Advanced search
Publication Cover
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition Volume 51, 2011 - Issue 4
Submit an article Journal homepage
6,138
Views
381
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Effects of Flavonoids and other Polyphenols on Inflammation

R. González Departments of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada
,
I. Ballester Massachusetts General Hospital, Gastrointestinal Unit GRJ716, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
,
R. López-Posadas Departments of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada
,
M. D. Suárez Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada
,
A. Zarzuelo Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada
,
O. Martínez-Augustin Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada
&
F. Sánchez De Medina Departments of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada
 show all
Pages 331-362 | Published online: 22 Mar 2011

References

  • Abboud , P. A. , Hake , P. W. , Burroughs , T. J. , Odoms , K. , O'Connor , M. , Mangeshkar , P. , Wong , H. R. and Zingarelli , B. 2008 . Therapeutic effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in a mouse model of colitis . Eur J Pharmacol. , 579 : 411 – 417 .
  • Abuarqoub , H. , Foresti , R. , Green , C. J. and Motterlini , R. 2006 . Heme oxygenase-1 mediates the anti-inflammatory actions of 2′ -hydroxychalcone in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages . Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. , 290 : C1092 – C1099 .
  • Ahmad , S. , Israf , D. A. , Lajis , N. H. , Shaari , K. , Mohamed , H. , Wahab , A. A. , Ariffin , K. T. , Hoo , W. Y. , Aziz , N. A. , Kadir , A. A. , Sulaiman , M. R. and Somchit , M. N. 2006 . Cardamonin, inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators in activated RAW 264.7 cells and whole blood . Eur J Pharmacol. , 538 : 188 – 194 .
  • Ahmed , S. , Pakozdi , A. and Koch , A. E. 2006 . Regulation of interleukin-1beta-induced chemokine production and matrix metalloproteinase 2 activation by epigallocatechin-3-gallate in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts . Arthritis Rheum. , 54 : 2393 – 2401 .
  • Ahn , H. Y. , Xu , Y. and Davidge , S. T. 2008 . Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate inhibits TNFalpha-induced monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production from vascular endothelial cells . Life Sci. , 82 : 964 – 968 .
  • Ahn , J. , Lee , H. , Kim , S. and Ha , T. 2007 . Resveratrol inhibits TNF-alpha-induced changes of adipokines in 3T3-L1 adipocytes . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , 364 : 972 – 977 .
  • Ahn , K. S. , Noh , E. J. , Cha , K. H. , Kim , Y. S. , Lim , S. S. , Shin , K. H. and Jung , S. H. 2006 . Inhibitory effects of Irigenin from the rhizomes of Belamcanda chinensis on nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2) production in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells . Life Sci. , 78 : 2336 – 2342 .
  • Amasheh , M. , Schlichter , S. , Amasheh , S. , Mankertz , J. , Zeitz , M. , Fromm , M. and Schulzke , J. D. 2008 . Quercetin enhances epithelial barrier function and increases claudin-4 expression in Caco-2 cells . J Nutr. , 138 : 1067 – 1073 .
  • Amic , D. , Davidovic-Amic , D. , Beslo , D. , Rastija , V. , Lucic , B. and Trinajstic , N. 2007 . SAR and QSAR of the antioxidant activity of flavonoids . Curr Med Chem. , 14 : 827 – 845 .
  • Asmis , R. , Stevens , J. , Begley , J. G. , Grimes , B. , Van Zant , G. and Fanti , P. 2006 . The isoflavone genistein inhibits LPS-stimulated TNFalpha, but not IL-6 expression in monocytes from hemodialysis patients and healthy subjects . Clin Nephrol. , 65 : 267 – 275 .
  • Auger , C. , Mullen , W. , Hara , Y. and Crozier , A. 2008 . Bioavailability of polyphenon E flavan-3-ols in humans with an ileostomy . J Nutr. , 138 : 1535S – 1542S .
  • Balasubramanian , S. and Eckert , R. L. 2007 . Keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis–differential mechanisms of regulation by curcumin, EGCG and apigenin . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. , 224 : 214 – 219 .
  • Ballester , I. , Camuesco , D. , Gálvez , J. , Sánchez de Medina , F. and Zarzuelo , A. 2006 . Flavonoids and inflammatory bowel disease . Ars Pharmaceutica , 47 : 5 – 21 .
  • Bao , M. and Lou , Y. 2006 . Isorhamnetin prevent endothelial cell injuries from oxidized LDL via activation of p38MAPK . Eur J Pharmacol. , 547 : 22 – 30 .
  • Bas , E. , Recio , M. C. , Giner , R. M. , Manez , S. , Cerda-Nicolas , M. and Rios , J. L. 2006 . Anti-inflammatory activity of 5-O-demethylnobiletin, a polymethoxyflavone isolated from Sideritis tragoriganum . Planta Med. , 72 : 136 – 142 .
  • Bas , E. , Recio , M. C. , Giner , R. M. , Manez , S. , Lopez-Gines , C. , Gil-Benso , R. and Rios , J. L. 2007 . Demethylnobiletin inhibits delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, human lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production . Br J Pharmacol. , 152 : 1272 – 1282 .
  • Beaumont , D. M. , Mark , T. M. Jr , Hills , R. , Dixon , P. , Veit , B. and Garrett , N. 2008 . The effects of chrysin, a Passiflora incarnata extract, on natural killer cell activity in male Sprague-Dawley rats undergoing abdominal surgery . AANA J , 76 : 113 – 117 .
  • Bieger , J. , Cermak , R. , Blank , R. , de Boer , V.C. , Hollman , P. C. , Kamphues , J. and Wolffram , S. 2008 . Tissue distribution of quercetin in pigs after long-term dietary supplementation . J Nutr. , 138 : 1417 – 1420 .
  • Billack , B. , Radkar , V. and Adiabouah , C. 2008 . In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic and anti-proliferative properties of resveratrol and several of its analogs . Cell Mol Biol Lett. , 13 : 553 – 569 .
  • Biswas , S. K. , McClure , D. , Jimenez , L. A. , Megson , I. L. and Rahman , I. 2005 . Curcumin induces glutathione biosynthesis and inhibits NF-kappaB activation and interleukin-8 release in alveolar epithelial cells: Mechanism of free radical scavenging activity . Antioxid Redox Signal. , 7 : 32 – 41 .
  • Bodet , C. , La , V. D. , Epifano , F. and Grenier , D. 2008 . Naringenin has anti-inflammatory properties in macrophage and ex vivo human whole-blood models . J Periodontal Res. , 43 : 400 – 407 .
  • Brand , W. , van der Wel , P.A. , Rein , M. J. , Barron , D. , Williamson , G. , van Bladeren , P.J. and Rietjens , I. M. 2008 . Metabolism and transport of the citrus flavonoid hesperetin in Caco-2 cell monolayers . Drug Metab Dispos. , 36 : 1794 – 1802 .
  • Brett , G. M. , Hollands , W. , Needs , P. W. , Teucher , B. , Dainty , J. R. , Davis , B. D. , Brodbelt , J. S. and Kroon , P. A. 2009 . Absorption, metabolism and excretion of flavanones from single portions of orange fruit and juice and effects of anthropometric variables and contraceptive pill use on flavanone excretion . Br J Nutr. , 101 : 664 – 675 .
  • Brito , P. M. , Mariano , A. , Almeida , L. M. and Dinis , T. C. 2006 . Resveratrol affords protection against peroxynitrite-mediated endothelial cell death: A role for intracellular glutathione . Chem Biol Interact. , 164 : 157 – 166 .
  • Bureau , G. , Longpre , F. and Martinoli , M. G. 2008 . Resveratrol and quercetin, two natural polyphenols, reduce apoptotic neuronal cell death induced by neuroinflammation . J Neurosci Res. , 86 : 403 – 410 .
  • Byun , H. S. , Song , J. K. , Kim , Y. R. , Piao , L. , Won , M. , Park , K. A. , Choi , B. L. , Lee , H. , Hong , J. H. , Park , J. , Seok , J. H. , Lee , Y. J. , Kang , S. W. and Hur , G. M. 2008 . Caspase-8 has an essential role in resveratrol-induced apoptosis of rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes . Rheumatology (Oxford) , 47 : 301 – 308 .
  • Cai , F. , Li , C. R. , Wu , J. L. , Chen , J. G. , Liu , C. , Min , Q. , Yu , W. , Ouyang , C. H. and Chen , J. H. 2006 . Theaflavin ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats through its anti-inflammatory effect and modulation of STAT-1 . Mediators Inflamm. , 2006 : 30490
  • Camacho-Barquero , L. , Villegas , I. , Sanchez-Calvo , J.M. , Talero , E. , Sanchez-Fidalgo , S. , Motilva , V. and Alarcon de la Lastra , C. 2007 . Curcumin, a Curcuma longa constituent, acts on MAPK p38 pathway modulating COX-2 and iNOS expression in chronic experimental colitis . Int Immunopharmacol. , 7 : 333 – 342 .
  • Candelario-Jalil , E. , de Oliveira , A.C. , Graf , S. , Bhatia , H. S. , Hull , M. , Munoz , E. and Fiebich , B. L. 2007 . Resveratrol potently reduces prostaglandin E2 production and free radical formation in lipopolysaccharide-activated primary rat microglia . J Neuroinflammation. , 4 : 25
  • Cao , X. G. , Li , X. X. , Bao , Y. Z. , Xing , N. Z. and Chen , Y. 2007 . Responses of human lens epithelial cells to quercetin and DMSO . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , 48 : 3714 – 3718 .
  • Cave , N. J. , Backus , R. C. , Marks , S. L. and Klasing , K. C. 2007 . Modulation of innate and acquired immunity by an estrogenic dose of genistein in gonadectomized cats . Vet Immunol Immunopathol. , 117 : 42 – 54 .
  • Chae , Y. J. , Kim , C. H. , Ha , T. S. , Hescheler , J. , Ahn , H. Y. and Sachinidis , A. 2007 . Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate inhibits the angiotensin II-induced adhesion molecule expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cell via inhibition of MAPK pathways . Cell Physiol Biochem. , 20 : 859 – 866 .
  • Chang , H. J. , Yoon , G. , Park , J. S. , Kim , M. H. , Baek , M. K. , Kim , N. H. , Shin , B. A. , Ahn , B. W. , Cheon , S. H. and Jung , Y. D. 2007 . Induction of apoptosis by the licochalcone E in endothelial cells via modulation of NF-kappaB and Bcl-2 Family . Biol Pharm Bull. , 30 : 2290 – 2293 .
  • Chang , J. W. , Kim , C. S. , Kim , S. B. , Park , S. K. , Park , J. S. and Lee , S. K. 2006 . Proinflammatory cytokine-induced NF-kappaB activation in human mesangial cells is mediated through intracellular calcium but not ROS: effects of silymarin . Nephron Exp Nephrol. , 103 : e156 – e165 .
  • Chang , S. L. , Chiang , Y. M. , Chang , C. L. , Yeh , H. H. , Shyur , L. F. , Kuo , Y. H. , Wu , T. K. and Yang , W. C. 2007 . Flavonoids, centaurein and centaureidin, from Bidens pilosa, stimulate IFN-gamma expression . J Ethnopharmacol. , 112 : 232 – 236 .
  • Chavez , E. , Reyes-Gordillo , K. , Segovia , J. , Shibayama , M. , Tsutsumi , V. , Vergara , P. , Moreno , M. G. and Muriel , P. 2008 . Resveratrol prevents fibrosis, NF-kappaB activation and TGF-beta increases induced by chronic CCl4 treatment in rats . J Appl Toxicol. , 28 : 35 – 43 .
  • Chen , C. Y. , Peng , W. H. , Tsai , K. D. and Hsu , S. L. 2007a . Luteolin suppresses inflammation-associated gene expression by blocking NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation pathway in mouse alveolar macrophages . Life Sci. , 81 : 1602 – 1614 .
  • Chen , C. Y. , Peng , W. H. , Tsai , K. D. and Hsu , S. L. 2007b . Luteolin suppresses inflammation-associated gene expression by blocking NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation pathway in mouse alveolar macrophages . Life Sci. , 81 : 1602 – 1614 .
  • Chen , H. Q. , Jin , Z. Y. and Li , G. H. 2007c . Biochanin A protects dopaminergic neurons against lipopolysaccharide-induced damage through inhibition of microglia activation and proinflammatory factors generation . Neurosci Lett. , 417 : 112 – 117 .
  • Chen , J. C. , Ho , F. M. , Pei-Dawn Lee , Chao , Chen , C. P. , Jeng , K. C. , Hsu , H. B. , Lee , S. T. , Wen Tung , W.u. and Lin , W. W. 2005 . Inhibition of iNOS gene expression by quercetin is mediated by the inhibition of IkappaB kinase, nuclear factor-kappa B and STAT1, and depends on heme oxygenase-1 induction in mouse BV-2 microglia . Eur J Pharmacol. , 521 : 9 – 20 .
  • Chen , K. M. , Ge , B. F. , Liu , X. Y. , Ma , P. H. , Lu , M. B. , Bai , M. H. and Wang , Y. 2007 . Icariin inhibits the osteoclast formation induced by RANKL and macrophage-colony stimulating factor in mouse bone marrow culture . Pharmazie. , 62 : 388 – 391 .
  • Chen , L. G. , Hung , L. Y. , Tsai , K. W. , Pan , Y. S. , Tsai , Y. D. , Li , Y. Z. and Liu , Y. W. 2008a . Wogonin, a bioactive flavonoid in herbal tea, inhibits inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in human lung epithelial cancer cells . Mol Nutr Food Res. , 52 : 1349 – 1357 .
  • Chen , S. F. , Hsu , C. W. , Huang , W. H. and Wang , J. Y. 2008b . Post-injury baicalein improves histological and functional outcomes and reduces inflammatory cytokines after experimental traumatic brain injury . Br J Pharmacol. , 155 : 1279 – 1296 .
  • Cheng , J. C. , Fang , J. G. , Chen , W. F. , Zhou , B. , Yang , L. and Liu , Z. L. 2006 . Structure-activity relationship studies of resveratrol and its analogues by the reaction kinetics of low density lipoprotein peroxidation . Bioorg Chem. , 34 : 142 – 157 .
  • Chiou , C. S. , Lin , J. W. , Kao , P. F. , Liu , J. C. , Cheng , T. H. and Chan , P. 2008 . Effects of hesperidin on cyclic strain-induced endothelin-1 release in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. . Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. , 35 : 938 – 943 .
  • Chittezhath , M. , Deep , G. , Singh , R. P. , Agarwal , C. and Agarwal , R. 2008 . Silibinin inhibits cytokine-induced signaling cascades and down-regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase in human lung carcinoma A549 cells . Mol Cancer Ther. , 7 : 1817 – 1826 .
  • Cho , S. Y. , Park , S. J. , Kwon , M. J. , Jeong , T. S. , Bok , S. H. , Choi , W. Y. , Jeong , W. I. , Ryu , S. Y. , Do , S. H. , Lee , C. S. , Song , J. C. and Jeong , K. S. 2003 . Quercetin suppresses proinflammatory cytokines production through MAP kinases andNF-kappaB pathway in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage . Mol Cell Biochem. , 243 : 153 – 160 .
  • Choi , E. M. 2007 . Modulatory effects of luteolin on osteoblastic function and inflammatory mediators in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells . Cell Biol Int. , 31 : 870 – 877 .
  • Choi , I. Y. , Kim , S. J. , Jeong , H. J. , Park , S. H. , Song , Y. S. , Lee , J. H. , Kang , T. H. , Park , J. H. , Hwang , G. S. , Lee , E. J. , Hong , S. H. , Kim , H. M. and Um , J. Y. 2007 . Hesperidin inhibits expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha and inflammatory cytokine production from mast cells . Mol Cell Biochem. , 305 : 153 – 161 .
  • Choi , J. S. , Choi , Y. J. , Shin , S. Y. , Li , J. , Kang , S. W. , Bae , J. Y. , Kim , D. S. , Ji , G. E. , Kang , J. S. and Kang , Y. H. 2008 . Dietary flavonoids differentially reduce oxidized LDL-induced apoptosis in human endothelial cells: Role of MAPK- and JAK/STAT-signaling . J Nutr. , 138 : 983 – 990 .
  • Choi , S. M. , Shin , J. H. , Kang , K. K. , Ahn , B. O. and Yoo , M. 2007 . Gastroprotective effects of DA-6034, a new flavonoid derivative, in various gastric mucosal damage models . Dig Dis Sci. , 52 : 3075 – 3080 .
  • Cichocki , M. , Paluszczak , J. , Szaefer , H. , Piechowiak , A. , Rimando , A. M. and Baer-Dubowska , W. 2008 . Pterostilbene is equally potent as resveratrol in inhibiting 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate activated NFkappaB, AP-1, COX-2, and iNOS in mouse epidermis . Mol Nutr Food Res. , 52 ( Suppl 1 ) : S62 – S70 .
  • Comalada , M. , Ballester , I. , Bailon , E. , Sierra , S. , Xaus , J. , Galvez , J. , de Medina , F.S. and Zarzuelo , A. 2006 . Inhibition of pro-inflammatory markers in primary bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages by naturally occurring flavonoids: Analysis of the structure-activity relationship . Biochem Pharmacol. , 72 : 1010 – 1021 .
  • Comalada , M. , Camuesco , D. , Sierra , S. , Ballester , I. , Xaus , J. , Galvez , J. and Zarzuelo , A. 2005 . In vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway . Eur J Immunol. , 35 : 584 – 592 .
  • Cortes , J. R. , Perez-G , M. , Rivas , M. D. and Zamorano , J. 2007 . Kaempferol inhibits IL-4-induced STAT6 activation by specifically targeting JAK3 . J Immunol. , 179 : 3881 – 3887 .
  • Crespo , I. , Garcia-Mediavilla , M.V. , Almar , M. , Gonzalez , P. , Tunon , M. J. , Sanchez-Campos , S. and Gonzalez-Gallego , J. 2008a . Differential effects of dietary flavonoids on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation and changes in antioxidant enzyme expression induced by proinflammatory cytokines in Chang Liver cells . Food Chem Toxicol. , 46 : 1555 – 1569 .
  • Crespo , I. , Garcia-Mediavilla , M.V. , Gutierrez , B. , Sanchez-Campos , S. , Tunon , M. J. and Gonzalez-Gallego , J. 2008b . A comparison of the effects of kaempferol and quercetin on cytokine-induced pro-inflammatory status of cultured human endothelial cells . Br J Nutr. , 100 : 968 – 976 .
  • Crespo , M. E. , Galvez , J. , Cruz , T. , Ocete , M. A. and Zarzuelo , A. 1999 . Anti-inflammatory activity of diosmin and hesperidin in rat colitis induced by TNBS . Planta Med. , 65 : 651 – 653 .
  • Cruz , E. A. , Da-Silva , S.A. , Muzitano , M. F. , Silva , P. M. , Costa , S. S. and Rossi-Bergmann , B. 2008 . Immunomodulatory pretreatment with Kalanchoe pinnata extract and its quercitrin flavonoid effectively protects mice against fatal anaphylactic shock . Int Immunopharmacol. , 8 : 1616 – 1621 .
  • Csiszar , A. , Labinskyy , N. , Podlutsky , A. , Kaminski , P. M. , Wolin , M. S. , Zhang , C. , Mukhopadhyay , P. , Pacher , P. , Hu , F. , de Cabo , R. , Ballabh , P. and Ungvari , Z. 2008 . Vasoprotective effects of resveratrol and SIRT1: Attenuation of cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress and proinflammatory phenotypic alterations . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. , 294 : H2721 – H2735 .
  • Csiszar , A. , Smith , K. , Labinskyy , N. , Orosz , Z. , Rivera , A. and Ungvari , Z. 2006 . Resveratrol attenuates TNF-alpha-induced activation of coronary arterial endothelial cells: role of NF-kappaB inhibition . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. , 291 : H1694 – H1699 .
  • Cullen , J. P. , Morrow , D. , Jin , Y. , von Offenberg Sweeney , N. , Sitzmann , J. V. , Cahill , P. A. and Redmond , E. M. 2007 . Resveratrol inhibits expression and binding activity of the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 receptor, CCR2, on THP-1 monocytes . Atherosclerosis , 195 : e125 – e133 .
  • Dai , J. Y. , Yang , J. L. and Li , C. 2008 . Transport and metabolism of flavonoids from Chinese herbal remedy Xiaochaihu- tang across human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers . Acta Pharmacol Sin. , 29 : 1086 – 1093 .
  • Das , M. , Ram , A. and Ghosh , B. 2003 . Luteolin alleviates bronchoconstriction and airway hyperreactivity in ovalbumin sensitized mice . Inflamm Res. , 52 : 101 – 106 .
  • Dasgupta , B. and Milbrandt , J. 2007 . Resveratrol stimulates AMP kinase activity in neurons . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , 104 : 7217 – 7222 .
  • De Leon , E.J. , Alcaraz , M. J. , Dominguez , J. N. , Charris , J. and Terencio , M. C. 2003 . A new chloroquinolinyl chalcone derivative as inhibitor of inflammatory and immune response in mice and rats . J Pharm Pharmacol. , 55 : 1313 – 1321 .
  • De Paula , M.L. , Rodrigues , D. H. , Teixeira , H. C. , Barsante , M. M. , Souza , M. A. and Ferreira , A. P. 2008 . Genistein down-modulates pro-inflammatory cytokines and reverses clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis . Int Immunopharmacol. , 8 : 1291 – 1297 .
  • Dell'agli , M. , Bellosta , S. , Rizzi , L. , Galli , G. V. , Canavesi , M. , Rota , F. , Parente , R. , Bosisio , E. and Romeo , S. 2005 . A structure-activity study for the inhibition of metalloproteinase-9 activity and gene expression by analogues of gallocatechin-3-gallate . Cell Mol Life Sci. , 62 : 2896 – 2903 .
  • Deng , S. , Palu , K. , West , B. J. , Su , C. X. , Zhou , B. N. and Jensen , J. C. 2007 . Lipoxygenase inhibitory constituents of the fruits of noni (Morinda citrifolia) collected in Tahiti . J Nat Prod. , 70 : 859 – 862 .
  • Dijsselbloem , N. , Goriely , S. , Albarani , V. , Gerlo , S. , Francoz , S. , Marine , J. C. , Goldman , M. , Haegeman , G. and Vanden Berghe , W. 2007 . A critical role for p53 in the control of NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression in TLR4-stimulated dendritic cells exposed to Genistein . J Immunol. , 178 : 5048 – 5057 .
  • Djoko , B. , Chiou , R. Y. , Shee , J. J. and Liu , Y. W. 2007 . Characterization of immunological activities of peanut stilbenoids, arachidin-1, piceatannol, and resveratrol on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation of RAW 264.7 macrophages . J Agric Food Chem. , 55 : 2376 – 2383 .
  • Do , G. M. , Kwon , E. Y. , Kim , H. J. , Jeon , S. M. , Ha , T. Y. , Park , T. and Choi , M. S. 2008 . Long-term effects of resveratrol supplementation on suppression of atherogenic lesion formation and cholesterol synthesis in apo E-deficient mice . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , 374 : 55 – 59 .
  • Donnelly , L. E. , Newton , R. , Kennedy , G. E. , Fenwick , P. S. , Leung , R. H. , Ito , K. , Russell , R. E. and Barnes , P. J. 2004 . Anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol in lung epithelial cells: molecular mechanisms . Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. , 287 : L774 – L783 .
  • Egert , S. , Wolffram , S. , Bosy-Westphal , A. , Boesch-Saadatmandi , C. , Wagner , A. E. , Frank , J. , Rimbach , G. and Mueller , M. J. 2008 . Daily quercetin supplementation dose-dependently increases plasma quercetin concentrations in healthy humans . J Nutr. , 138 : 1615 – 1621 .
  • El-Mowafy , A. M. , Alkhalaf , M. and El-Kashef , H.A. 2008a . Resveratrol reverses hydrogen peroxide-induced proliferative effects in human coronary smooth muscle cells: a novel signaling mechanism . Arch Med Res. , 39 : 155 – 161 .
  • El-Mowafy , A. M. , Alkhalaf , M. and Nassar , N. N. 2008b . Resveratrol reverses ET-1-evoked mitogenic effects in human coronary arterial cells by activating the kinase-G to inhibit ERK-enzymes . Int J Cardiol. , 136 : 263 – 269 .
  • Elmali , N. , Baysal , O. , Harma , A. , Esenkaya , I. and Mizrak , B. 2007 . Effects of resveratrol in inflammatory arthritis . Inflammation , 30 : 1 – 6 .
  • Ergun , O. , Ergun , G. , Oktem , G. , Selvi , N. , Dogan , H. , Tuncyurek , M. , Saydam , G. and Erdener , A. 2007 . Enteral resveratrol supplementation attenuates intestinal epithelial inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and mucosal damage in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis . J Pediatr Surg. , 42 : 1687 – 1694 .
  • Erlejman , A. G. , Jaggers , G. , Fraga , C. G. and Oteiza , P. I. 2008 . TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB activation and cell oxidant production are modulated by hexameric procyanidins in Caco-2 cells . Arch Biochem Biophys. , 476 : 186 – 195 .
  • Fang , S. C. , Hsu , C. L. and Yen , G. C. 2008a . Anti-inflammatory effects of phenolic compounds isolated from the fruits of Artocarpus heterophyllus . J Agric Food Chem. , 56 : 4463 – 4468 .
  • Fang , S. H. , Rao , Y. K. and Tzeng , Y. M. 2008b . Anti-oxidant and inflammatory mediator's growth inhibitory effects of compounds isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria . J Ethnopharmacol. , 116 : 333 – 340 .
  • Fang , X. K. , Gao , J. and Zhu , D. N. 2008c . Kaempferol and quercetin isolated from Euonymus alatus improve glucose uptake of 3T3-L1 cells without adipogenesis activity . Life Sci. , 82 : 615 – 622 .
  • Folster-Holst , R. and Latussek , E. 2007 . Synthetic tannins in dermatology–a therapeutic option in a variety of pediatric dermatoses . Pediatr Dermatol. , 24 : 296 – 301 .
  • Funaguchi , N. , Ohno , Y. , La , B. L. , Asai , T. , Yuhgetsu , H. , Sawada , M. , Takemura , G. , Minatoguchi , S. , Fujiwara , T. and Fujiwara , H. 2007 . Narirutin inhibits airway inflammation in an allergic mouse model . Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. , 34 : 766 – 770 .
  • Furuhashi , I. , Iwata , S. , Shibata , S. , Sato , T. and Inoue , H. 2005 . Inhibition by licochalcone A, a novel flavonoid isolated from liquorice root, of IL-1beta-induced PGE2 production in human skin fibroblasts . J Pharm Pharmacol. , 57 : 1661 – 1666 .
  • Galvez , J. , Coelho , G. , Crespo , M. E. , Cruz , T. , Rodriguez-Cabezas , M.E. , Concha , A. , Gonzalez , M. and Zarzuelo , A. 2001 . Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of morin on chronic experimental colitis in the rat . Aliment Pharmacol Ther. , 15 : 2027 – 2039 .
  • Galvez , J. , Cruz , T. , Crespo , E. , Ocete , M. A. , Lorente , M. D. , Sanchez de Medina , F. and Zarzuelo , A. 1997 . Rutoside as mucosal protective in acetic acid-induced rat colitis . Planta Med. , 63 : 409 – 414 .
  • Gao , J. , Xu , Y. , Yang , Y. , Yang , Y. , Zheng , Z. , Jiang , W. , Hong , B. , Yan , X. and Si , S. 2008 . Identification of upregulators of human ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 via high-throughput screening of a synthetic and natural compound library . J Biomol Screen. , 13 : 648 – 656 .
  • Gardana , C. , Guarnieri , S. , Riso , P. , Simonetti , P. and Porrini , M. 2007 . Flavanone plasma pharmacokinetics from blood orange juice in human subjects . Br J Nutr. , 98 : 165 – 172 .
  • Gauliard , B. , Grieve , D. , Wilson , R. , Crozier , A. , Jenkins , C. , Mullen , W. D. and Lean , M. 2008 . The effects of dietary phenolic compounds on cytokine and antioxidant production by A549 cells . J Med Food. , 11 : 382 – 384 .
  • Ge , H. , Zhang , J. F. , Guo , B. S. , He , Q. , Wang , B. Y. , He , B. and Wang , C. Q. 2007 . Resveratrol inhibits macrophage expression of EMMPRIN by activating PPARgamma . Vascul Pharmacol. , 46 : 114 – 121 .
  • Gee , J. M. , DuPont , M.S. , Rhodes , M. J. and Johnson , I. T. 1998 . Quercetin glucosides interact with the intestinal glucose transport pathway . Free Radic Biol Med. , 25 : 19 – 25 .
  • Geraets , L. , Moonen , H. J. , Brauers , K. , Gottschalk , R. W. , Wouters , E. F. , Bast , A. and Hageman , G. J. 2007a . Flavone as PARP-1 inhibitor: Its effect on lipopolysaccharide induced gene-expression . Eur J Pharmacol. , 573 : 241 – 248 .
  • Geraets , L. , Moonen , H. J. , Brauers , K. , Wouters , E. F. , Bast , A. and Hageman , G. J. 2007b . Dietary flavones and flavonoles are inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 in pulmonary epithelial cells . J Nutr. , 137 : 2190 – 2195 .
  • Giakoustidis , A. E. , Giakoustidis , D. E. , Koliakou , K. , Kaldrymidou , E. , Iliadis , S. , Antoniadis , N. , Kontos , N. , Papanikolaou , V. , Papageorgiou , G. , Atmatzidis , K. and Takoudas , D. 2008 . Inhibition of intestinal ischemia/repurfusion induced apoptosis and necrosis via down-regulation of the NF-kB, c-Jun and caspace-3 expression by epigallocatechin-3-gallate administration . Free Radic Res. , 42 : 180 – 188 .
  • Gonzales , A. M. and Orlando , R. A. 2008 . Curcumin and resveratrol inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated cytokine expression in adipocytes . Nutr Metab (Lond). , 5 : 17
  • Grassi , D. , Desideri , G. , Croce , G. , Tiberti , S. , Aggio , A. and Ferri , C. 2009 . Flavonoids, vascular function and cardiovascular protection . Curr Pharm Des. , 15 : 1072 – 1084 .
  • Guerra , J. A. , Molina , M. F. , Abad , M. J. , Villar , A. M. and Paulina , B. 2006 . Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression by flavonoids isolated from Tanacetum microphyllum . Int Immunopharmacol. , 6 : 1723 – 1728 .
  • Guo , T. L. , Chi , R. P. , Hernandez , D. M. , Auttachoat , W. and Zheng , J. F. 2007a . Decreased 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced carcinogenesis coincides with the induction of antitumor immunities in adult female B6C3F1 mice pretreated with genistein . Carcinogenesis. , 28 : 2560 – 2566 .
  • Guo , T. L. , Chi , R. P. , Hernandez , D. M. , Auttachoat , W. and Zheng , J. F. 2007b . Decreased 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced carcinogenesis coincides with the induction of antitumor immunities in adult female B6C3F1 mice pretreated with genistein . Carcinogenesis. , 28 : 2560 – 2566 .
  • Guruvayoorappan , C. and Kuttan , G. 2007a . Amentoflavone, a biflavonoid from Biophytum sensitivum augments lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity through enhanced production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma and restrains serum sialic acid and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase production in tumor - bearing animals . J Exp Ther Oncol. , 6 : 285 – 295 .
  • Guruvayoorappan , C. and Kuttan , G. 2007b . Rutin inhibits nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in lipopolysaccharide and concanavalin-a stimulated macrophages . Drug Metabol Drug Interact. , 22 : 263 – 278 .
  • Guruvayoorappan , C. and Kuttan , G. 2008 . (+)-Catechin inhibits tumour angiogenesis and regulates the production of nitric oxide and TNF-alpha in LPS-stimulated macrophages . Innate Immun. , 14 : 160 – 174 .
  • Gutierrez-Venegas , G. , Jimenez-Estrada , M. and Maldonado , S. 2007 . The effect of flavonoids on transduction mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide-treated human gingival fibroblasts . Int Immunopharmacol. , 7 : 1199 – 1210 .
  • Ha , S. K. , Lee , P. , Park , J. A. , Oh , H. R. , Lee , S. Y. , Park , J. H. , Lee , E. H. , Ryu , J. H. , Lee , K. R. and Kim , S. Y. 2008 . Apigenin inhibits the production of NO and PGE2 in microglia and inhibits neuronal cell death in a middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced focal ischemia mice model . Neurochem Int. , 52 : 878 – 886 .
  • Hamalainen , M. , Nieminen , R. , Vuorela , P. , Heinonen , M. and Moilanen , E. 2007 . Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids: genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein inhibit STAT-1 and NF-kappaB activations, whereas flavone, isorhamnetin, naringenin, and pelargonidin inhibit only NF-kappaB activation along with their inhibitory effect on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages . Mediators Inflamm. , 2007 : 45673
  • Han , M. H. , Yoon , W. K. , Lee , H. , Han , S. B. , Lee , K. , Park , S. K. , Yang , K. H. , Kim , H. M. and Kang , J. S. 2007 . Topical application of silymarin reduces chemical-induced irritant contact dermatitis in BALB/c mice . Int Immunopharmacol. , 7 : 1651 – 1658 .
  • Harris , G. K. , Qian , Y. , Leonard , S. S. , Sbarra , D. C. and Shi , X. 2006 . Luteolin and chrysin differentially inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 expression and scavenge reactive oxygen species but similarly inhibit prostaglandin-E2 formation in RAW 264.7 cells . J Nutr. , 136 : 1517 – 1521 .
  • Hashimoto , K. and Sakagami , H. 2008 . Induction of apoptosis by epigallocatechin gallate and autophagy inhibitors in a mouse macrophage-like cell line . Anticancer Res. , 28 : 1713 – 1718 .
  • Hatziieremia , S. , Gray , A. I. , Ferro , V. A. , Paul , A. and Plevin , R. 2006 . The effects of cardamonin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory protein production and MAP kinase and NFkappaB signalling pathways in monocytes/macrophages . Br J Pharmacol. , 149 : 188 – 198 .
  • Hein , E. M. , Rose , K. , van't Slot , G. , Friedrich , A. W. and Humpf , H. U. 2008 . Deconjugation and degradation of flavonol glycosides by pig cecal microbiota characterized by Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) . J Agric Food Chem. , 56 : 2281 – 2290 .
  • Heo , H. J. , Lee , H. J. , Kim , Y. S. , Kang , S. S. , Son , K. H. , Seok , J. H. , Seo , U. K. and Lee , C. J. 2007 . Effects of baicalin and wogonin on mucin release from cultured airway epithelial cells . Phytother Res. , 21 : 1130 – 1134 .
  • Heo , J. , Lee , B. R. and Koh , J. W. 2008 . Protective effects of epigallocatechin gallate after UV irradiation of cultured human lens epithelial cells . Korean J Ophthalmol. , 22 : 183 – 186 .
  • Hermenegildo , C. , Oviedo , P. J. , Garcia-Perez , M.A. , Tarin , J. J. and Cano , A. 2005 . Effects of phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein on prostacyclin production by human endothelial cells . J Pharmacol Exp Ther. , 315 : 722 – 728 .
  • Hernandez-Montes , E. , Pollard , S. E. , Vauzour , D. , Jofre-Montseny , L. , Rota , C. , Rimbach , G. , Weinberg , P. D. and Spencer , J. P. 2006 . Activation of glutathione peroxidase via Nrf1 mediates genistein's protection against oxidative endothelial cell injury . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , 346 : 851 – 859 .
  • Heynekamp , J. J. , Weber , W. M. , Hunsaker , L. A. , Gonzales , A. M. , Orlando , R. A. , Deck , L. M. and Jagt , D. L. 2006 . Substituted trans-stilbenes, including analogues of the natural product resveratrol, inhibit the human tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced activation of transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB . J Med Chem. , 49 : 7182 – 7189 .
  • Hirai , S. , Kim , Y. I. , Goto , T. , Kang , M. S. , Yoshimura , M. , Obata , A. , Yu , R. and Kawada , T. 2007 . Inhibitory effect of naringenin chalcone on inflammatory changes in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages . Life Sci. , 81 : 1272 – 1279 .
  • Hirata , A. , Murakami , Y. , Shoji , M. , Kadoma , Y. and Fujisawa , S. 2005 . Kinetics of radical-scavenging activity of hesperetin and hesperidin and their inhibitory activity on COX-2 expression . Anticancer Res. , 25 : 3367 – 3374 .
  • Hirata , Y. , Masuda , Y. , Kakutani , H. , Higuchi , T. , Takada , K. , Ito , A. , Nakagawa , Y. and Ishii , H. 2008 . Sp1 is an essential transcription factor for LPS-induced tissue factor expression in THP-1 monocytic cells, and nobiletin represses the expression through inhibition of NF-kappaB, AP-1, and Sp1 activation . Biochem Pharmacol. , 75 : 1504 – 1514 .
  • Hollman , P. C. , de Vries , J.H. , van Leeuwen , S.D. , Mengelers , M. J. and Katan , M. B. 1995 . Absorption of dietary quercetin glycosides and quercetin in healthy ileostomy volunteers . Am J Clin Nutr. , 62 : 1276 – 1282 .
  • Hong , M. H. , Kim , M. H. , Chang , H. J. , Kim , N. H. , Shin , B. A. , Ahn , B. W. and Jung , Y. D. 2007 . (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression in endothelial cells via blocking NF-kappaB signaling . Life Sci. , 80 : 1957 – 1965 .
  • Hou , D. X. , Luo , D. , Tanigawa , S. , Hashimoto , F. , Uto , T. , Masuzaki , S. , Fujii , M. and Sakata , Y. 2007 . Prodelphinidin B-4 3′ -O-gallate, a tea polyphenol, is involved in the inhibition of COX-2 and iNOS via the downregulation of TAK1-NF-kappaB pathway . Biochem Pharmacol. , 74 : 742 – 751 .
  • Hou , D. X. , Yanagita , T. , Uto , T. , Masuzaki , S. and Fujii , M. 2005 . Anthocyanidins inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 expression in LPS-evoked macrophages: structure-activity relationship and molecular mechanisms involved . Biochem Pharmacol. , 70 : 417 – 425 .
  • Howes , L. G. , Howes , J. B. , Huang , J. L. and Walker , C. 2008 . Phase Ib single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study of oral NV-52 in healthy volunteers . Drugs R D. , 9 : 159 – 166 .
  • Howes , L. G. , James , M. J. , Florin , T. and Walker , C. 2007 . Nv-52: a novel thromboxane synthase inhibitor for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease . Expert Opin Investig Drugs. , 16 : 1255 – 1266 .
  • Hsieh , C. J. , Hall , K. , Ha , T. , Li , C. , Krishnaswamy , G. and Chi , D. S. 2007a . Baicalein inhibits IL-1beta- and TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory cytokine production from human mast cells via regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway . Clin Mol Allergy. , 5 : 5
  • Hsieh , Y. C. , Hsieh , S. J. , Chang , Y. S. , Hsueh , C. M. and Hsu , S. L. 2007b . The lipoxygenase inhibitor, baicalein, modulates cell adhesion and migration by up-regulation of integrins and vinculin in rat heart endothelial cells . Br J Pharmacol. , 151 : 1235 – 1245 .
  • Huang , C. C. , Wu , W. B. , Fang , J. Y. , Chiang , H. S. , Chen , S. K. , Chen , B. H. , Chen , Y. T. and Hung , C. F. 2007a . (-)-Epicatechin-3-gallate, a green tea polyphenol is a potent agent against UVB-induced damage in HaCaT keratinocytes . Molecules , 12 : 1845 – 1858 .
  • Huang , G. C. , Chow , J. M. , Shen , S. C. , Yang , L. Y. , Lin , C. W. and Chen , Y. C. 2007b . Wogonin but not Nor-wogonin inhibits lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid-induced iNOS gene expression and NO production in macrophages . Int Immunopharmacol. , 7 : 1054 – 1063 .
  • Huang , M. T. , Liu , Y. , Ramji , D. , Lo , C. Y. , Ghai , G. , Dushenkov , S. and Ho , C. T. 2006 . Inhibitory effects of black tea theaflavin derivatives on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and arachidonic acid metabolism in mouse ears . Mol Nutr Food Res. , 50 : 115 – 122 .
  • Huang , S. , Zhao , L. , Kim , K. , Lee , D. S. and Hwang , D. H. 2008 . Inhibition of Nod2 signaling and target gene expression by curcumin . Mol Pharmacol. , 74 : 274 – 281 .
  • Huang , S. M. , Wu , C. H. and Yen , G. C. 2006 . Effects of flavonoids on the expression of the pro-inflammatory response in human monocytes induced by ligation of the receptor for AGEs . Mol Nutr Food Res. , 50 : 1129 – 1139 .
  • Huang , S. T. , Chen , C. T. , Chieng , K. T. , Huang , S. H. , Chiang , B. H. , Wang , L. F. , Kuo , H. S. and Lin , C. M. 2005 . Inhibitory effects of a rice hull constituent on tumor necrosis factor alpha, prostaglandin E2, and cyclooxygenase-2 production in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse macrophages . Ann N Y Acad Sci. , 1042 : 387 – 395 .
  • Huang , Y. L. , Loke , S. H. , Hsu , C. C. and Chiou , W. F. 2008a . (+)-Vitisin A inhibits influenza A virus-induced RANTES production in A549 alveolar epithelial cells through interference with Akt and STAT1 phosphorylation . Planta Med. , 74 : 156 – 162 .
  • Huang , Z. , Wang , C. , Wei , L. , Wang , J. , Fan , Y. , Wang , L. , Wang , Y. and Chen , T. 2008b . Resveratrol inhibits EMMPRIN expression via P38 and ERK1/2 pathways in PMA-induced THP-1 cells . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , 374 : 517 – 521 .
  • Huang , Z. , Wang , C. , Wei , L. , Wang , J. , Fan , Y. , Wang , L. , Wang , Y. and Chen , T. 2008c . Resveratrol inhibits EMMPRIN expression via P38 and ERK1/2 pathways in PMA-induced THP-1 cells . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , 374 : 517 – 521 .
  • Imada , K. , Lin , N. , Liu , C. , Lu , A. , Chen , W. , Yano , M. , Sato , T. and Ito , A. 2008 . Nobiletin, a citrus polymethoxy flavonoid, suppresses gene expression and production of aggrecanases-1 and -2 in collagen-induced arthritic mice . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , 373 : 181 – 185 .
  • Ishida , I. , Kohda , C. , Yanagawa , Y. , Miyaoka , H. and Shimamura , T. 2007 . Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses expression of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) in Staphylococcus aureus infection in osteoblast-like NRG cells . J Med Microbiol. , 56 : 1042 – 1046 .
  • Ishiwa , J. , Sato , T. , Mimaki , Y. , Sashida , Y. , Yano , M. and Ito , A. 2000 . A citrus flavonoid, nobiletin, suppresses production and gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9/gelatinase B in rabbit synovial fibroblasts . J Rheumatol. , 27 : 20 – 25 .
  • Israf , D. A. , Khaizurin , T. A. , Syahida , A. , Lajis , N. H. and Khozirah , S. 2007 . Cardamonin inhibits COX and iNOS expression via inhibition of p65NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and Ikappa-B phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells . Mol Immunol. , 44 : 673 – 679 .
  • Itoh , T. , Ohguchi , K. , Iinuma , M. , Nozawa , Y. and Akao , Y. 2008 . Inhibitory effects of polymethoxy flavones isolated from Citrus reticulate on degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3: enhanced inhibition by their combination . Bioorg Med Chem. , 16 : 7592 – 7598 .
  • Iyori , M. , Kataoka , H. , Shamsul , H. M. , Kiura , K. , Yasuda , M. , Nakata , T. , Hasebe , A. and Shibata , K. 2008 . Resveratrol modulates phagocytosis of bacteria through an NF-kappaB-dependent gene program . Antimicrob Agents Chemother. , 52 : 121 – 127 .
  • Jackson , J. K. , Higo , T. , Hunter , W. L. and Burt , H. M. 2006a . The antioxidants curcumin and quercetin inhibit inflammatory processes associated with arthritis . Inflamm Res. , 55 : 168 – 175 .
  • Jackson , J. K. , Higo , T. , Hunter , W. L. and Burt , H. M. 2006b . The antioxidants curcumin and quercetin inhibit inflammatory processes associated with arthritis . Inflamm Res. , 55 : 168 – 175 .
  • Jakubowicz-Gil , J. , Rzeski , W. , Zdzisinska , B. , Dobrowolski , P. and Gawron , A. 2008 . Cell death and neuronal arborization upon quercetin treatment in rat neurons . Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). , 68 : 139 – 146 .
  • Jang , S. , Kelley , K. W. and Johnson , R. W. 2008a . Luteolin reduces IL-6 production in microglia by inhibiting JNK phosphorylation and activation of AP-1 . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , 105 : 7534 – 7539 .
  • Jang , S. , Kelley , K. W. and Johnson , R. W. 2008b . Luteolin reduces IL-6 production in microglia by inhibiting JNK phosphorylation and activation of AP-1 . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , 105 : 7534 – 7539 .
  • Jeon , H. , Kim , H. , Choi , D. , Kim , D. , Park , S. Y. , Kim , Y. J. , Kim , Y. M. and Jung , Y. 2007 . Quercetin activates an angiogenic pathway, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1-vascular endothelial growth factor, by inhibiting HIF-prolyl hydroxylase: a structural analysis of quercetin for inhibiting HIF-prolyl hydroxylase . Mol Pharmacol. , 71 : 1676 – 1684 .
  • Jeong , Y. J. , Choi , Y. J. , Choi , J. S. , Kwon , H. M. , Kang , S. W. , Bae , J. Y. , Lee , S. S. , Kang , J. S. , Han , S. J. and Kang , Y. H. 2007 . Attenuation of monocyte adhesion and oxidised LDL uptake in luteolin-treated human endothelial cells exposed to oxidised LDL . Br J Nutr. , 97 : 447 – 457 .
  • Jian , Y. T. , Mai , G. F. , Wang , J. D. , Zhang , Y. L. , Luo , R. C. and Fang , Y. X. 2005 . Preventive and therapeutic effects of NF-kappaB inhibitor curcumin in rats colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid . World J Gastroenterol. , 11 : 1747 – 1752 .
  • Jiang , H. , Deng , C. S. , Zhang , M. and Xia , J. 2006 . Curcumin-attenuated trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induces chronic colitis by inhibiting expression of cyclooxygenase-2 . World J Gastroenterol. , 12 : 3848 – 3853 .
  • Jiang , J. S. , Chien , H. C. , Chen , C. M. , Lin , C. N. and Ko , W. C. 2007 . Potent suppressive effects of 3-O-methylquercetin 5,7,3′,4′ -O-tetraacetate on ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness . Planta Med. , 73 : 1156 – 1162 .
  • Jiang , Q. , Cao , C. , Zhou , C. , Song , X. , Healey , S. , Kouttab , N. , Chu , W. , Xu , A. , Bi , Z. and Wan , Y. 2008 . Quercetin attenuates UV- and H(2)O(2)-induced decrease of collagen type I in cultured human lens epithelial cells . J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. , 24 : 164 – 174 .
  • Jin , Y. R. , Im , J. H. , Park , E. S. , Cho , M. R. , Han , X. H. , Lee , J. J. , Lim , Y. , Kim , T. J. and Yun , Y. P. 2008 . Antiplatelet activity of epigallocatechin gallate is mediated by the inhibition of PLCgamma2 phosphorylation, elevation of PGD2 production, and maintaining calcium-ATPase activity . J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. , 51 : 45 – 54 .
  • Jo , H. Y. , Kim , Y. , Nam , S. Y. , Lee , B. J. , Kim , Y. B. , Yun , Y. W. and Ahn , B. 2008 . The inhibitory effect of quercitrin gallate on iNOS expression induced by lipopolysaccharide in Balb/c mice . J Vet Sci. , 9 : 267 – 272 .
  • Ju , W. , Wang , X. , Shi , H. , Chen , W. , Belinsky , S. A. and Lin , Y. 2007 . A critical role of luteolin-induced reactive oxygen species in blockage of tumor necrosis factor-activated nuclear factor-kappaB pathway and sensitization of apoptosis in lung cancer cells . Mol Pharmacol. , 71 : 1381 – 1388 .
  • Jun , M. , Hong , J. , Jeong , W. S. and Ho , C. T. 2005 . Suppression of arachidonic acid metabolism and nitric oxide formation by kudzu isoflavones in murine macrophages . Mol Nutr Food Res. , 49 : 1154 – 1159 .
  • Jung , C. H. , Lee , J. Y. , Cho , C. H. and Kim , C. J. 2007 . Anti-asthmatic action of quercetin and rutin in conscious guinea-pigs challenged with aerosolized ovalbumin . Arch Pharm Res. , 30 : 1599 – 1607 .
  • Jung , S. K. , Lee , K. W. , Byun , S. , Kang , N. J. , Lim , S. H. , Heo , Y. S. , Bode , A. M. , Bowden , G. T. , Lee , H. J. and Dong , Z. 2008 . Myricetin suppresses UVB-induced skin cancer by targeting Fyn . Cancer Res. , 68 : 6021 – 6029 .
  • Kalayciyan , A. , Orawa , H. , Fimmel , S. , Perschel , F. H. , Gonzalez , J. B. , Fitzner , R. G. , Orfanos , C. E. and Zouboulis , C. C. 2007 . Nicotine and biochanin A, but not cigarette smoke, induce anti-inflammatory effects on keratinocytes and endothelial cells in patients with Behcet's disease . J Invest Dermatol. , 127 : 81 – 89 .
  • Kanashiro , A. , Machado , R. R. , Malvar Ddo , C. , Aguiar , F. A. and Souza , G. E. 2008 . Quercetin does not alter lipopolysaccharide-induced fever in rats . J Pharm Pharmacol. , 60 : 357 – 362 .
  • Kanashiro , A. , Souza , J. G. , Kabeya , L. M. , Azzolini , A. E. and Lucisano-Valim , Y.M. 2007 . Elastase release by stimulated neutrophils inhibited by flavonoids: importance of the catechol group . Z Naturforsch C. , 62 : 357 – 361 .
  • Kanaze , F. I. , Bounartzi , M. I. , Georgarakis , M. and Niopas , I. 2007 . Pharmacokinetics of the citrus flavanone aglycones hesperetin and naringenin after single oral administration in human subjects . Eur J Clin Nutr. , 61 : 472 – 477 .
  • Kandere-Grzybowska , K. , Kempuraj , D. , Cao , J. , Cetrulo , C. L. and Theoharides , T. C. 2006 . Regulation of IL-1-induced selective IL-6 release from human mast cells and inhibition by quercetin . Br J Pharmacol. , 148 : 208 – 215 .
  • Kaneko , M. , Takimoto , H. , Sugiyama , T. , Seki , Y. , Kawaguchi , K. and Kumazawa , Y. 2008a . Suppressive effects of the flavonoids quercetin and luteolin on the accumulation of lipid rafts after signal transduction via receptors . Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. , 30 : 867 – 882 .
  • Kaneko , M. , Takimoto , H. , Sugiyama , T. , Seki , Y. , Kawaguchi , K. and Kumazawa , Y. 2008b . Suppressive effects of the flavonoids quercetin and luteolin on the accumulation of lipid rafts after signal transduction via receptors . Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. , 30 : 867 – 882 .
  • Kang , B. Y. , Kim , S. , Lee , K. H. , Lee , Y. S. , Hong , I. , Lee , M. O. , Min , D. , Chang , I. , Hwang , J. S. , Park , J. S. , Kim , D. H. and Kim , B. G. 2008a . Transcriptional profiling in human HaCaT keratinocytes in response to kaempferol and identification of potential transcription factors for regulating differential gene expression . Exp Mol Med. , 40 : 208 – 219 .
  • Kang , N. J. , Lee , K. W. , Lee , D. E. , Rogozin , E. A. , Bode , A. M. , Lee , H. J. and Dong , Z. 2008b . Cocoa procyanidins suppress transformation by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase . J Biol Chem. , 283 : 20664 – 20673 .
  • Kanno , S. , Shouji , A. , Tomizawa , A. , Hiura , T. , Osanai , Y. , Ujibe , M. , Obara , Y. , Nakahata , N. and Ishikawa , M. 2006 . Inhibitory effect of naringin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxin shock in mice and nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages . Life Sci. , 78 : 673 – 681 .
  • Kaplan , S. , Bisleri , G. , Morgan , J. A. , Cheema , F. H. and Oz , M. C. 2005 . Resveratrol, a natural red wine polyphenol, reduces ischemia-reperfusion-induced spinal cord injury . Ann Thorac Surg. , 80 : 2242 – 2249 .
  • Karrasch , T. , Kim , J. S. , Jang , B. I. and Jobin , C. 2007a . The flavonoid luteolin worsens chemical-induced colitis in NF-kappaB(EGFP) transgenic mice through blockade of NF-kappaB-dependent protective molecules . PLoS One , 2 : e596
  • Karrasch , T. , Kim , J. S. , Jang , B. I. and Jobin , C. 2007b . The flavonoid luteolin worsens chemical-induced colitis in NF-kappaB(EGFP) transgenic mice through blockade of NF-kappaB-dependent protective molecules . PLoS One , 2 : e596
  • Kaur , G. , Rao , L. V. , Agrawal , A. and Pendurthi , U. R. 2007 . Effect of wine phenolics on cytokine-induced C-reactive protein expression . J Thromb Haemost. , 5 : 1309 – 1317 .
  • Kauss , T. , Moynet , D. , Rambert , J. , Al-Kharrat , A. , Brajot , S. , Thiolat , D. , Ennemany , R. , Fawaz , F. and Mossalayi , M. D. 2008a . Rutoside decreases human macrophage-derived inflammatory mediators and improves clinical signs in adjuvant-induced arthritis . Arthritis Res Ther. , 10 : R19
  • Kauss , T. , Moynet , D. , Rambert , J. , Al-Kharrat , A. , Brajot , S. , Thiolat , D. , Ennemany , R. , Fawaz , F. and Mossalayi , M. D. 2008b . Rutoside decreases human macrophage-derived inflammatory mediators and improves clinical signs in adjuvant-induced arthritis . Arthritis Res Ther. , 10 : R19
  • Kawaguchi , K. , Maruyama , H. , Kometani , T. and Kumazawa , Y. 2006 . Suppression of collagen-induced arthritis by oral administration of the citrus flavonoid hesperidin . Planta Med. , 72 : 477 – 479 .
