Toxicity Studies of Genetically Modified Plants: A Review of the Published Literature

REFERENCES

• Bakshi , A. 2003 . Potential adverse health effects of genetically modified crops . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, B , 6 : 211 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beever , D. E. and Kemp , C. F. 2000 . Safety issues associated with the DNA in animal feed derived from genetically modified crops. A review of scientific and regulatory procedures . Nutr. Abstr. , 70 : 175 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Brake , J. and Vlachos , D. 1998 . Evaluation of transgenic event 176 “Bt” corn in broiler chickens . Poultry Sci. , 77 : 648 – 653 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brake , D. G. and Evenson , D. P. 2004 . A generational study of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans on mouse fetal, postnatal, pubertal and adult testicular development . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 42 : 29 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantani , A. 2006 . Benefits and concerns associated with biotechnology-derived foods: can additional research reduce children health risks? . Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. , 10 : 197 – 206 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen , Z. L. , Gu , H. , Li , Y. , Su , Y. , Wu , P. , Jiang , Z. , Ming , X. , Tian , J. , Pan , N. and Qu , L. J. 2003 . Safety assessment for genetically modified sweet pepper and tomato . Toxicology , 188 : 297 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , X. , Zhuo , Q. , Piao , J. and Yang , X. 2004 . Immunotoxicologic assessment of transgenetic rice . Wei Sheng Yan Jiu , 33 : 770 – 80 . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Chiter , A. , Forbes , J. M. and Blair , G. E. 2000 . DNA stability in plant tissues: implications for the possible transfer of genes from genetically modified food . FEBS Lett. , 481 : 164 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury , E. H. , Mikami , O. , Nakajima , Y. , Hino , A. , Kuribara , H. , Suga , K. , Hanazumi , M. and Yomemochi , C. 2003 . Detection of genetically modified maize DNA fragments in the intestinal contents of pigs fed StarLink CBH351 . Vet. Hum. Toxicol. , 45 : 95 – 96 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cromwell , G. L. , Lindemann , M. D. , Randolph , J. H. , Parker , G. R. , Coffey , R. D. , Laurent , K. M. , Armstrong , C. L. , Mikel , W. B. , Stanisiewski , E. P. and Hartnell , G. F. 2002 . Soybean meal from Roundup Ready on conventional soybeans in diets for growing-finishing swine . J. Anim. Sci. , 80 : 708 – 715 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerfler , W. 2000 . Foreign DNA in Mammalian Systems , Weinheim : Wiley-WCH .
   Google Scholar
• Domingo , J. L. 2000 . Health risks of GM foods: many opinions but few data . Science , 288 : 1748 – 1749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo , J. L. and Gómez , M. 2000 . Health risks of genetically modified foods: a literature review . Rev. Esp. Salud Publica , 74 : 255 – 261 . (in Spanish)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donaldson , L. and May , R. 1999 . Health implications of genetically modified foods available at htpp://www.doh.gov.uk/gmfood.htm
   Google Scholar
• Duggan , P. S. , Chambers , P. A. , Heritage , J. and Michael-Forbes , J. 2003 . Fate of genetically modified maize DNA in the oral cavity and rumen of sheep . Br. J. Nutr. , 89 : 159 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sanhoty , R. , El-Rahman , A. A. and Bogl , K. W. 2004 . Quality and safety evaluation of genetically modified potatoes spunta with Cry V gene: compositional analysis, determination of some toxins, antinutrients compounds and feeding study in rats . Nahrung , 48 : 13 – 18 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ewen , S. W. and Pusztai , A. 1999 . Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine . Lancet , 354 : 1353 – 1354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fares , N. H. and El-Sayed , A. K. 1998 . Fine structural changes in the ileum of mice fed on delta-endotoxin-treated potatoes and transgenic potatoes. . Nat. Toxins , 6 : 219 – 233 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filip , L. , Miere , D. and Indrei , L. L. 2004 . Genetically modified foods. Advantages and human health risks. . Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat. Iasi. , 108 : 838 – 842 . (in Romanian)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godfrey , J. 2000 . Do genetically modified foods affect human health? . Lancet , 355 : 414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond , B. G. , Vicini , J. L. , Hartnell , G. F. , Naylor , M. W. , Knight , C. D. , Robinson , E. H. , Fuchs , R. L. and Padgette , S. R. 1996 . The feeding value of soybeans fed to rats, chickens, catfish and dairy cattle is not altered by genetic incorporation of glyphosate tolerance . J. Nutr. , 126 : 717 – 727 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond , B. , Dudek , R. , Lemen , J. and Nemeth , M . 2004 . Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain from glyphosate tolerant corn . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 42 : 1003 – 1014 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison , L. A. , Bailey , M. R. , Naylor , M. W. , Ream , J. E. , Hammond , B. G. , Nida , D. L. , Burnette , B. L. , Nickson , T. E. , Mitsky , T. A. , Taylor , M. L. , Fuchs , R. L. and Padgette , S. R. 1996 . The expressed protein in glyphosate-tolerant soybean, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4, is rapidly digested in vitro and is not toxic to acutely gavaged mice . J. Nutr. , 126 : 728 – 740 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto , W. , Momma , K. , Katsube , T. , Ohkawa , Y. , Ishige , T. , Kito , M. , Utsumi , S. and Murata , K. 1999a . Safety assessment of genetically engineered potatoes with designed soybean glycinin: compositional analysis of the potato tubers and digestibility of the newly expressed protein in transgenic potatoes . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 79 : 1607 – 1612 .
   Google Scholar
• Hashimoto , W. , Momma , K. , Yoon , H. J. , Ozawa , S. , Ohkawa , Y. , Ishige , T. , Kito , M. , Utsumi , S. and Murata , K. 1999b . Safety assessment of transgenic potatoes with soybean glycinin by feeding studies in rats . Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. , 63 : 1942 – 1946 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , T. H. , Wu , L. , Liu , W. , Mi , J. J. , Pan , N. S. and Chen , Z. L. 1990 . cDNA cloning of gene encoding coat protein of cucumber mosaic virus infecting tobacco in China . Chin. Sci. Bull. , 35 : 1209 – 1214 . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Jonas , D. A. , Elmadfa , I. , Engel , K. H. , Heller , K. J. , Kozianowski , G. , König , A. , Müller , D. , Narbonne , J. F. , Wackernagel , W. and Kleiner , J. 2001 . Safety considerations of DNA in food . Ann. Nutr. Metab. , 45 : 235 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , S. H. , Kim , H. M. , Ye , Y. M. , Nahm , D. H. , Park , H. S. , Ryu , S. R. and Lee , B. O. 2006 . Evaluating the allergic risk of genetically modified soybean . Yonsei Med. J. , 47 : 505 – 512 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosieradzka , I. , Sawosz , E. , Pastuszewska , B. , Szwacka , M. , Malepszy , S. , Bielecki , W. and Czuminska , K. 2001 . The effect of feeding diets with genetically modified cucumbers on the growth and health status of rats . J. Anim. Feed Sci. , 10 : 7 – 12 . (suppl 2)
   Google Scholar
• Kuiper , H. A. , Kleter , G. A. , Noteborn , H. P. and Kok , E. J. 2002 . Substantial equivalence–an appropriate paradigm for the safety assessment of genetically modified foods? . Toxicology , 181–182 : 427 – 431 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li , Y. , Piao , J. , Zhuo , Q. , Chen , X. , Mao , D. , Yang , L. and Yang , X. 2004a . Study on the teratogenicity effects of genetically modified rice with Xa21 on rats . Wei Sheng Yan Jiu , 33 : 710 – 712 . (in Chinese)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li , Y. , Piao , J. , Zhuo , Q. , Chen , X. , Chen , X. and Yang , X. 2004b . Subchronic toxicity test of transgenic rice . Wei Sheng Yan Jiu , 33 : 575 – 578 . (in Chinese)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCann , M. C. , Liu , K. , Trujillo , W. A. and Dobert , R. C. 2005 . Glyphosate-tolerant soybeans remain compositionally equivalent to conventional soybeans (Glycine max L.) during three years of field testing . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 53 : 5331 – 5335 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendoza , C. , Viteri , F. E. , Lönnerdal , B. , Young , K. A. , Raboy , V. and Brown , K. H. 1998 . Effect of genetically modified, low-phytic acid maize on absorption of iron from tortillas . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 68 : 1123 – 1127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momma , K. , Hashimoto , W. , Ozawa , S. , Kawai , S. , Katsube , T. , Takaiwa , F. , Kito , M. , Utsumi , S. and Murata , K. 1999 . Quality and safety evaluation of genetically engineered rice with soybean glycinin: analyses of the grain composition and digestibility of glycinin in transgenic rice . Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. , 63 : 314 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momma , K. , Hashimoto , W. , Yoon , H. J. , Ozawa , S. , Fukuda , Y. , Kawai , S. , Takaiwa , F. , Utsumi , S. and Murata , K. 2000 . Safety assessment of rice genetically modified with soybean glycinin by feeding studies on rats . Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. , 64 : 1881 – 1886 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momma , K. , Hashimoto , W. , Utsumi , S. and Murata , K. 2002 . “ Safety assessment of genetically modified rice with soybean glycinin ” . In Molecular Methods of Plant Analysis , Edited by: Jackson , J. F. , Linskens , H. F. and Inman , R. B. 139 – 151 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Moneret-Vautrin , D. A. , Kanny , G. , Morisset , M. , Rance , F. , Fardeau , M. F. and Beaudouin , E. 2004 . Severe food anaphylaxis: 107 cases registered in 2002 by the Allergy Vigilance Network . Allerg. Immunol. , 36 : 46 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Noteborn , H. P. J. M. , Bienenmann-Ploum , M. E. , van den Berg , J. H. J. , Alink , G. M. , Zolla , L. , Reynaerts , A. , Pensa , M. and Kuiper , H. A. 1995 . “ Safety assessment of the Bacillus thruringiensis insecticidal Crystal Protein CRY1A(b) expressed in transgenic tomatoes ” . In Genetically Modified Foods. Safety Aspects , ACS Symposium Series 605 Edited by: Engel , K. H. , Takeoka , G. R. and Teranishi , R. 134 – 147 . Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Padgette , S. R. , Taylor , N. B. , Nida , D. L. , Bailey , M. R. , MacDonald , J. , Holden , L. R. and Fuchs , R. L. 1996 . The composition of glyphosate-tolerant soybean seeds is equivalent to that of conventional soybeans . J. Nutr. , 126 : 702 – 716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel , R. , Torres , R. J. and Rosset , P. 2005 . Genetic engineering in agriculture and corporate engineering in public debate: risk, public relations, and public debate over genetically modified crops . Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health , 11 : 428 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phipps , R. H. , Beever , D. E. and Humphries , D. J. 2002 . Detection of transgenic DNA in milk from cows receiving herbicide tolerant (CP4EPSPS) soyabean meal . Livestock Produc. Sci. , 74 : 269 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Pryme , I. F. and Lembcke , R. 2003 . In vivo studies on possible health consequences of genetically modified food and feed–with particular regard to ingredients consisting of genetically modified plant materials . Nutr. Health , 17 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pusztai , A. , Bardocz , G. G. , Alonso , R. , Chrispeels , M. J. , Schroeder , H. E. , Tabe , L. M. and Higgins , T. J. 1999 . Expression of the insecticidal bean alpha-amylase inhibitor transgene has minimal detrimental effect on the nutritional value of peas fed to rats at 30% of the diet . J. Nutr. , 129 : 1597 – 1603 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter , T. and Aulrich , K. 2003 . Investigations on genetically modified maize (Bt-maize) in pig nutrition: fate of feed-ingested foreign DNA in pig bodies . Eur. Food Res. Technol. , 216 : 185 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter , T. , Aulrich , K. , Berk , A. and Flachowsky , G. 2002a . Investigations on genetically modified maize (Bt-maize) in pig nutrition: chemical composition and nutritional evaluation . Arch. Tierernahr. , 56 : 23 – 31 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reuter , T. , Aulrich , K. and Berk , A. 2002b . Investigations on genetically modified maize (Bt-maize) in pig nutrition: fattening performance and slaughtering results . Arch. Tierernahr. , 56 : 319 – 326 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rhee , G. S. , Cho , D. H. , Won , Y. H. , Seok , J. H. , Kim , S. S. , Kwack , S. J. , Lee , R. D. , Chae , S. Y. , Kim , J. W. , Lee , B. M. , Park , K. L. and Choi , K. S. 2005 . Multigeneration reproductive and developmental study of bar gene into genetically modified potato on rats . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 68 : 2263 – 2276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , H. A. , Han , C. T. , Hopkins , R. G. , Failla , M. L. , Ward , W. W. and Stewart , C. N. Jr. 2003 . Safety assessment of recombinant green fluorescent protein orally administered to weaned rats . J. Nutr. , 133 : 1909 – 1912 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroder , M. , Poulsen , M. , Wilcks , A. , Kroghsbo , S. , Miller , A. , Frenzel , T. , Danier , J. , Rychlik , M. , Emami , K. , Gatehouse , A. , Shu , Q. , Engel , K. H. , Altosaar , I. and Knudsen , I. 2007 . A 90-day safety study of genetically modified rice expressing Cry1Ab protein (Bacillus thuringiensis toxin) in Wistar rats . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 45 : 339 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubbert , R. , Renz , D. , Schmitz , B. and Doerfler , W. 1997 . Foreign (M13) DNA ingested by mice reaches peripheral leukocytes, spleen, and liver via the intestinal wall mucosa and can be covalently linked to mouse DNA . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 94 : 961 – 966 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirai , N. , Momma , K. , Ozawa , S. , Hashimoto , W. , Kito , M. , Utsumi , S. and Murata , K. 1998 . Safety assessment of genetically engineered food: detection and monitoring of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans . Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. , 62 : 1461 – 1464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOT (Society of Toxicology) . 2003 . The safety of genetically modified foods produced through biotechnology . Toxicol. Sci. , 71 : 2 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spencer , J. D. , Allee , G. L. and Sauber , T. E. 2000a . Growing-finishing performance and carcass characteristics of pigs fed normal and genetically modified low-phytate corn . J. Anim. Sci. , 78 : 1529 – 1536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer , J. D. , Allee , G. L. and Sauber , T. E. 2000b . Phosphorus bioavailability and digestibility of normal and genetically modified low-phytate corn for pigs . J. Anim. Sci. , 78 : 675 – 681 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teshima , R. , Akiyama , H. , Okunuki , H. , Sakushima , J. , Goda , Y. , Onodera , H. , Sawada , J. and Toyoda , M. 2000 . Effect of GM and non-GM soybeans on the immune system of BN rats and B10A mice . J. Food Hyg. Soc. Japan , 41 : 188 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teshima , R. , Watanabe , T. , Okunuki , H. , Isuzugawa , K. , Akiyama , H. , Onodera , H. , Imai , T. , Toyoda , M. and Sawada , J. 2002 . Effect of subchronic feeding of genetically modified corn (CBH351) on immune system in BN rats and B10A mice . Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi , 43 : 273 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tutel'ian , V. A. , Kravchenko , L. V. , Lashneva , N. V. , Avren'eva , L. I. , Guseva , G. V. , Sorokina , E. I. and Chernysheva , O. N. 1999 . Medical and biological evaluation of safety of protein concentrate from genetically-modified soybeans. Biochemical studies . Vopr. Pitan. , 68 : 9 – 12 . (in Russian)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang , Y. , Lai , W. , Chen , J. and Mei , S. 2000 . Toxicity of anti-herbicide gene (BAR) transgenic rice . Wei Sheng Yan Jiu , 29 : 141 – 142 . (in Chinese)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weil , J. H. 2005 . Are genetically modified plants useful and safe? . IUBMB Life , 57 : 311 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO . 2002 . Foods derived from modern technology: 20 questions on genetically modified foods htpp://www.who.int/fsf/GMfood/available at
   Google Scholar
• Wilczynski , G. , Kulma , A. , Sikorski , A. F. and Szopa , J. 1997 . ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) regulates cAMP synthesis in potato . J. Plant Physiol. , 151 : 689 – 698 .
   Google Scholar
• Winnicka , A. , Sawosz , E. , Klucinski , W , Kosieradzka , I. , Szopa , J. , Malepszy , S. and Pastuszewska . 2001 . A note on the effect of feeding genetically modified potatoes on selected indices of nonspecific resistance in rats . J. Anim. Feed Sci. , 10 : 13 – 18 . (suppl 2)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yum , H. Y. , Lee , S. Y. , Lee , K. E. , Sohn , M. H. and Kim , K. E. 2005 . Genetically modified and wild soybeans: an immunological comparison . Allergy Asthma Proc. , 26 : 210 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zdunczyk , Z. 2001 . In vivo experiments on the safety evaluation of GM components of feeds and foods . J. Anim. Fed. Sci. , 10 : 195 – 210 . (suppl 1)
   Google Scholar
• Zhu , Y. , Li , D. , Wang , F. , Yin , J. and Jin , H. 2004 . Nutritional assessment and fate of DNA of soybean meal from Roundup Ready or conventional soybeans using rats . Arch. Anim. Nutr. , 58 : 295 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuo , Q. , Chen , X. , Piao , J. and Han , C. 2004a . Study on the teratogenicity effects of genetically modified rice which expressed cowpea trypsin inhibitor on rats . Wei Sheng Yan Jiu , 33 : 74 – 77 . (in Chinese)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhuo , Q. , Chen , X. , Piao , J. and Gu , L. 2004b . Study on food safety of genetically modified rice which expressed cowpea trypsin inhibitor by 90 day feeding test on rats . Wei Sheng Yan Jiu , 33 : 176 – 179 . (in Chinese)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar