REFERENCES
- Gu , L. , Kelm , M. A. , Hammerstone , J. F. , Beecher , G. , Holden , J. , Haytowitz , D. , Gebhardt , S. and Prior , R. L. 2004 . Concentrations of proanthocyanidins in common foods and estimations of normal consumption . J Nutr. , 134 : 613 – 617 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Auger , C. , Al-Awwadi , N. , Bornet , A. , Rouanet , J-M. , Gasc , F. , Cros , G. and Teissedre , P-L. 2004 . Catechins and procyanidins in Mediterranean diets . Food Research International. , 37 : 233 – 245 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Bagchi , D. , Sen , C. K. , Ray , S. D. , Das , D. K. , Bagchi , M. , Preuss , H. G. and Vinson , J. A. 2003 . Molecular mechanisms of cardioprotection by a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract . Mutat Res. , 523–524 : 87 – 97 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Li , W. G. , Zhang , X. Y. , Wu. , Y. J. and Tian , X. 2000 . Anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds . Acta Pharmacol Sin. , 22 : 1117 – 1120 . [CSA]
- Llópiz , N. , Puiggròs , F. , Céspedes , E. , Arola , L. , Ardévol , A. , Bladé , C. and Salvadó , M. J. 2004 . Antigenotoxic effect of grape seed procyanidin extract in Fao cells submitted to oxidative stress . J Agric Food Chem. , 52 : 1083 – 1087 . [CSA]
- Agarwal , C. , Sharma , Y. , Zhao , J. and Agarwal , R. 2000 . A polyphenolic fraction from grape seeds causes irreversible growth inhibition of breast carcinoma MDA-MB468 cells by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinases activation and inducing G1 arrest and differentiation . Clin Cancer Res. , 6 : 2921 – 2930 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Ruan , H. and Lodish , H. F. 2003 . Insulin resistance in adipose tissue: direct and indirect effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha . Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. , 14 : 447 – 455 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Manach , C. , Scalbert , A. , Morand , C. , Remesy , C. and Jimenez , L. 2004 . Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability . Am J Clin Nutr. , 79 : 727 – 747 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Hammerstone , J. F. , Lazarus , S. A. and Schmitz , H. H. 2000 . Procyanidin content and variation in some commonly consumed foods . J Nutr. , 130 : 2086S – 2092S . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Ruidavets , J-B. , Teissedre , P-L. , Ferrieres , J. , Carando , S. , Bougard , G. and Cabanis , J-C. 2000 . Catechin in the Mediterranean diet: vegetable, fruit or wine? . Atherosclerosis , 153 : 107 – 117 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Nijveldt , R. J. , van Nood , E. , van Hoorn , D. E. , Boelens , P. G. , van Norren , K. and van Leeuwen , P. A. 2001 . Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications . Am J Clin Nutr. , 74 : 418 – 425 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Nakamura , Y. and Tonogai , Y. 2003 . Metabolism of grape seed polyphenol in the rat . J Agric Food Chem. , 51 : 7215 – 7225 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Spencer , J. P. , Schroeter , H. , Rechner , A. R. and Rice-Evans , C. 2001 . Bioavailability of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins: gastrointestinal tract influences and their relevance to bioactive forms in vivo . Antioxid Redox Signal , 3 : 1023 – 1039 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Deprez , S. , Mila , I. , Huneau , J. F. , Tome , D. and Scalbert , A. 2001 . Transport of proanthocyanidin dimer, trimer, and polymer across monolayers of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells . Antioxid Redox Signal , 3 : 957 – 967 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Yilmaz , Y. and Toledo , R. T. 2004 . Major flavonoids in grape seeds and skins: antioxidant capacity of catechin, epicatechin, and gallic acid . J Agric Food Chem. , 52 : 255 – 260 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Hagerman , A. E. , Riedl , K. M. , Jones , G. A. , Sovik , K. N. , Ritchard , N. T. , Hartzfeld , P. W. and Riechel , T. L. 1998 . High molecular weight plant polyphenolics (tannins) as biological antioxidants . J Agric Food Chem. , 46 : 1887 – 1892 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Landrault , N. , Poucheret , P. , Ravel , P. , Gasc , F. , Cros , G. and Teissedre , P. L. 2001 . Antioxidant capacities and phenolics levels of french wines from different varieties and vintages . J Agric Food Chem. , 49 : 3341 – 3348 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Heim , K. E. , Tagliaferro , A. R. and Bobilya , D. J. 2002 . Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships . J Nutr Biochem. , 13 : 572 – 584 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Williams , R. J. , Spencer , J. P.E. and Rice-Evans , C. 2004 . Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules? . Free Radic Biol Med. , 36 : 838 – 849 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Brunet , M. J. , Bladé , M. C. , Salvadó , M. J. , Arola , L. and Human , Ap. 2002 . A-1 and rat transferrin are the principal plasma proteins that bind wine catechins . J Agric Food Chem. , 50 : 2708 – 2712 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Actis-Goretta , L. , Ottaviani , J. I. , Keen , C. L. and Fraga , C. G. 2003 . Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity by flavan-3-ols and procyanidins . FEBS Lett. , 555 : 597 – 600 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Dell'Agli , M. , Busciala , A. and Bosisio , E. 2004 . Vascular effects of wine polyphenols . Cardiovasc Res. , 63 : 593 – 602 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Rosenkranz , S. , Knirel , D. , Dietrich , H. , Flesch , M. , Erdmann , E. and Bohm , M. 2002 . Inhibition of the PDGF receptor by red wine flavonoids provides a molecular explanation for the “French paradox.” . FASEB J. , 16 : 1958 – 1960 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- del , B as , Fernández-Larrea , J. M.J. , Blay , M. , Ardèvol , A. , Salvadó , M. J. , Arola , L. and Bladé , C. 2005 . Grape seed procyanidins improve atherosclerotic risk index and induce liver CYP7A1 and SHP expression in healthy rats . FASEB J. , 19 : 479 – 481 . [CSA]
- Vinson , J. A. , Teufel , K. and Wu , N. 2001 . Red wine, dealcoholized red wine, and especially grape juice, inhibit atherosclerosis in a hamster model . Atherosclerosis , 156 : 67 – 72 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Bohm , M. , Rosenkranz , S. and Laufs , U. 2004 . Alcohol and red wine: impact on cardiovascular risk . Nephrol Dial Transplant , 19 : 11 – 16 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Cascon , E. , Roig , R. , Ardevol , A. , Salvado , M. J. , Arola , L. and Blade , C. 2001 . Nonalcoholic components in wine reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol in normocholesterolemic rats . Lipids , 36 : 383 – 388 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Pinent , M. , Blay , M. , Blade , M. C. , Salvado , M. J. , Arola , L. and Ardevol , A. 2004 . Grape seed-derived procyanidins have an antihyperglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and insulinomimetic activity in insulin-sensitive cell lines . Endocrinology , 145 : 4985 – 4990 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Al-Awwadi , N. , Azay , J. , Poucheret , P. , Cassanas , G. , Krosniak , M. , Auger , C. , Gasc , F. , Rouanet , J-M. , Cros , G. and Teissedre , P-L. 2004 . Antidiabetic activity of red wine polyphenolic extract, ethanol, or both in streptozotocin-treated Rats . J Agric Food Chem. , 52 : 1008 – 1016 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Hellerstedt , W. L. , Jeffery , R. W. and Murray , D. M. 1990 . The association between alcohol intake and adiposity in the general population . Am J Epidemiol , 132 : 594 – 611 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Cordain , L. , Bryan , E. D. , Melby , C. L. and Smith , M. J. 1997 . Influence of moderate daily wine consumption on body weight regulation and metabolism in healthy free-living males . J Am Coll Nutr. , 16 : 134 – 139 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Cordain , L. , Melby , C. L. , Hamamoto , A. E. , O'Neill , D. S. , Cornier , M-A. , Barakat , H. A. , Israel , R. G. and Hill , J. O. 2000 . Influence of moderate chronic wine consumption on insulin sensitivity and other correlates of syndrome X in moderately obese women . Metabolism , 49 : 1473 – 1478 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Vogels , N. , Nijs , I. M. and Westerterp-Plantenga , M. S. 2004 . The effect of grape-seed extract on 24 h energy intake in humans . Eur J Clin Nutr. , 58 : 667 – 673 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Tebib , K. , Besançon , P. and Rouanet , J. M. 1996 . Effects of dietary grape seed tannins on rat cecal fermentation and colonic bacterial enzymes . Nutr Res. , 16 : 105 – 110 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Mittal , A. , Elmets , C. A. and Katiyar , S. K. 2003 . Dietary feeding of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds prevents photocarcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mice: relationship to decreased fat and lipid peroxidation . Carcinogenesis , 24 : 1379 – 1388 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Moreno , D. A. , Ilic , N. , Poulev , A. , Brasaemle , D. L. , Fried , S. K. and Raskin , I. 2003 . Inhibitory effects of grape seed extract on lipases . Nutrition , 19 : 876 – 879 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Auger , C. , Gerain , P. , Laurent-Bichon , F. , Portet , K. , Bornet , A. , Caporiccio , B. , Cros , G. , Teissedre , P. L. and Rouanet , J. M. 2004 . Phenolics from commercialized grape extracts prevent early atherosclerotic lesions in hamsters by mechanisms other than antioxidant effect . J Agric Food Chem. , 52 : 5297 – 5302 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Kao , Y-H. , Hiipakka , R. A. and Liao , S. 2000 . Modulation of endocrine systems and food intake by green tea epigallocatechin gallate . Endocrinology , 141 : 980 – 987 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Murase , T. , Nagasawa , A. , Suzuki , J. , Hase , T. and Tokimitsu , I. 2002 . Beneficial, effects of tea catechins on diet-induced obesity: stimulation of lipid catabolism in the liver . Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. , 26 : 1459 – 1464 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Juhel , C. , Armand , M. , Pafumi , Y. , Rosier , C. , Vandermander , J. and Lairon , D. 2000 . Green tea extract (AR25(R)) inhibits lipolysis of triglycerides in gastric and duodenal medium in vitro . J Nutr Biochem. , 11 : 45 – 51 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Mayer , E. J. , Newman , B. , Quesenberry , C. P.J. , Friedman , G. D. and Selby , J. V. 1993 . Progression of coronary artery disease: alcohol consumption and insulin concentrations: role of insulin in associations of alcohol intake with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides . Circulation , 88 : 2190 – 2197 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Zilkens , R. R. and Puddey , I. B. 2003 . Alcohol and type 2 diabetes-another paradox? . J Cardiovasc Risk. , 10 : 25 – 30 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Maritim , A. , Dene , B. A. , Sanders , R. A. and Watkins , J. B. 3rd. 2003 . Effects of pycnogenol treatment on oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats . J Biochem Mol Toxicol , 17 : 193 – 199 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Landrault , N. , Poucheret , P. , Azay , J. , Krosniak , M. , Gasc , F. , Jenin , C. , Cros , G. and Teissedre , P. L. 2003 . Effect of a polyphenols-enriched chardonnay white wine in diabetic rats . J Agric Food Chem. , 51 : 311 – 318 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Caimi , G. , Carollo Lo , C. and Presti , R. 2003 . Diabetes mellitus: oxidative stress and wine . Curr Med Res Opin. , 19 : 581 – 586 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Ceriello , A. , Bortolotti , N. , Motz , E. , Lizzio , S. , Catone , B. , Assaloni , R. , Tonutti , L. and Taboga , C. 2001 . Red wine protects diabetic patients from meal-induced oxidative stress and thrombosis activation: a pleasant approach to the prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes . Eur J Clin Invest. , 31 : 322 – 328 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Agullo , G. , Gamet-Payrastre , L. , Maneti , S. , Viala , C. , Rémésy , C. , Chap , H. and Payrastre , B. 1997 . Relationship between flavonoid structure and inhibition of phophatidylinositol 3-kinase: a comparison with tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C inhibition . Biochem Pharmacol , 53 : 1649 – 1657 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Waltner-Law , M. E. , Wang , X. L. , Law , B. K. , Hall , R. K. , Nawano , M. and Granner , D. K. 2002 . Epigallocatechin gallate, a constituent of green tea represses hepatic glucose production . J Biol Chem. , 277 : 34933 – 34940 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Ahmad , F. , Khalid , P. , Khan , M. M. , Rastogi , A. K. and Kidwai , J. R. 1989 . Insulin like activity in (−)-epicatechin . Acta Diabetol Lat. , 26 : 291 – 300 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Kim , M. J. , Ryu , G. R. , Chung , J. S. , Sim , S. S. , Min do , S. , Rhie , D. J. , Yoon , S. H. , Hahn , S. J. , Kim , M. S. and Jo , Y. H. 2003 . Protective effects of epicatechin against the toxic effects of streptozotocin on rat pancreatic islets: in vivo and in vitro . Pancreas , 26 : 292 – 299 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Shimizu , M. , Kobayashi , Y. , Suzuki , M. , Satsu , H. and Miyamoto , Y. 2000 . Regulation of intestinal glucose transport by tea catechins . Biofactors , 13 : 61 – 65 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Anderson , R. A. and Polansky , M. M. 2002 . Tea enhances insulin activity . J Agric Food Chem. , 50 : 7182 – 7186 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Ardévol , A. , Bladé , C. , Salvadó , M. J. and Arola , L. 2000 . Changes in lipolysis and hormone-sensitive lipase expression caused by procyanidins in 3T3-L1 adipocytes . Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. , 24 : 319 – 324 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Pinent , M. , Bladé , M. C. , Salvadó , M. J. , Arola , L. and Ardévol , A. 2005 . Intracellular mediators of procyanidin-induced lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes . J Agric Food Chem. , 53 : 262 – 266 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Okazaki , H. , Osuga , J. , Tamura , Y. , Yahagi , N. , Tomita , S. , Shionoiri , F. , Iizuka , Y. , Ohashi , K. , Harada , K. , Kimura , S. , Gotoda , T. , Shimano , H. , Yamada , N. and Ishibashi , S. 2002 . Lipolysis in the absence of hormone-sensitive lipase . Diabetes , 51 : 3368 – 3375 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Hasegawa , N. 1999 . Stimulation of lipolysis by pycnogenol . Phytother Res. , 13 : 619 – 620 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Hasegawa , N. 2000 . Inhibition of lipogenesis by pycnogenol . Phytother Res. , 14 : 472 – 473 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Kuppusamy , U. R. and Das , N. P. 1994 . Potentiation of β-adrenoreceptor agonist-mediated lipolysis by quercetin and fisetin in isolated rat adipocytes . Biochem Pharmacol , 47 : 521 – 529 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Harmon , A. W. and Harp , J. B. 2001 . Differential effects of flavonoids on 3T3-L1 adipogenesis and lipolysis . Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. , 280 : C807 – 813 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Szkudelska , K. , Nogowski , L. and Szkudelski , T. 2000 . Genistein affects lipogenesis and lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes . J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. , 75 : 265 – 271 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Szkudelska , K. , Szkudelski , T. and Nogowski , L. 2002 . Daidzein coumestrol and zearalenone affect lipogenesis and lipolysis in rat adipocytes. . Phytomedicine , 9 : 338 – 345 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Dell'Agli , M. and Bosisio , E. 2002 . Biflavones of ginkgo biloba stimulate lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes . Planta Med. , 68 : 76 – 79 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Wrisez , F. and Lambert , B. 1998 . Opposite effects of tannic acid, a hydrolysable tannin, on cyclic AMP accumulation and on lipolysis in rat adipocytes . Med Sci Res. , 26 : 409 – 411 . [CSA]
