Flaxseed: A Potential Source of Food, Feed and Fiber

References

• Aldercreutz , H. 2007 . Lignans and human health Critical Review Clinical Lab. . Science , 44 ( 5 ) : 483 – 525 .
   Google Scholar
• Adlercreutz , H. 1988 . “ Lignans and phytoestrogens ” . In Possible preventative role in cancer , Edited by: Rozen , P. 165 – 176 . Basel : Karger . Frontiers of Gastrointestinal Research
   Google Scholar
• Adlercreutz , H. 1990 . Western diet and Western Diseases: Some hormonal and biochemical mechanisms and associations . Scand. J. Clin. Lab Inves , 50 : 3 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adlercreutz , H. 1995 . Phytoestrogens: Epidemiology and a possible role in cancer protection . Environ. Health Perspect , 103 : 103 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adlercreutz , H. , Kumpulainen and Salonen , J. T. 1996a . “ Lignans and isoflavonoids: Epidemiology and a possible role in prevention of cancer ” . In Natural Antioxidants and Food Quality in Atherosclerosis and Cancer Prevention , 349 – 355 . London : The Royal Society of Chemistry .
   Google Scholar
• Adlercreutz , H. 1996b . “ Phytoestrogens from biochemistry to prevention of cancer and other diseases ” . In The 8th International Congress on Menopause , 12 – 13 . Sydney, , Australia : Maturitas .
   Google Scholar
• Adlercreutz , H. 1990 . Diet, breast cancer, and sex hormone metabolism . Annuals New York Academy of Sciences , 595 : 281 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adlercreutz , H. , Fotsis , T. , Bannwart , C. , Hämäläinen , E. , Bloigu , S. and Ollus , A. 1986 . Urinary estrogen profile determination in young Finnish vegetarian and omnivorous women . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , 24 : 289 – 296 .
   Google Scholar
• Adlercreutz , H. , Honjo , H. , Higashi , A. , Fotsis , T. , Hämäläinen , E. , Hasegawa , T. and Okada , H. 1991 . Urinary excretion of lignans and isoflavanoid phytoestrogens in Japanese men and women consuming a traditional Japansese diet . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 54 : 1093 – 1100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adlercreutz , H. , Widlt , vander J. , Kinzel , J. , Attalla , H. , Wahala , K. , Makela , T. , Hase , T. and Fotsis , T. 1995 . Lignan and isoflavonoid conjugates in human urine . J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol , 52 : 97 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agricultural Marketing Servic . 2000 . USDA, National Organic Program Final Rule . Federal Register , 65 : 80547 – 80684 .
   Google Scholar
• Akin , D. 2006 . “ Developing standards to judge flax fiber quality ” . 177 – 187 . Bremen, , Germany : 28th International Cotton Conference .
   Google Scholar
• Anonymou . 1962 . “ The Wealth of India, Raw Materials, Vol. 6 (L.M) ” . 119 New Delhi, India : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research .
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 2000 . Oil world statistics update . Oil World , 31 : 9 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Axelson , M. , Sjovall , J. , Gustafsson , B. E. and Setchell , K.D.R . 1982 . Origin of lignans in mammals and identification of a precursor from plants . Nature , 298 : 659 – 660 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , J. M. and Keith , M. O. 1993 . Nutritional evaluation of linseed meals from flax with yellow or brown hulls, using mice and pigs . Animal Feed Science and Technology , 43 : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Berglund , D. R. , Janick , J. and Whipkey , A. 2002 . “ Flax: News uses and demands ” . In Trends in New Crops and New Uses , 358 – 360 . Alexandria, VA : ASHS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bergman Jungestrom , M. , Thompson , L. U. and Dabrosin , C. 2007 . Flaxseed and its lignans inhibit Estradiol–induced growth: Angiogenesis and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in Human Breast Cancer Xenografts in vivo . Clin. Cancer Research , 13 ( 3 ) : 1061 – 1067 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best , D. 2004 . Low- Carb revolution fuels innovation with flaxseed http://www.functionalingredientsmag.com/fimag/articleDisplay.asp?strArticleId=514andstrSite=FFNSite
   Google Scholar
• Bhatty , R. S. , Cunnane , S. C. and Thompson , L. H. 1995 . “ Nutritional composition of whole flaxseed and flaxseed meal ” . In Flaxseed in Human Nutrition , 22 – 45 . Champaign, IL : AOCS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bhatty , R. S. and Cherdkiagumchai , P. 1990 . Compositional analysis of laboratory –prepared and commercial samples of linseed meal and of hull isolated from flax . Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society , 67 : 79 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Bloedon , LeAnne. T. , Balikai , Shilpa , Chittams , J. , Cunnane , S. C. , Berlin , J. A. , Rader , D. J. and Szapary , P. O. 2008 . Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk Factors: Results from a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trail . Journal of the American College of Nutrition , 27 ( 1 ) : 67 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Boghossian. E., Wegner , L. D. 2008 . Use of flax fibers to reduce plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete . Cement and Concrete Composites , 30 ( 10 ) : 929 – 937 .
