlling the arms trade. Available from: http://www.sipri.org/media/newsletter/essay/march11 [Accessed 3 Dec 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Youngs, R., 2004. Normative dynamics and strategic interests in the EU’s external identity’. Journal of common market studies, 42 (2), 415–435. 10.1111/j.1468-5965.2004.00494.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar