The International Criminal Court and responsibility for mass atrocities: Can JCE enhance capacity to hold masterminds accountable?

References

• Ambos, K. (2007). Joint criminal enterprise and command responsibility. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 5(1), 159–183. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mql045
   Google Scholar
• Ambos, K. (2016). Article 25. ‘International criminal responsibility. In O. Triffterer & K. Ambos (Eds.), The Rome statute of the international criminal court: A commentary (pp. 992–1001). C.H. Beck.
   Google Scholar
• Ambos, K. (2020). Omissions. In K. Ambos, A. Duff, J. Roberts, T. Weigend, & A. Heinze (Eds.), Core concepts in criminal law and criminal justice (Vol. 1, pp. 17–53). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Capehart, L., & Milovanovic, D. (2020). Social justice: Theories, issues, and movements. Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cassese, A. (2007). The proper limit of individual responsibility under the doctrine of joint criminal responsibility. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 5(1), 109–133. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mql091
   Google Scholar
• Cassese, A., and Members of the Journal of International Criminal Justice. (2009). Amicus curiae brief of professor Antonio Cassese and members of the journal of international criminal justice on joint criminal enterprise doctrine. Criminal law forum, 20(2–3), 289–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-009-9099-8
   Google Scholar
• Clark, J. N. (2008). The three Rs: Retributive justice, restorative justice, and reconciliation. Contemporary Justice Review: Issues in Criminal, Social, and Restorative Justice, 11(4), 331–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580802482603
   Google Scholar
• Cryer, R., Robinson, D., & Vasiliev, S. (2019). An introduction to international criminal law and procedure. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, Prosecutor v. Ieng Thirith and others. (2010, May 10). Case No. 002/19-09-2007-ECCC/)CJI (PT 38), pre-trial chamber, decision on the appeals in the co-investigative judges order on Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE).
   Google Scholar
• Frahang, C. (2010). Point of no return: Joint criminal enterprise in Brđanin. Leiden Journal of International Law, 23(1), 137–164. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156509990367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González, T., & Buth, A. J. (2019). Restorative justice at the crossroads: Politics, power, and language. Contemporary Justice Review: Issues in Criminal, Social, and Restorative Justice, 22(3), 242–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2019.1644172
   Google Scholar
• Guliyeva, G. (2008-2009). The concept of joint criminal enterprise and ICC Jurisdiction. Eyes on the ICC, 5, 49–84.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson, K. (2007). The requirement of an “express agreement” for joint criminal enterprise liability: A critique of Brđanin. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 5(1), 134–158. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi085
   Google Scholar
• Heberer, P., & Matthäus, J. (Eds). (2008). Atrocities on Trial: Historical perspectives on the politics of prosecuting war crimes. University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holá, B., Nzitatira, H. N., & Weeedesteijn, M. (2022). Introduction: Atrocity crimes and atrocity studies. In B. Holá, H. N. Nzitatira, & M. Weeedesteijn (Eds.), The oxford handbook of atrocity crimes (pp. 27–50). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hyeran, J., & Simmons, B. (2016). Can the international criminal court deter atrocity? International Organisation, 70(3), 443–475. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818316000114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Criminal Court, Decision on the confirmation of charges. (2007, January 29). ICC-01/04-01/06-796-Conf-tEN, and public version: ICC-01/04-01/06-803-tEN (“decision on confirmation of charges” or “confirmation decision”).
   Google Scholar
• International Criminal Court, Prosecutor v. Katanga and Ngudjolo Chui. (2008, September 30). Decision on the confirmation of charges, PTC 1.
   Google Scholar
• International Criminal Court, Prosecutor v. Lubanga Dyilo. (2007, January 29). ICC-01/04-01/06, pre-trial chamber I, Decision.
   Google Scholar
• International Criminal Court, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo. (2012, March 14). Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, ICC, trial chamber I.
   Google Scholar
• International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia Prosecutor v. Brđanin. (2007, April 03). Case No. IT-99-36-A, ICTY, Appeals Chamber.
   Google Scholar
• International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić. (1999, July 15). Case No. IT-94-1-A, appeals chamber, judgment.
   Google Scholar
• International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Boouino Karemera Matthmu Ngirumpatse v. The Prosecutor. (2014, September 29). Appeals chamber. Case No.ICTR-98-44-A.
   Google Scholar
• International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, Prosecutor v Mladić. (2021, June 8). MICT-13-56-A, appeals chamber, judgment.
   Google Scholar
• Iraqi High Tribunal, Prosecutor v. Saddam Hussein. (2006, December 26). Appeals chamber. Case No. 29/c/2006.
   Google Scholar
• Kosovo Specialist Chambers, Specialist Prosecutor v. Hashim Thaçi, Kadri Veseli, Rexhep Selimi and Jakup Krasniqi. (2021, December 23). Decision on appeals against “decision on motions challenging the jurisdiction of the specialist chambers. KSC-BC-2020-06.
   Google Scholar
• Kritz, N. J. (Ed). (1995). Transitional justice: How emerging democracies reckon with former regimes (Vol. 1-3). United States Institute of Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons, B. S. (2011). Tortured Law/Tortured ‘Justice’ – Joint criminal enterprise in the case of Aloys Simba. ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law, 17(2), 459–471. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/ilsajournal/vol17/iss2/9
   Google Scholar
• Manacorda, S., & Meloni, C. (2011). Indirect perpetration versus joint criminal enterprise: Concurring approaches in the practice of international criminal law. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 9(1), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqq074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muschert, G. W. (2023). Global Agendas for Social Justice. Bristol University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, M. (2019). Transitional justice: Contending with the past. Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, M. (2022). Human Rights and Atrocities. In B. Holá, H. N. Nzitatira, & M. Weeedesteijn (Eds.), Introduction: Atrocity crimes and atrocity studies (pp. 115–140). The Oxford Handbook of Atrocity Crimes.
   Google Scholar
• Ohlin, J. D. (2007). Three conceptual problems with the doctrine of joint criminal enterprise. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 5(1), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mql044
   Google Scholar
• Ohlin, J. D. (2011). Joint intentions to commit international crimes. Chicago Journal of International Law, 1(2), 693–753. https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub/169
   Google Scholar
• Ohlin, J. D., Van Sliedregt, E., & Weigend, T. (2013). Assessing the control theory. Leiden Journal of International Law, 26(3), 725–746. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156513000319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olasolo, H. (2009). Joint criminal enterprise and its extended form: A theory of co-perpetration giving rise to principal liability, a notion of accessorial liability, or a form of partnership in crime? Criminal Law Forum, 20, 263–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-009-9098-9
   Google Scholar
• Payne, B. K. (2011). White-Collar crime: A text/reader. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pérez-León-Acevedo, J.-P. (2019). Bringing the bosses to international criminal trials: The problems with joint criminal enterprise and the “control over the crime” approach as a better alternative. Pace International Law Review, 32(1), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.58948/2331-3536.1394
   Google Scholar
• Pocar, F. (2017). Notes on joint criminal liability before the international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. University of the Pacific Law Review, 48(2), 189–196. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uoplawreview/vol48/iss2/9
   Google Scholar
• Ramsundar, N. (2020). State responsibility for support of armed groups in the commission of international crimes. Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Roxin, C. (2011). Crimes as part of organised power structures. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 9(1), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqq083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez, J.-M. S. (2008). Criminal omissions: Some relevant distinctions. New Criminal Law Review, 11(3), 452–469. https://doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2008.11.3.452
   Google Scholar
• Savelsberg, J. J. (2023). Genocide and other atrocity crimes: Toward remedies. In G. W. Muschert (Ed.), Global agenda for social justice (pp. 111–120). Bristol University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scheffer, D. (2006). Genocide and atrocity crimes. Genocide Studies & Prevention: An International Journal, 1(3), 229–250. https://doi.org/10.3138/E832-0314-6712-60H3
   Google Scholar
• Sikkink, K. (2011). Justice cascade: How human rights prosecutions are changing world politics. W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Special Court for Sierra Leone, Prosecutor v Issa Hassan Sesay, Morris Kallon and Augustine Gbao. (2009, October 26). Appeals chamber. SCSL-04-15-A. (“Appeal Judgment”).
   Google Scholar
• Special Panels for Serious Crimes of East Timor, Deputy General Prosecutor for Serious Crimes v. Sisto Barros aka Xisto Barros and Cesar Mendonca. (2005, May 12). Case No. 01/2004.
   Google Scholar
• Special Tribunal for Lebanon. (2011, February 16). Interlocutory decision on the applicable law: Terrorism, conspiracy, homicide, perpetration, cumulative charging with corrected front page, appeals chamber. STL-II-01/I.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, J. G. (2012). International criminal court and tribunals: The end of “modes of liability” for international crimes. Leiden Journal of International Law, 25(1), 165–219. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156511000653
   Google Scholar
• UN General Assembly. (1998). Rome statute of the international criminal court. www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3a84.html
   Google Scholar
• van Sliedregt, E. (2007). Joint criminal enterprise as a pathway to convicting individuals for genocide. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 5(1), 184–207. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mql042
   Google Scholar
• Winslade, J. (2019). Can restorative justice promote social justice? Contemporary Justice Review: Issues in Criminal, Social, and Restorative Justice, 22(3), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2019.1644173
   Google Scholar
• Yanev, L. D. (2018). Theories of Co-Perpetration in international criminal law. Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Zyberi, G. (2017). Responsibility of states and individuals for mass atrocity crimes. In A. Nollkaemper & I. Plakokefalos (Eds.), The practice of shared responsibility in international law (pp. 236–261). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar