672
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Unpacking military emulation: absorptive capacity and German counterinsurgency doctrine during ISAF

ORCID Icon
Pages 33-54 | Received 12 Oct 2019, Accepted 05 Dec 2019, Published online: 15 Dec 2019

References

  • Alderson, A., 2007. Revising the British Army’s counterinsurgency doctrine. RUSI journal, 152 (4), 6–11.
  • Alderson, A., 2013. Too busy to learn: personal observations on British campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan. In: J. Bailey, R. Iron, and H. Strachan, ed. British generals in Blair’s wars. Aldershot: Ashgate, 281–297.
  • Allison, G., 1971. Essence of decision: Explaining the Cuban missile crisis. New York: Little Brown.
  • Baumann, R., and Hellman, G., 2001. Germany and the use of military force: ‘total war’, the ‘culture of restraint’ and the quest for normality. German politics, 10 (1), 61–82.
  • Bloomfield, A., 2012. Time to move on: reconceptualising the strategic culture debate. Contemporary security policy, 33 (3), 437–461.
  • Byrne, B., and Bannister, F., 2013. Knowledge management in defence. Defence forces review, 71–93.
  • Catignani, S., 2014. Coping with knowledge: learning in the British Army. Journal of strategic studies, 37 (1), 30–64.
  • Chen, Y., Lin, M.J., and Ching-Hsun, C., 2009. The positive effects of relationship learning and absorptive capacity on innovation performance and competitive advantage in industrial markets. Industrial marketing management, 38 (2), 152–158.
  • Chiari, B., 2014. A new model army: The Bundeswehr in Kunduz. In: B. Chiari, ed. From Venus to Mars? PRTs and the European military experience in Afghanistan 2001-14. Freiburg: Rombach, 135–157.
  • Cohen, W.M., and Levinthal, D., 1989. Innovation and learning: the two faces of R&D. The economic journal, 99 (9), 569–596.
  • COIN Guide, 2013. Counterinsurgency guide: Recommendations for commanders. Berlin: Federal Ministry of Defence.
  • Coticchia, F., and Moro, F.N., 2016. Learning from others? emulation and change in the Italian armed forces since 2001. Armed forces and society, 42 (4), 696–718.
  • Dyson, T., 2019a. The military as a learning organisation: establishing the fundamentals of best-practice in lessons-learned. Defence studies, 19 (2), 107–129.
  • Dyson, T., 2019b. Organisational learning and the modern army: a new model for lessons-learned processes. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Dalgaard-Nielsen, A., 2006. Germany, pacifism and peace enforcement. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • de Holan, P., and Phillips, N., 2004. Remembrance of things past? The dynamics of organizational forgetting. Management science, 50 (11), 1603–1613.
  • de Long, D., and Fahey, L., 2000. Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management. Academy of management executive, 14 (4), 113–127.
  • DiBella, A.J., 2010. Can the army become a learning organization? Joint force quarterly, 56 (1), 117–122.
  • Downie, R.D., 1988. Learning from conflict: The US military in Vietnam, El Salvador, and the Drug War. Westport: Praeger.
  • Davidson, J., 2011. Lifting the fog of peace: How Americans learned to fight modern war. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
  • Easterby-Smith, M., and Lyles, M.A., 2011. The evolving field of organizational learning and knowledge management. In: M. Easterby-Smith, and M.A. Lyles, ed. Handbook of organizational learning and knowledge management. Chichester: Blackwell, 1–23.
  • Edmonson, A., 1999. Psychological safety and learning behaviour in work teams. Administrative science quarterly, 44 (2), 350–383.
  • Farrell, T., 2001. Transnational norms and military development. European journal of international relations, 7 (1), 63–102.
  • Farrell, T., 2005. World culture and military power. Security studies, 14 (3), 448–488.
  • Farrell, T., and Terriff, T., 2010. Military transformation in NATO: a framework for analysis. In: T. Farrell, T. Terriff, and F. Osinga, ed. A transformation gap? American innovations and European military change. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1–14.