- Liang , Y-C. , Tsai , S-H. , Tsai , D-C. , Lin-Shiau , S- Y. and Lin , J.-K. 2001 . Suppression of inducible cyclooxigenase and nitric oxide synthase through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma by flavonoids in mouse macrophages . FEBS Lett. , 496 : 12 – 18 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Vidal-Puig , A. J. , Considine , R. V. , Jimenez-Linan , M. , Werman , A. , Pories , W. J. , Caro , J. F. and Flier , J. S. 1997 . Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene expression in human tissues. Effects of obesity, weight loss, and regulation by insulin and glucocorticoids . J Clin Invest. , 99 : 2416 – 2422 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Ribot , J. , Rantala , M. , Kesäniemi , Y. A. , Palou , A. and Savolainen , M. J. 2001 . Weight loss reduces expression of SREBP1c/ADD1 and PPARgamma2 in adipose tissue of obese women . Eur J Physiol. , 441 : 498 – 505 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Pinent , M. , Bladé , M. C. , Salvadó , M. J. , Arola , L. and Ardévol , A. 2005 . Metabolic fate of glucose on 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with grape seed-derived procyanidin extract (GSPE] Comparison with the effects of insulin . J Agric Food Chem. , DOI: 10.1021/jf050601f[CSA]
- Abler , A. , Smith , J. , Randazzo , P. , Rothenberg , P. and Jarett , L. 1992 . Genistein differentially inhibits postreceptor effects of insulin in rat adipocytes without inhibiting the insulin receptor kinase . J Biol Chem. , 267 : 3946 – 3951 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Strobel , P. , Allard , C. , Perez-Acle , T. , Calderon , R. , Aldunate , R. and Leighton , F. 2004 . Myricetin, quercetin and catechin-gallate inhibit glucose uptake in isolated rat adipocytes . Biochem J. , 7 : 7 [CSA]
- Harmon , A. W. and Patel , Y. M. 2003 . Naringenin inhibits phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , 305 : 229 – 234 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Strobel , P. , Allard , C. , Perez-Acle , T. , Calderon , R. , Aldunate , R. and Leighton , F. 2005 . Myricetin, quercetin and catechin-gallate inhibit glucose uptake in isolated rat adipocytes . Biochem J. , 386 : 471 – 478 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Ong , K. C. and Khoo , H-E. 1996 . Insulinomimetic effects of myricetin on lipogenesis and glucose transport in rat adipocytes but not glucose transporter translocation . Biochem Pharmacol , 51 : 423 – 429 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Kamei , R. , Kitagawa , Y. , Kadokura , M. , Hattori , F. , Hazeki , O. , Ebina , Y. , Nishihara , T. and Oikawa , S. 2002 . Shikonin stimulates glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via an insulin-independent tyrosine kinase pathway . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , 292 : 642 – 651 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Pinent , M. , Bladé , M. C. , Salvadó , M. J. , Arola , L. , Hackl , H. , Quackenbush , J. , Trajanoski , Z. and Ardévol , A. 2005 . Grape-seed derived procyanidins interfere with adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells at the onset of differentiation . Int J Obes. , doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802988[CSA]
- Mochizuki , M. and Hasegawa , N. 2004 . Stereospecific effects of catechin isomers on insulin induced lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells . Phytother Res. , 18 : 449 – 450 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Kao , Y. H. , Hiipakka , R. A. and Liao , S. 2000 . Modulation of obesity by a green tea catechin . Am J Clin Nutr. , 72 : 1232 – 1234 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Harmon , A. W. , Patel , Y. M. and Harp , J. B. 2002 . Genistein inhibits CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) activity and 3T3-L1 adipogenesis by increasing C/EBP homologous protein expression . Biochem J. , 367 : 203 – 208 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
- Tsuda , T. , Ueno , Y. , Aoki , H. , Koda , T. , Horio , F. , Takahashi , N. , Kawada , T. and Osawa , T. 2004 . Anthocyanin enhances adipocytokine secretion and adipocyte-specific gene expression in isolated rat adipocytes . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , 316 : 149 – 157 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]