   Google Scholar
• Bozan , B. and Tomelli , E. 2002 . Supercritical CO2 extraction of flaxseed . Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society , 79 ( 3 ) : 231 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , F. 1953 . The tocopherol content of farm–feeding stuffs . Journal Science Food Agricultural , 4
   Google Scholar
• Budavari , S. 1996 . The Merck Index: An Encyclopaedia of Chemical, Drugs and Biologicals , 12th ed , 5511 Whitehouse Station, NJ : Merck and Co, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Burckhardt , A. 1989 . Flax bread is a rising star of Wisconsin bakery , Minneapolis Star Tribune . 45, 1/18/89
   Google Scholar
• Care , A. D. 1954 . Goitrogenic properties of linseed . Nature , 173 ( 4395 ) : 172 – 173 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carter , J. F. 1993 . Potential of flaxseed and flaxseed oil in baked goods andother products in human nutrition . Cereal Foods World , 38 ( 10 ) : 753 – 759 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlet , K. , Jernot , J. P. , Gomina , M. , Briad , J. , Morvan , C. and Baley , C. 2006 . “ Proceedings of ECCM12 ” . Biarritz
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Z. Y. , Ratnayake , W.M. N. and Cunnane , S. C. 1994 . Oxidative stability of flaxseed lipids during baking . Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society , 71 ( 6 ) : 629 – 632 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , W. F. , Muir , A. D. , Westcott , N. D. and Parbtani , A. 2000 . A novel treatment for lupus nephritis: lignan precursor derived from flax . Lupus , 9 : 429 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , W. F. , Kortas , C. , Heidenhiem , A. P. , Garland , J. , Spanner , E. and Parbtani , A. 2001 . Flaxseed in Lupus Nephritis: A Two-Year Nonplacebo-Controlled Crossover Study . Journal of the American College of Nutrition , 20 ( 2 ) : 143 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui , W. , Mazza , G. and Biliaderis , C. G. 1994 . Chemical structure, molecular size distributions, and rheological properties of flaxseed gum . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 42 : 1811 – 1895 .
   Google Scholar
• Cunnane , S. C. , Ganguli , S. , Menard , C. , Liede , A.C. Hamadeh , M.J., Chen , Z. Y. , Wolever , T.M. S. and Jenkins , D.J.A . 1993 . High α –linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): some nutritional properties in humans . British Journal of Nutrition , 49 : 443 – 453 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunnane , S. C. , Hamadeh , M.J. Liede , A.C., Thompson , L.U. Wolever and T.M., Jenkins , D. J. 1995 . Nutritional attributes of traditional flaxseed in healthy young adults . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 61 : 62 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daun , J. K. , Barthet , V. J. , Chornick , T. L. and Duguid , S. 2003 . “ Structure composition, and variety development of flaxseed ” . Edited by: Cunnane , S. C. and Thompson , L. H. 1 – 41 . Champaign, IL : Flaxseed in Human Nutrition AOCS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dedio , W. and Dorrell , D. G. 1977 . Factors affecting the pressure extraction of oil from flaxseed . Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society , 54 ( 8 ) : 313 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Demark-Wahnefried , W. , Price , D. T. , Polascik , T. J. , Robertson , C. N. , Anderson , E. E. , Paulson , D. F. , Walther , P. J. , Gannon , M. and Vollmer , R. T. 2001 . Pilot study of dietary fat restriction and flaxseed supplementation in men with prostate cancer before surgery: exploring the effects on hormonal levels, prostate-specific antigen, and histopathologic features . Urology , 58 : 47 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dev , D. K. and Quensel , E. 1988 . Preparation and functional properties of linseed protein products containing differing levels of mucilage . Journal of Food Sciences , 53 : 1834 – 1837 . 1857
   Google Scholar
• Dixit , S. , Kendurkar , P. S. , Vajpeyi , M. and Prasad , R. N. 2007 . Variability in Elite Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L) Germplasm for oil content and fatty acid composition . Indian Journal of Agricultural Biochemistry , 20 ( 1 ) : 35 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Domier , K. and Kerr , N. 2000 . “ The potential for agricultural fibers ” . In Proceedings of the 58th Flax Inst. 138 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Dorrell , D. G. 1970 . Distribution of fatty acids in the seed of flax . Canadian Journal of Plant Science , 50 : 71 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drouillard , J. S. , Farran , T. B. , Blasi , D. A. , LaBrune , H. J. , Montgomery , S. P. , Sindt , J. J. , Coetzer , C. M. , Hunter , R. D. , Spire , M. F. , Elasasser , T. H. and Higgans , J. J. Modulation of immune response in feeder cattle with flaxseed Proc. 58th Flax Institute 53 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Eastwood , L. 2008 . The Nutritional Value of Flaxseed Meal for Swine, M.Sc. Thesis , Saskatchwan : University of Saskatchwan, Saskatoon .
   Google Scholar
• Fedenuik , R. W. and Biliaderis , C. G. 1994 . Composition and physicochemical properties of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) mucilage . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 42 : 240 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• Ford , J. D. , Davin , L. B. and Lewis , N. G. 1999 . Plant lignans and health: Cancer chemoprevention and biotechnological opportunities . Basic Life Science , 66 : 675 – 694 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freeman , T. P. 1995 . “ Structure of flaxseed ” . In Flaxseed in Human Nutrition , Edited by: Cunnane , S. C. and Thompson , L. H. 11 – 21 . Champaign, IL : AOCS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Garden Robinson , J. 1994 . Flaxseed gum: Extraction, composition, and selected applications , 154 – 165 . Fargo, ND : Proceedings of the 55th Flax Institute of the United States .
   Google Scholar
• Gay , D. 1997 . “ Materiaux Composites ” . Paris : Hermes .
   Google Scholar
• Gonthier , C. , Mustafa , A. F. , Berthiaume , R. , Petit , H. V. , Martineau , R. and Ouellet , D. R. 2004 . Effects of feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed on ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization by dairy cows . Journal of Dairy Science , 87 : 1854 – 1863 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez –Esquerra , R. and Lesson , S. 2000 . Studies on the metabolizable energy content of ground full fat flaxseed fed in mash, pellet and crumbled diets assayed with birds of different ages . Poultry Science , 79 : 1603 – 1607 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gopalan , C. , Ramasastri , B. V. and Subramanian , S. C. 2007 . “ Nutritive Value of Indian Foods ” . Hyderabad, India : National Institute of Nutrition .
   Google Scholar
• Gorder , D. D. , Dolecek , T. A. , Coleman , G. G. , Tillotson , J. L. , Brown , H. B. , Lenz-Litzow , K. , Bartsch , G. E. and Grandits , G. 1986 . Dietary Intake in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT): Nutrient and food group changes over 6 years . Journal of American Dietetic Association , 86 : 744 – 751 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gros , C. , Lanoiselle , J.-L. and Vorobiev , E. 2003 . Towards on alternative extraction process for linseed oil . Chemical Engineering Research and Design. , 81 ( A9 ) : 1059 – 1065 .
   Google Scholar
• Haggans , C. J. , Hutchins , A. M. , Olson , B. A. , Thomas , W. , Martini , M. C. and Slavin , J. L. 1999 . Effect of flaxseed consumption on urinary estrogen metabolites in postmenopausal women . Nutr. Cancer , 33 : 188 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , A. A. , III , Manthey. F.A. , Lee , R. E. and Niehaus , M. 2005 . Stability of α-Linolenic acid and secoisolariciresinol diglusoside in flaxseed fortified macaroni . Journal of Food Chemistry , 70 : C483 – C489 .
   Google Scholar
• Hasler , C. M. 1998 . Functional foods: Their role in disease prevention and health promotion . Food Technology , 52 ( 11 ) : 63 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hettiarachchy , N. , Hareland , G. , Ostenson , A. and Balder Shank , G. 1990 . Composition of eleven flaxseed varieties grown in North Dakota , 26 – 40 . Proceedings of the 53 rd Flax Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Holstun , J. and Zetocha , D. 1994 . “ An Analysis of Flaxseed Utilization in the Health Food Industry ” . Fargo, ND : Institute for Business and Industry Development, North Dakota State University .
   Google Scholar
• Hussain , S. , Anjum , F. M. , Butt , M.S. Khan and M.I., Asghar , A. 2006 . Physical and sensoric attributes of flaxseed flour supplemented cookies . Turkish Journal of Biology , 30 : 87 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchins , A. M. , Martini , M. C. , Olson , B. A. , Thomas , W. and Slavin , J. L. 2000 . Flaxseed influences urinary lignan excretion in a dose-dependent manner in postmenopausal women . Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention , 9 : 1113 – 1118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram , D. , Sanders , K. , Kolybaba , M. and Lopez , D. 1997 . Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer . Lancet , 350 : 990 – 994 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javed , F. 1999 . Flaxseed a boon to our life . Journal of Diabetic Association of India , 39 : 50 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Jenab , M. and Thompson , L. U. 1996 . The influence of flaxseed and lignans on colon carcinogenesis and beta- glucuronidase activity . Carcinogenesis , 17 : 1343 – 1348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , D. J. , Kendall , C. W. , Vidgen , E. , Agarwal , S. , Rao , A. V. , Rosenberg , R. S. , Diamandis , E. P. , Novokmet , R. , Mehling , C. C. , Perera , T. , Griffin , L. C. and Cunnane , S. C. 1999 . Health aspects of partially defatted flaxseed, including effects on serum lipids, oxidative measures, and ex vivo androgen and progestin activity: a controlled crossover trial . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. , 69 : 395 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsson , P. , Kamal-Eldin , A. , Lundgren , L. N. and Aaman , P. 2000 . HPLC method for analysis of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside in flaxseeds . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 48 ( 11 ) : 5216 – 5219 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kangas , N. , Niehaus , M. and Hall , C. A. III . 2006 . “ Utlization of flaxseed gum in dairy foods ” . In Proceedings of the 61st Flax Institute of the U.S. , Edited by: Carter , J. F. 205 – 212 . Fargo, ND : North Dakota State University .
   Google Scholar
• Kashtan , H. , Stern , H. S. , Jenkins , D. J. , Jenkins , A. L. , Thompson , L. U. , Hay , K. , Marcon , N. , Minkin , S. and Bruce , W. R. 1992 . Colonic fermentation and markers of colorectal-cancer risk . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. , 55 : 723 – 728 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kettler , D. B. “ Flax Seed Oil Research ” . http://www.gaiaresearch.co.za/flaxseedoil.html. (Accessed June, 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Kitts , D. D. , Y.V. Yuan , A.N. Wijewickreme and Thompson , L.U. 1999 . Antioxidant activity of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside and its mammalian lignan metabolites enterodiol and enterolactone . Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , 202 ( 1–2 ) : 91 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowska , J. , Munoz , G. A. and Kolodziejczyk , P. P. 2008 . “ Food and feed applications for flaxseed components ” . In 2008 International Conference on Flax and other Bast Plants , 299 – 307 . Canada : Saskatoon .
   Google Scholar
• Kuijsten , A. , Arts , I. C. and van't Veer P., Hollman , P. C. 2005 . The relative bioavailibility of enterolignansin humans is enhanced by milling and crushing of flaxseed . J. Nutr , 135 ( 12 ) : 2812 – 2816 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurzer , M. S. , Slavin , J. L. and Adlercreutz , H. 1995 . “ Flaxseed, lignans and sex hormones ” . In Flaxseed in Human Nutrition , Edited by: Cunnane , S. C. and Thompson , L. U. 136 – 144 . Champaign, IL : AOCS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lay , C. L. and Dybing , D. D. 1989 . “ Linseed ” . In oil crops of the world , Edited by: Robbelen , G. , Downey , R. K. and Ashri , A. 416 – 430 . New York : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , R. E. , Manthey , F. A. and Hall , C. A. II . 2004 . Content and stability of hexane extractable lipid at various steps of producing macaroni containing ground flaxseed . Journal of Food Processing and Perseveration. , 28 : 133 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Leskanich , C. O. and Noble , R. C. 1997 . Manipulation of the n-3 polysaturated fatty acid composition of avian eggs and meat . World's Poult. Sci. , 15 : 183 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , D. , Sinclair , A. , Wilson , A. , Nakkote , S. , Kelly , F. , Abedin , L. , Mann , N. and Turner , A. 1999 . Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on thrombotic risk factors in vegetarian men . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 69 ( 5 ) : 872 – 882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhusudhan , B. , Wiesenborn , D. , Schwarz , J. and Tostenson., K., Gillespie , J. 2000 . A dry mechanical method for concentrating the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside in flaxseed . Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und Technologie , 33 : 268 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Malcolmson , L. J. , Przybylski , R. and Daun , J.K. 2000 . Storage stability of milled flaxseed . Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society , 77 ( 3 ) : 235 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Mente , O. 2008 . Effect of the use of ground flaxseed on quality and chemical properties of bread . Food Science and Technology International , 14 ( 4 ) : 299 – 306 .
   Google Scholar
• Manthey , F. A. , Sinha , S. , Wolf-Hall , C. E. and Hall , C.A. II . 2008 . Effects of flaxseed flour and packaging on shelf life of refrigerated pasta . Journal of Food Processing and Preservation , 32 : 75 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantzioris , E. , Cleland , L. G. , Gibson , R. A. , Neumann , M. A. , Demasi , M. and James , M. J. 2000 . Biochemical effects of a diet containing foods enriched with n-3 fatty acids . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 72 ( 1 ) : 42 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marconi , E. and Carcea , M. 2001 . Pasta from non-traditional raw materials . Cereal Foods World , 46 : 522 – 530 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur , W. , Fotsis , T. , Wähälä , K. , Ojala , S. , Salakka , A. and Adlercreutz , H. 1996 . Isotope dilution gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of isoflavonoids, coumestrol, and lignans in food samples . Analytical Biochemistry , 233 : 169 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazza , G. 2008 . “ Production ” . In Processing and Uses of Canadian Flax , Temuco, Chile : First CGNA International Workshop . August 3–6
   Google Scholar
• Mazza , G. and Biliaderis , C. G. 1989 . Functional properties of flax seed mucilage . Journal of Food Science , 54 ( 5 ) : 1302 – 1305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazza , G. and Oomah , B. D. 1995 . “ Flaxseed, Dietary Fiber and Cyanogens ” . In Flaxseed in Human Nutrition , Edited by: Cunnane , S. C. and Thompson , L. U. 56 – 81 . Champaign, IL : AOCS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mazza , G. , Biliaderis , C. G. and Oomah , B. D. 1992 . “ Extraction and functional properties of flaxseed gum ” . 84 – 92 . Fargo, ND : Proceedings of the 54th Flax Institute of the United States .
   Google Scholar
• Morris , D. H. 2001 . Essential nutrients and other functional compounds in flaxseed . Nutrition Today , 36 : 159 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Morris , D. H. 2003 . “ Flax - A Health and Nutrition Primer ” . Winnipeg, Manitoba : Flax Council of Canada . http://www.flaxcouncil.ca
   Google Scholar
• Morris , D. H. “ Flax reduces inflammation leading to athesoslerosis: New flax facts ” . In Flax Council of Canada http://www.flaxcouncil.ca/english/pdf/FF_Atheroscleros_R3.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mousavi , Y. and Adlercreutz , H. 1992 . Enterolactone and estradiol inhibit each other's proliferative effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells in culture . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , 41 : 615 – 619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir , A. D. , Westcott , N. D. and Prasad , K. 1999 . Extraction, purification and animal model testing of an anti –artherosclerotic lignan secoisolariciresinol digluoside from flaxseed . Linum usitatissmum. Acta Hort.(ISHS) , 501 : 245 – 248 .
   Google Scholar
• Nesbitt , P. D. and Thompson , L. U. 1997 . Lignans in homemade and commercial products containing flaxseed . Nutr. Cancer , 29 : 222 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogborn , M. R. , Nitschmann , E. and Weiler , H. 1999 . Flaxseed ameliorates interstitial nephritis in rat polycystic kidney disease . Kidney Int , 55 : 417 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohr , M. L. 2002 . A growing arnesal against cancer . Food Technology , 56 : 67 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Oomah , B. D. 2001 . Flaxseed as a functional food source . Journal of the Science of Food and Agricultural , 81 ( 9 ) : 889 – 894 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oomah , B. D. and Mazza , G. 1998a . “ Flaxseed products for disease prevention ” . In Functional Foods: Biochemical and Processing Aspects , Edited by: Mazza , G. 91 – 138 . Lancaster, PA : Technomic Publishing Co, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Oomah , B. D. and Mazza , G. 1998b . Fractionation of flaxseed with a batch dehuller . Industrial Crops and Products , 9 ( 1 ) : 19 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Oomah , B. D. and Sitter , L. 2009 . Characteristics of flaxseed hull oil . Food Chemistry , 114 ( 2 ) : 623 – 628 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oomah , B. D. , Reichert , R. D. and Youngs , C. G. 1981 . A novel, multi –sample, Tangertial Abrasive dehulling device (TADD) . Cereal Chemistry , 58 : 392 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oomah , D. B. and Mazza , G. 1997 . Effect of dehulling on chemical composition and physical properties of flaxseed . Lebensmittel –Wissenschaft and Und Technologies , 30 ( 2 ) : 135 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Oomah , D. B. , Mazza , G. and Kenaschuk , E. O. 1996 . Dehulling characteristics of flaxseed . Lebensmittel –Wissenschaft and Und Technologies , 29 ( 3 ) : 245 – 250 .
   Google Scholar
• Petit , Helene. V . 2002 . Digestion, Milk production, Milk composition and blood composition of dairy cows fed whole flaxseed . Journal of Dairy Science , 85 ( 6 ) : 1482 – 1490 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phipps , W. R. , Martini , M. C. , Lampe , J. W. , Slavin , J. L. and Kurzer , M. S. 1993 . Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 77 : 1215 – 1219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohjanheimo. T.A., Hakala , M.A. Tahvonen , R.L., Salminen , S. J. and Kallio , H. P. 2006 . Flaxseed in breed making: Effects on sensory quality, aging, and composition of bakery products . Journal of Food Science , 71 : 5343 – 5348 .
   Google Scholar
• Power , K. A. and Thompson , L. U. 2007 . Can the combination of flaxseed and its lignans with soy and its isoflavones reduce the growth stimulatory effect of soy and its isoflavones on established breast cancer . Mol Nutr Food Res. , 51 ( 7 ) : 845 – 856 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prasad , K. 1997 . Hydroxyl radical–scavenging property of secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) isolated from flax-seed . Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , 168 ( 1–2 ) : 117 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad , K. 2000a . Flaxseed: A source of hypocholesterolemic and anti atherogenic agents . Drug News Perspect , 13 ( 2 ) : 99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prasad , K. 2000b . Antioxidant activity of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside derived metabolites, secoisolariciresinol, enterodiol, and enterolactone . Internatl. J. Angiol , 9 : 220 – 225 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prasad , K. , Mantha , S. V. , Muir , A. D. and Westcott , N. D. 1998 . Reduction of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by CDC-flaxseed with very low alphalinolenic acid . Atherosclerosis. , 136 : 367 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramcharitar , A. , Badrie , N. , Mattfeldt-Beman , M. , Matsuo , H. and Ridley , C. 2005 . Consumer acceptability of muffins with flaxseed . Linum usitatissimum Journal of Food Science , 70 ( 7 ) : S504 – S507 .
   Google Scholar
• Reichert , R. D. , Tyler , York , A.E., Schwab , D. J. , Tatarynovich , J. E. and Mwasaru , M. A. 1986 . Description of a production model of the tangential abrasive dehulling device and its application to breeders’ samples . Cereal Chemistry , 63 : 201 – 207 .
   Google Scholar
• Rickard , S. E. , Yuan , Y. V. and Thompson , L. U. 2000 . Plasma insulin-like growth factor I levels in rats are reduced by dietary supplementation of flaxseed or its lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside . Cancer Letters , 161 : 47 – 55 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ridges , L. , Sunderland , R. , Moerman , K. , Meyer , B. , Astheimer , L. and Howe , P. 2001 . Cholesterol lowering benefits of soy and linseed enriched foods . Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 10 ( 3 ) : 204 – 211 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sahu , A. , Vajpeyi , M. and Mohan , M. 2006 . “ A simple technique for the removal of linamarin from linseed (Linum usitatissimum.L) meal ” . In International Conference on Post-Harvest Technology and Value Addition in Cereals, Pulses and Oilseeds Kanpur, , India Nov 27–30, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Salunke , D. K. and Desai , B. B. 1986 . “ Linseed, niger and cottonseed ” . In Postharvest Biotechnology of Oilseeds , 171 – 186 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sathyamoorthy , N. , Wang , T. T. and Phang , J. M. 1994 . Stimulation of pS2 expression by diet-derived compounds . Cancer Research , 54 : 957 – 961 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scholljegerdes , E. and Kronberg , S. 2007 . Effects of supplemental ground flaxseed on the growth performance of steers grazing summer native pasture in the northern great plains . Proceedings, Western Section, American Society of Animal Science , 58 : 248 – 251 .
   Google Scholar
• Serraino , M. and Thompson , L. U. 1992 . The effect of flaxseed supplementation on the initiation and promotional stages of mammary tumorigenesis . Nutrition and Cancer , 17 : 153 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setchell , K. D. , Lawson , A. M. , Mitchell , F. L. , Adlercreutz , H. , Kirk , D. N. and Axelson , M. 1980 . Lignans in man and in animal species . Nature , 287 : 740 – 742 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setchell , K. D. , Lawson , A. M. , Borriello , S. P. , Harkness , R. , Gordon , H. , Morgan , D. M. , Kirk , D. N. , Adlercreutz , H. , Anderson , L. C. and Axelson , M. 1981 . Lignan formation in man–microbial involvement and possible roles in relation to cancer . Lancet , 2 : 4 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahidi , F. and Naczk , M. 2004 . “ Biosynthesis, classification, and nomenclature of phenolics in food and nutraceuticals ” . In Phenolics in Food and Nutraceuticals , 1 – 16 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shen , Y. , Feng , D. and Chavez , E. R. 2004 . Effect of flaxseed processing on its true metabolizable energy values for adult chicken . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 84 ( 6 ) : 551 – 555 .
   Google Scholar
• Shen , Y. , Feng , D. , Oresanya , T. F. and Chavez , E. R. 2005 . Fatty acid and nitrogen utilization of processed flaxseed by adult chickens . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 85 ( 7 ) : 1137 – 1142 .
   Google Scholar
• Shukla , V.K. S . 2003 . A designer oil for better health . International News on Fats, Oils and Related Materials , 14 ( 6 ) : 340 – 341 .
   Google Scholar
• Simopoulos , A. P. 1999 . Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 70 ( 3 ) : 560 – 569 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , J. and Bargale , P. C. 2000 . Development of a small capacity double stage compression screw press for oil expression . Journal of Food Engineering , 43 : 75 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Singh , K. K. , Wiesenborn , D. , Kangas , N. and Tostenson , K. 2002a . Characterization of cooking parameters for improved screw pressing of crambe seed . Transactions of the ASAE , 45 ( 4 ) : 1029 – 1035 .
   Google Scholar
• Singh , K. K. , Wiesenborn , D. , Tostenson , K. and Kangas , N. 2002b . Influence of moisture content on pressing characteristics of crambe . Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society , 79 ( 2 ) : 165 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. K. , Johnsen , V. L. and Berkel , A. C. 1946 . Linseed proteins alkali dispersion and acid precipitation . Industrial and Engineering Chemistry , 38 : 353 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• Soita , H. W. , Meier , J. A. , Fehr , M. , Christensen , D. A. , Mckinon , J. J. , Yu , P. and Mustafa , A. F. 2003 . Effects of flaxseed supplementation on milk production, milk fatty acid composition and nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cows . Archives of Animal Nutrition , 57 ( 2 ) : 107 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosulski , F. W. and Cadden , A. M. 1982 . Composition and physiological properties of several sources of dietary fiber . Journal of Food Science , 47 : 1472 – 1477 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence , J. D. , Thornton , T. , Muir , A. D. and Westcott , N. D. 2003 . The effect of flax seed cultivars with differing content of alpha-linolenic acid and lignans on responses to mental stress . J. Am. Coll. Nutr , 22 : 494 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stitt , P. 1990 . “ Flax the ideal “designer food” ingredient ” . In Proceedings 53 ^rd Flax Institute 20 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Susheelamma , N. S. 1987 . Isolation and properties of linseed mucilage . Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft Und-Technologie , 24 : 103 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Tarpila , S. , Tarpila , A. , Grhn , P. , Silvennoinen , T. and Lindberg , L. 2004 . Efficacy of ground flaxseed on constipation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome . Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research , 2 ( 2 ) : 119 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Thiessen , D. 2004 . “ Optimization of feed peas, canola and flaxseed for aqua feeds: The Canadian prairie perspective ” . In Advances en Nutricion Acuicola VII. Memorial del VII Simposium Internacional de Nutricion , Edited by: Cruz Suarez , L. E. , Ricque , M. D. , Lopez , N. , Villarreal , M. G. , Scholz , D. , Gonzalez , U. and Acuicola , M. Mexico : Sonora . 16–19 November, 2004 Hermosillo
   Google Scholar
• Thiessen , D. L. , Campbell , G. L. and Addizi , P. D. 2003 . Digestibility and growth performance of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncohychus mykiss) fed with pea and canola products . Aqua. Nutr , 9 : 67 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiessen , D. L. , Maenz , D. D. , Newkrik , R. W. , Classen , H. L. and Drew , M.D . 2004 . Replacement of fish meal by canola protein concentrate in diets fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhychus mykiss) . Aqua. Nutr , 10 ( 6 ) : 379 – 388 .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , L. U. , T. Li , J. Chen and Goss , P. E. 2000 . Biological effects of dietary flaxseed in patients with breast cancer . Breast Cancer Research and Treatment , 64 ( 1 ) : 50
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , L. U. 1999 . “ Role of lignans in carcinogenesis, in phytochemicals in human health protection, nutrition, and plant defense ” . In Recent Advance in Phytochemistry , Edited by: Romeo , J.T . 33 New York : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , L. U. , Seidl , M. M. , Rickard , S. E. , Orcheson , L. J. and Fong , H. H. 1996 . Antitumorigenic effect of a mammalian lignan precursor from flaxseed . Nutrition and Cancer. , 26 : 159 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tou , J. C. and Thompson , L. U. 1999 . Exposure to flaxseed or its lignan component during different developmental stages influences rat mammary gland structures . Carcinogenesis , 20 : 1831 – 1835 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , J. 1987 . “ Linseed Law ” . UK : BASF Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Tzen , J.T. C. , Y.Z. Cao , P. Laurent and C. Ratnayake Huang , A.H.C . 1993 . Lipids, proteins, and structure of seed oil bodies from diverse species . Plant Physiology , 101 : 267 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaisey-Genser , M.D.H . 2003 . “ Introduction: History of the cultivation and uses of flaxseed ” . In Flax, the Genus Linum , Edited by: Muir , A. D. and Westcott , N. D. 1 – 21 . London : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Van De Wayberg , I. and Verpoest , I. 2002 . “ Knitted flax fiber polyester composites ” . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Material Science , Roskilde : Sustainable Natural and Polymeric Composites-Science and Technology . 2–5 September, 2002, pp. 341–348
   Google Scholar
• Vassel , B. and Nesbitt , L. L. 1945 . The nitrogenous constituents of flaxseed. II. The isolation of a purified protein fraction . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 159 : 571 – 584 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , H. H. , Drummond , J. G. , Reath , S. M. , Hunt , K. and Watson , P. A. 2001 . An improved fibril angle measurement method for wood fibers . Wood Science and Technology , 34 : 493 – 503 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wannerberger , K. , Nylander , T. and Nyman , M. 1991 . Rheological and chemical properties of mucilage in different varieties from linseed (Linum usitatissimum) . Acta Agriculturea Scandinavica , 41 : 311 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westcott , N. D. and Muir , A. D. 2003 . “ Chemical studies on the constituents of Linuum spp ” . In Flax, The Genus Linum , Edited by: Muir , A. D. and Westcott , N. D. 55 – 73 . London : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Westcott , N. D. and Muir , A. D. 1996 . “ Variation in the concentration of the flax seed lignan concentration with variety, location and year ” . In Proceedings of the 56th Flax Institute of the United States Conference , 77 – 80 . Fargo, ND : Flax Institute of the United States .
   Google Scholar
• Westcott , N. D. and Muir , A. D. 1997 . “ Medicinal Lignan from Flaxseed ” . In Prairie Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Conference , Manitoba : Brandon .
   Google Scholar
• Wiesenborn , D. , Tostenson , K. , Kangas , N. , Zheng , Y. , Hall , Clifford , Niehaus , M. , Jarvis , P. and Schwaz. J., Twombly , W. 2005 . Processing flaxseed for food and feed uses . Food Science Biotechnology , 14 ( 1 ) : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Xu , Y. , Hall , C. , III , Wolf-Hall and C., Manthey , F. 2006 . “ Antifungal activity of flaxseed flours ” . In Proocedings of the 61st Flax Institute of the U.S. , Edited by: Carter , J. F. 177 – 185 . Fargo, ND : North Dakota State University .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , Z. S. , Wang , Li , J., Li , D. , Jiao , S. S. , Chen , D. and X., Mao , Z. H. 2008 . Ultrasound –assisted extraction of oil from flaxseed . Separation and Purification Technology , 62 ( 1 ) : 192 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng , Y. L. , Wiesenborn , D. P. , Tostenson , K. and Kangas , N. 2005 . Energy analysis in the screw pressing of whole and dehulled flaxseed . Journal of Food Engineering , 66 : 193 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Zheng , Y. L. , Wiesenborn , D. , Tostenson , K. and Kangas , N. 2003 . Screw pressing of whole and dehulled flaxseed for organic oil . Journal of American Oil Chemists Society , 80 ( 10 ) : 1039 – 1045 .
   Google Scholar
• 2004 . FAO Production Yearbook http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/AFRIS/DATA/508.htm accessed 31.03.04
   Google Scholar
• Flax Council of Canada . 1998 . Flax–A Health and Nutrition Primer http://www.flaxrounis.ca/primer.htm
   Google Scholar
• Carter , J. Flaxseed as functional food for people and as feed for other animals http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/plantsci/flaxseed.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Assam state Agricultural Marketing Board , Flax : Linseed . http://www.asamb.in/commodityProfile/Linseed.htm
   Google Scholar
• Ahlawat , I.P. S. Agronomy Rabi Crops, Linseed http://www.nsdl.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/509/1/LINSEED+−+FORMATTED.pdf
   Google Scholar