  • Feaver, P., 2003. Armed servants: agency, oversight and civil-military relations. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
  • Fitzgerald, D., 2013. Learning to forget: US Army counterinsurgency doctrine and practice from Vietnam to Iraq. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Foley, R.T., Griffin, S., and McCartney, H., 2011. Transformation in contact: learning the lessons of modern war. International affairs, 82 (2), 253–270.
  • Foley, R.T., 2014. Dumb donkeys or cunning foxes? Learning in the British and German Armies during the great War. International affairs, 90 (2), 279–298.
  • Goldenberg, I., Soeters, J., and Dean, W., 2017. Information sharing in military operations. Cham: Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
  • Goldman, E., 2006. Cultural foundations of military diffusion. Review of international studies, 32 (1), 69–91.
  • Greenhill, K.M., and Staniland, P., 2007. Ten ways to lose at counterinsurgency. Civil wars, 9 (4), 402–419.
  • Griffin, S., 2017. Military innovation studies: multidisciplinary or lacking discipline? Journal of strategic studies, 40 (1-2), 196–224.
  • Grissom, A., 2006. The future of military innovation studies. Journal of strategic studies, 29 (5), 905–934.
  • Hardt, H., 2017. How NATO remembers: explaining institutional memory in international crisis management. European security, 26 (1), 120–148.
  • Hardt, H., 2018. NATO’s lessons in crisis: institutional memory in international organisations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Harkness, K.A., and Hunzeker, M., 2015. Military maladaptation: counterinsurgency and the politics of failure. Journal of strategic studies, 38 (6), 777–800.
  • Harvey, C., and Wilkinson, M., 2009. The value of doctrine: assessing British officers perspectives. RUSI Journal, 154 (6), 26–31.
  • Hasselbladh, H., and Ydén, K., 2019. Why military organisations are cautious about learning? Armed forces and society. doi:10.1177/0095327X19832058.
  • Heuser, B., 2006. The cultural revolution in counter-insurgency. Journal of strategic studies, 30 (1), 153–171.
  • Hilpert, C., 2014. Strategic cultural change and the challenge for security policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hoffmann, F.G., 2016. How we bridged a wartime learning gap. US Naval Institute proceedings, 142 (5), 22–29.
  • Høiback, H., 2016. The anatomy of doctrine and ways to keep it fit. Journal of strategic studies, 39 (2), 185–197.
  • Holmqvist, M., 2003. A dynamic model of intra and inter-organizational learning. Organization studies, 24 (1), 95–123.
  • Horowitz, M., 2010. The diffusion of military power: Causes and consequences for international politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Huntington, S., 1957. The soldier and the state: The theory and politics of civil-military relations. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
  • Hyde-Price, A.G.V., 2015. The “sleep-walking giant” awakes: resetting German foreign and security policy. European security, 24 (4), 600–616.
  • Imlay, T., and Toft, M., 2006. The fog of peace and war planning. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Inkpen, A.C., 1998. Learning and knowledge acquisition through international strategic alliances. Academy of management executive, 12 (4), 69–80.
  • Interview 1. Senior officer, J357 Division, Bundeswehr Operations Command, Potsdam, 28 April 2016.
  • Interview 2. Head of lessons team (SO1), Waterloo Lines, Warminster, 1 March 2017.
  • Interview 3. Senior civil servant, Chilcot Implementation Team, MoD, London, 29 September 2017.
  • Interview 4. One staff officer (SO2), One civilian, CHACR, RMA Sandhurst, 12 July 2017.
  • Interview 5. Two staff officers (SO1), One civil servant, JSCSC, Shrivenham, 10 July 2017.
  • Interview 6. Senior officer, J357 Division, Bundeswehr Operations Command, Potsdam, 13 April 2016.
  • Interview 7. Civil servant, British Army Lessons Team, Waterloo Lines, Warminster, 10 July 2017.
  • Interview 8. One staff officer (SO2), one civil servant, British Army Lessons Team, Waterloo Lines, Warminster, 16 December 2017.
  • Interview 9. Staff officer (SO1), Operations Coordination Group Afghanistan, Bundeswehr Operations Command, Potsdam, 3 June 2016.
  • Interview 10. Staff officer (SO1), Lessons Learned Branch, Army Command, Strausberg, 19 April 2016.
  • Interview 11. Staff officer (SO1), Bundeswehr Office for Defence Planning, Department for Interoperability, Koepenick, 4 May 2016.
  • Interview 12. Two staff officers (SO1 and SO2), Leadership Academy, Hamburg, 19 October 2016.
  • Interview 13. Former Bundeswehr LLSO, Deployed in ISAF 2011, Cologne, 28 June 2016.
  • Interview 14. Former Bundeswehr LLSO, Deployed in ISAF 2010, Veitshoechheim Barracks, Wuerzberg, 11 July 2016.
  • Interview 15. Researcher, ZMSBw, Potsdam, 17 March 2016.
  • Interview 16. Staff officer (SO1), Lessons Learned Branch, Army Command, Strausberg, 2 February 2016.
  • Interview 17. Staff officer (SO1), Lessons Learned Branch, Army Command, Strausberg, 19 April 2016.
  • Interview 18. Four staff officers (SO1/SO2), Office for Army Development, Department 1(2), Leadership Principles, Cologne, 27 April 2016.
  • Interview 19. Two staff officers (SO1), Bundeswehr Office for Defence Planning, Department for Interoperability, Koepenick, 4 May 2016.
  • Interview 20. Staff officer (SO1), Operations Coordination Group Afghanistan, Bundeswehr Operations Command, Potsdam, 28 April 2016.
  • Interview 21. Former Bundeswehr LLSO, Deployed in ISAF 2013, Strausberg, 6 July 2016.
  • Interview 22. Staff officer (SO1), Army Training Command, Subject Group 2, Leipzig, 15 April 2016.
  • Interview 23. Staff officer (SO1), Department for Strategy and Deployment, BMVg, Berlin, 14 June 2016.
  • Interview 24, Staff officer (SO2), Lessons Team, Waterloo Lines, Warminster, 15 December 2016.
  • Interview 25, Staff officer (SO1), Leadership Academy, Hamburg, 15 August 2017.
  • Interview 26, Staff officer (SO2), Joint Warfare Operational Analysis and Learning Team, JFC, 28 February 2017.
  • Jensen, B.M., 2016. Escaping the iron cage: the institutional foundations of FM 3.24. counterinsurgency doctrine. Journal of strategic studies, 39 (2), 213–230.
  • Kier, E., 1995. Culture and military doctrine: France between the wars. International security, 19 (4), 65–93.
  • Kiszely, J., 2013. The British Army and thinking about the operational-level. In: J. Bailey, R. Iron, and H. Strachan, ed. British generals in Blair’s wars. Aldershot: Ashgate, 119–131.
  • Lawrence, T.B., et al., 2005. The politics of organizational learning. Academy of management review, 30 (1), 180–191.
  • Lis, A., 2012. How to strengthen positive organizational behaviours fostering experiential learning. Journal of entrepreneurship, management and innovation, 8 (4), 21–34.
  • Lis, A., 2014. Knowledge creation and conversion in military organisations. Journal of entrepreneurship, management and innovation, 10 (1), 57–78.
  • Little, P., 2009. Lessons unlearned: a former officer’s perspective on the British Army at war. RUSI Journal, 154 (3), 10–16.
  • Loebbecke, C., van Fenema, P.C., and Powell, P., 2016. Managing inter-organisational knowledge-sharing. Journal of strategic information systems, 25 (1), 4–14.
  • Mackay, A., 2013. Helmand 2007-2008: behavioural conflict, from general to strategic corporal. In: J. Bailey, R. Iron, and H. Strachan, ed. British generals in Blair’s wars. Aldershot: Ashgate, 249–265.
  • Marcus, R.D., 2015. Military innovation and tactical adaptation in the Israel–hizballah conflict: the institutionalization of lesson-learning in the IDF. Journal of strategic studies, 38 (4), 500–528.
  • Marcus, R.D., 2019. Learning under fire: Israel’s improvised military adaptation to Hamas tunnel warfare. Journal of strategic studies, 42 (3), 344–370.
  • Meier, M., 2011. Knowledge management in strategic alliances: a review of empirical evidence. International journal of management reviews, 13 (1), 1–23.
  • Muench, P., 2015. Die Bundeswehr in Afghanistan: Militaerische Handlungslogik in internationalen intervention. Freiburg: Rombach.
  • Nagl, J.A., 2002. Learning to eat soup with a knife: Counterinsurgency lessons from Malaya and Vietnam. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
  • Nagl, J.A., 2015. COIN fights: a response to Etzioni. Small Wars and Insurgencies, 26 (3), 377–382.
  • NATO LL Handbook (2016). 3rd Edition. Joint Analysis and LL Centre: Lisbon.
  • Naumann, K., 2014. Shaping a new soldier? In: B. Chari, ed. From Venus to Mars? PRTs and the European military experience in Afghanistan, 2001–2014. Freiburg: Rombach, 301–317.
  • Noetzel, T., 2010. Germany’s small war in Afghanistan: military learning amid politico-strategic inertia. Contemporary security policy, 31 (3), 486–503.
  • Noetzel, T., 2011. The German politics of war: Kunduz and the war in Afghanistan. International Affairs, 87 (2), 397–417.
  • Nonanka, I. 2013. Dynamic organizational capabilities. In Strategic management of military capabilities, proceedings of the 2012 NIDS symposium on security affairs. Tokyo, Institute for Defense Studies, 19-30.
  • Parise, S. 2002. Leveraging knowledge management for business value. IBM Institute for Business Value. Available from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8b60/3ba17bfdc7260808ff7aba2ba76ad61d74b5.pdf.
  • Piening, E., 2013. Dynamic capabilities in public organisations. Public management review, 15 (2), 209–245.
  • Posen, B.R., 1984. The sources of military doctrine: France, Britain and Germany between the World Wars. Cornell: Cornell University Press.
  • Resende-Santos, J. 2007. Neorealism, states and the modern mass army. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rosen, S.P., 1998. New ways of war: understanding military innovation. International security, 13 (1), 134–168.
  • Russell, J.A., 2010. Innovation, transformation and war: counterinsurgency operations in Anbar and Ninewa Provinces, Iraq, 2005-2007. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Rynning, S., 2001. /02. Shaping military doctrine in France: decisionmakers between international power and domestic interests. Security studies, 11 (2), 85–116.
  • Sangar, E., 2014. Historical experience: burden or bonus in today’s wars? The British Army and the Bundeswehr in Afghanistan. Freiburg: Rombach.
  • Sangar, E., 2015. The weight of the past(s): the impact of the Bundeswehr's use of historical experience on strategy–making in Afghanistan. Journal of strategic studies, 38 (4), 411–444.
  • Schuessler, C., and Heng, K.-L., 2013. The Bundeswehr and the Kunduz air strike 4 September 2009: Germany's post-heroic moment? European security, 22 (3), 355–375.
  • Schreer, B., 2010. Political constraints: Germany and counterinsurgency. Security challenges, 6 (1), 97–108.
  • Seiffert, A., 2014. Holidays at Kunduz spa? In: B. Chiari, ed. From Venus to Mars? PRTs and the European military experience in Afghanistan 2001-14. Freiburg: Rombach, 317–333.
  • Serena, C., 2011. A revolution in military adaptation: The US Army in the Iraq War. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
  • Sheremata, W., 2000. Centrifugal and centripetal forces in radical new product development under time pressure. Academy of management review, 25 (2), 389–408.
  • Soeters, J., and Goldenberg, I., 2019. Information sharing in multinational security and military operations. Why and why not? With whom and with whom not? Defence studies, 19 (1), 37–48.
  • van Wijk, R., Jansen, J.J.P., and Lyles, M.A., 2008. Inter- and intra-organizational knowledge transfer. Journal of management studies, 45 (4), 830–853.
  • Visser, M., 2008. Learning under conditions of hierarchy and discipline. Learning inquiry, 2 (2), 127–137.
  • Waltz, K., 1979. Theory of international politics. Reading: Addison Wesley.
  • Weber, R.O., 2007. Knowledge management in call centres. Electronic journal of knowledge management, 5 (3), 333–346.
  • Zahra, S.A., and George, G., 2002. Absorptive capacity: a review, reconceptualization and extension. Academy of management review, 27 (2), 185–203.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.