  • Kawai , M. , Hirano , T. , Higa , S. , Arimitsu , J. , Maruta , M. , Kuwahara , Y. , Ohkawara , T. , Hagihara , K. , Yamadori , T. , Shima , Y. , Ogata , A. , Kawase , I. and Tanaka , T. 2007 . Flavonoids and related compounds as anti-allergic substances . Allergol Int. , 56 : 113 – 123 .
  • Kawai , Y. , Nishikawa , T. , Shiba , Y. , Saito , S. , Murota , K. , Shibata , N. , Kobayashi , M. , Kanayama , M. , Uchida , K. and Terao , J. 2008a . Macrophage as a target of quercetin glucuronides in human atherosclerotic arteries: implication in the anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of dietary flavonoids . J Biol Chem. , 283 : 9424 – 9434 .
  • Kawai , Y. , Tanaka , H. , Murota , K. , Naito , M. and Terao , J. 2008b . (-)-Epicatechin gallate accumulates in foamy macrophages in human atherosclerotic aorta: implication in the anti-atherosclerotic actions of tea catechins . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , 374 : 527 – 532 .
  • Kennedy , A. , Overman , A. , Lapoint , K. , Hopkins , R. , West , T. , Chuang , C. C. , Martinez , K. , Bell , D. and McIntosh , M. 2009 . Conjugated linoleic acid-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in human adipocytes are attenuated by resveratrol . J Lipid Res. , 50 : 225 – 232 .
  • Kim , B. H. , Lee , I. J. , Lee , H. Y. , Han , S. B. , Hong , J. T. , Ahn , B. , Lee , C. K. and Kim , Y. 2007a . Quercetin 3-O-beta-(2?-galloyl)-glucopyranoside inhibits endotoxin LPS-induced IL-6 expression and NF-kappa B activation in macrophages . Cytokine , 39 : 207 – 215 .
  • Kim , B. H. , Lee , I. J. , Lee , H. Y. , Hwang , B. Y. , Han , S. B. and Kim , Y. 2007b . Distinct inhibitory mechanisms of isoquercitrin gallate and its aglycone on zymosan-induced peroxynitrite production in macrophages . Nitric Oxide. , 17 : 134 – 142 .
  • Kim , H. J. , Park , S. H. , Park , S. Y. , Moon , U. Y. , Lee , B. D. , Yoon , S. H. , Lee , J. G. , Baek , S. J. and Yoon , J. H. 2008 . Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced MUC5AC gene expression and MUC5AC secretion in normal human nasal epithelial cells . J Nutr Biochem. , 19 : 536 – 544 .
  • Kim , H. J. , Tsoy , I. , Park , J. M. , Chung , J. I. , Shin , S. C. and Chang , K. C. 2006a . Anthocyanins from soybean seed coat inhibit the expression of TNF-alpha-induced genes associated with ischemia/reperfusion in endothelial cell by NF-kappaB-dependent pathway and reduce rat myocardial damages incurred by ischemia and reperfusion in vivo . FEBS Lett. , 580 : 1391 – 1397 .
  • Kim , I. B. , Kim , D. Y. , Lee , S. J. , Sun , M. J. , Lee , M. S. , Li , H. , Cho , J. J. and Park , C. S. 2006b . Inhibition of IL-8 production by green tea polyphenols in human nasal fibroblasts and A549 epithelial cells . Biol Pharm Bull. , 29 : 1120 – 1125 .
  • Kim , I. B. , Kim , D. Y. , Lee , S. J. , Sun , M. J. , Lee , M. S. , Li , H. , Cho , J. J. and Park , C. S. 2006c . Inhibition of IL-8 production by green tea polyphenols in human nasal fibroblasts and A549 epithelial cells . Biol Pharm Bull. , 29 : 1120 – 1125 .
  • Kim , J. A. , Formoso , G. , Li , Y. , Potenza , M. A. , Marasciulo , F. L. , Montagnani , M. and Quon , M. J. 2007a . Epigallocatechin gallate, a green tea polyphenol, mediates NO-dependent vasodilation using signaling pathways in vascular endothelium requiring reactive oxygen species and Fyn . J Biol Chem. , 282 : 13736 – 13745 .
  • Kim , J. B. , Han , A. R. , Park , E. Y. , Kim , J. Y. , Cho , W. , Lee , J. , Seo , E. K. and Lee , K. T. 2007b . Inhibition of LPS-induced iNOS, COX-2 and cytokines expression by poncirin through the NF-kappaB inactivation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells . Biol Pharm Bull. , 30 : 2345 – 2351 .
  • Kim , J. D. , Liu , L. , Guo , W. and Meydani , M. 2006 . Chemical structure of flavonols in relation to modulation of angiogenesis and immune-endothelial cell adhesion . J Nutr Biochem. , 17 : 165 – 176 .
  • Kim , J. S. and Jobin , C. 2005 . The flavonoid luteolin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kappaB signalling and gene expression by blocking IkappaB kinase activity in intestinal epithelial cells and bone-marrow derived dendritic cells . Immunology , 115 : 375 – 387 .
  • Kim , J. S. , Lee , H. J. , Lee , M. H. , Kim , J. , Jin , C. and Ryu , J. H. 2006 . Luteolin inhibits LPS-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in BV-2 microglial cells . Planta Med. , 72 : 65 – 68 .
  • Kim , J. Y. , Kina , T. , Iwanaga , Y. , Noguchi , H. , Matsumura , K. and Hyon , S. H. 2007 . Tea polyphenol inhibits allostimulation in mixed lymphocyte culture . Cell Transplant. , 16 : 75 – 83 .
  • Kim , J. Y. , Lim , H. J. and Ryu , J. H. 2008a . In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of 3-O-methyl-flavones isolated from Siegesbeckia glabrescens . Bioorg Med Chem Lett. , 18 : 1511 – 1514 .
  • Kim , J. Y. , Park , S. J. , Yun , K. J. , Cho , Y. W. , Park , H. J. and Lee , K. T. 2008b . Isoliquiritigenin isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis inhibits LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression via the attenuation of NF-kappaB in RAW 264.7 macrophages . Eur J Pharmacol. , 584 : 175 – 184 .
  • Kim , M. J. , Han , J. M. , Jin , Y. Y. , Baek , N. I. , Bang , M. H. , Chung , H. G. , Choi , M. S. , Lee , K. T. , Sok , D. E. and Jeong , T. S. 2008c . In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Jaceosidin from Artemisia princeps Pampanini cv. Sajabal . Arch Pharm Res. , 31 : 429 – 437 .
  • Kim , S. J. , Jeong , H. J. , Lee , K. M. , Myung , N. Y. , An , N. H. , Yang , W. M. , Park , S. K. , Lee , H. J. , Hong , S. H. , Kim , H. M. and Um , J. Y. 2007a . Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses NF-kappaB activation and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK in human astrocytoma U373MG cells . J Nutr Biochem. , 18 : 587 – 596 .
  • Kim , Y. A. , Kim , G. Y. , Park , K. Y. and Choi , Y. H. 2007b . Resveratrol inhibits nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production by lipopolysaccharide-activated C6 microglia . J Med Food. , 10 : 218 – 224 .
  • Kim , Y. H. , Kim , J. , Park , H. and Kim , H. P. 2007c . Anti-inflammatory activity of the synthetic chalcone derivatives: Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase-catalyzed nitric oxide production from lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells . Biol Pharm Bull. , 30 : 1450 – 1455 .
  • Kim , Y. H. , Kwon , H. S. , Kim , D. H. , Cho , H. J. , Lee , H. S. , Jun , J. G. , Park , J. H. and Kim , J. K. 2008a . Piceatannol, a stilbene present in grapes, attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis . Int Immunopharmacol. , 8 : 1695 – 1702 .
  • Kim , Y. S. , Kim , N. H. , Jung , D. H. , Jang , D. S. , Lee , Y. M. , Kim , J. M. and Kim , J. S. 2008b . Genistein inhibits aldose reductase activity and high glucose-induced TGF-beta2 expression in human lens epithelial cells . Eur J Pharmacol. , 594 : 18 – 25 .
  • Klinge , C. M. , Wickramasinghe , N. S. , Ivanova , M. M. and Dougherty , S. M. 2008 . Resveratrol stimulates nitric oxide production by increasing estrogen receptor alpha-Src-caveolin-1 interaction and phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells . FASEB J , 22 : 2185 – 2197 .
  • Kobayashi , S. and Konishi , Y. 2008 . Transepithelial transport of flavanone in intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , 368 : 23 – 29 .
  • Kode , A. , Rajendrasozhan , S. , Caito , S. , Yang , S. R. , Megson , I. L. and Rahman , I. 2008 . Resveratrol induces glutathione synthesis by activation of Nrf2 and protects against cigarette smoke-mediated oxidative stress in human lung epithelial cells . Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. , 294 : L478 – L488 .
  • Kohnen , S. , Franck , T. , Van Antwerpen , P. , Boudjeltia , K. Z. , Mouithys-Mickalad , A. , Deby , C. , Moguilevsky , N. , Deby-Dupont , G. , Lamy , M. and Serteyn , D. 2007 . Resveratrol inhibits the activity of equine neutrophil myeloperoxidase by a direct interaction with the enzyme . J Agric Food Chem. , 55 : 8080 – 8087 .
  • Kometani , T. , Fukuda , T. , Kakuma , T. , Kawaguchi , K. , Tamura , W. , Kumazawa , Y. and Nagata , K. 2008 . Effects of alpha-glucosylhesperidin, a bioactive food material, on collagen-induced arthritis in mice and rheumatoid arthritis in humans . Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. , 30 : 117 – 134 .
  • Koo , N. , Cho , D. , Kim , Y. , Choi , H. J. and Kim , K. M. 2006 . Effects of resveratrol on mast cell degranulation and tyrosine phosphorylation of the signaling components of the IgE receptor . Planta Med. , 72 : 659 – 661 .
  • Kottra , G. and Daniel , H. 2007 . Flavonoid glycosides are not transported by the human Na+/glucose transporter when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, but effectively inhibit electrogenic glucose uptake . J Pharmacol Exp Ther. , 322 : 829 – 835 .
  • Kowalski , J. , Samojedny , A. , Paul , M. and Pietsz , G. 2006 . [Apigenin inhibit release and gene expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in J774.2 macrophages] . Wiad Lek. , 59 : 634 – 638 .
  • Kowalski , J. , Samojedny , A. , Paul , M. , Pietsz , G. and Wilczok , T. 2005 . Effect of apigenin, kaempferol and resveratrol on the expression of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha genes in J774.2 macrophages . Pharmacol Rep. , 57 : 390 – 394 .
  • Kowluru , R. A. and Kanwar , M. 2007 . Effects of curcumin on retinal oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes . Nutr Metab (Lond). , 4 : 8
  • Kumar , S. , Sharma , A. , Madan , B. , Singhal , V. and Ghosh , B. 2007 . Isoliquiritigenin inhibits IkappaB kinase activity and ROS generation to block TNF-alpha induced expression of cell adhesion molecules on human endothelial cells . Biochem Pharmacol. , 73 : 1602 – 1612 .
  • Kundu , J. K. , Shin , Y. K. and Surh , Y. J. 2006 . Resveratrol modulates phorbol ester-induced pro-inflammatory signal transduction pathways in mouse skin in vivo: NF-kappaB and AP-1 as prime targets . Biochem Pharmacol. , 72 : 1506 – 1515 .
  • Kundu , J. K. and Surh , Y. J. 2007 . Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits phorbol ester-induced activation of NF-kappa B and CREB in mouse skin: Role of p38 MAPK . Ann N Y Acad Sci. , 1095 : 504 – 512 .
  • Kunnumakkara , A. B. , Nair , A. S. , Ahn , K. S. , Pandey , M. K. , Yi , Z. , Liu , M. and Aggarwal , B. B. 2007 . Gossypin, a pentahydroxy glucosyl flavone, inhibits the transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase-1-mediated NF-kappaB activation pathway, leading to potentiation of apoptosis, suppression of invasion, and abrogation of osteoclastogenesis . Blood , 109 : 5112 – 5121 .
  • Kuo , P. L. 2005 . Myricetin inhibits the induction of anti-Fas IgM-, tumor necrosis factor-alpha- and interleukin-1beta-mediated apoptosis by Fas pathway inhibition in human osteoblastic cell line MG-63 . Life Sci. , 77 : 2964 – 2976 .
  • Kwon , H. M. , Choi , Y. J. , Jeong , Y. J. , Kang , S. W. , Kang , I. J. , Lim , S. S. and Kang , Y. H. 2005a . Anti-inflammatory inhibition of endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression by flavone derivatives . J Agric Food Chem. , 53 : 5150 – 5157 .
  • Kwon , K. H. , Murakami , A. , Tanaka , T. and Ohigashi , H. 2005b . Dietary rutin, but not its aglycone quercetin, ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis in mice: Attenuation of pro-inflammatory gene expression . Biochem Pharmacol. , 69 : 395 – 406 .
  • Kyung , T. W. , Lee , J. E. , Shin , H. H. and Choi , H. S. 2008 . Rutin inhibits osteoclast formation by decreasing reactive oxygen species and TNF-alpha by inhibiting activation of NF-kappaB . Exp Mol Med. , 40 : 52 – 58 .
  • La , V. D. , Tanabe , S. and Grenier , D. 2009 . Naringenin inhibits human osteoclastogenesis and osteoclastic bone resorption . J Periodontal Res. , 44 : 193 – 198 .
  • Lai , C. S. , Li , S. , Chai , C. Y. , Lo , C. Y. , Ho , C. T. , Wang , Y. J. and Pan , M. H. 2007 . Inhibitory effect of citrus 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3′,4′ -hexamethoxyflavone on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced skin inflammation and tumor promotion in mice . Carcinogenesis , 28 : 2581 – 2588 .
  • Lattig , J. , Bohl , M. , Fischer , P. , Tischer , S. , Tietbohl , C. , Menschikowski , M. , Gutzeit , H. O. , Metz , P. and Pisabarro , M. T. 2007 . Mechanism of inhibition of human secretory phospholipase A2 by flavonoids: Rationale for lead design . J Comput Aided Mol Des. , 21 : 473 – 483 .
  • Lee , B. S. , Shim , S. M. , Heo , J. , Pae , H. O. , Seo , B. Y. , Han , S. Y. , Sohn , D. H. , Jang , S. I. and Chung , H. T. 2007 . Wogonin suppresses TARC expression induced by mite antigen via heme oxygenase 1 in human keratinocytes. Suppressive effect of wogonin on mite antigen-induced TARC expression . J Dermatol Sci. , 46 : 31 – 40 .
  • Lee , J. H. , Jung , H. S. , Giang , P. M. , Jin , X. , Lee , S. , Son , P. T. , Lee , D. , Hong , Y. S. , Lee , K. and Lee , J. J. 2006 . Blockade of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway and anti-inflammatory activity of cardamomin, a chalcone analog from Alpinia conchigera . J Pharmacol Exp Ther. , 316 : 271 – 278 .
  • Lee , J. H. , Zhou , H. Y. , Cho , S. Y. , Kim , Y. S. , Lee , Y. S. and Jeong , C. S. 2007a . Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of apigenin: inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression, adhesion of monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and expression of cellular adhesion molecules . Arch Pharm Res. , 30 : 1318 – 1327 .
  • Lee , J. S. , Kim , S. G. , Kim , H. K. , Lee , T. H. , Jeong , Y. I. , Lee , C. M. , Yoon , M. S. , Na , Y. J. , Suh , D. S. , Park , N. C. , Choi , I. H. , Kim , G. Y. , Choi , Y. H. , Chung , H. Y. and Park , Y. M. 2007b . Silibinin polarizes Th1/Th2 immune responses through the inhibition of immunostimulatory function of dendritic cells . J Cell Physiol. , 210 : 385 – 397 .
  • Lee , K. H. and Choi , E. M. 2005 . Biochanin A stimulates osteoblastic differentiation and inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced production of inflammatory mediators in MC3T3-E1 cells . Biol Pharm Bull. , 28 : 1948 – 1953 .
  • Lee , K. M. , Kang , N. J. , Han , J. H. , Lee , K. W. and Lee , H. J. 2007 . Myricetin down-regulates phorbol ester-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in mouse epidermal cells by blocking activation of nuclear factor kappa B . J Agric Food Chem. , 55 : 9678 – 9684 .
  • Lee , K. W. , Kang , N. J. , Heo , Y. S. , Rogozin , E. A. , Pugliese , A. , Hwang , M. K. , Bowden , G. T. , Bode , A. M. , Lee , H. J. and Dong , Z. 2008a . Raf and MEK protein kinases are direct molecular targets for the chemopreventive effect of quercetin, a major flavonol in red wine . Cancer Res. , 68 : 946 – 955 .
  • Lee , S. , Park , H. S. , Notsu , Y. , Ban , H. S. , Kim , Y. P. , Ishihara , K. , Hirasawa , N. , Jung , S. H. , Lee , Y. S. , Lim , S. S. , Park , E. H. , Shin , K. H. , Seyama , T. , Hong , J. and Ohuchi , K. 2008b . Effects of hyperin, isoquercitrin, and quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitrite production in rat peritoneal macrophages . Phytother Res. , 22 : 1552 – 1556 .
  • Lee , S. H. , Bae , E. A. , Park , E. K. , Shin , Y. W. , Baek , N. I. , Han , E. J. , Chung , H. G. and Kim , D. H. 2007a . Inhibitory effect of eupatilin and jaceosidin isolated from Artemisia princeps in IgE-induced hypersensitivity . Int Immunopharmacol. , 7 : 1678 – 1684 .
  • Lee , S. H. , Seo , G. S. , Jin , X. Y. , Ko , G. and Sohn , D. H. 2007b . Butein blocks tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced interleukin 8 and matrix metalloproteinase 7 production by inhibiting p38 kinase and osteopontin mediated signaling events in HT-29 cells . Life Sci. , 81 : 1535 – 1543 .
  • Lee , S. H. , Sohn , D. H. , Jin , X. Y. , Kim , S. W. , Choi , S. C. and Seo , G. S. 2007c . 2′,4′,6′ -tris(methoxymethoxy) chalcone protects against trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis and blocks tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced intestinal epithelial inflammation via heme oxygenase 1-dependent and independent pathways . Biochem Pharmacol. , 74 : 870 – 880 .
  • Lee , S. H. , Sohn , D. H. , Jin , X. Y. , Kim , S. W. , Choi , S. C. and Seo , G. S. 2007d . 2′,4′,6′ -tris(methoxymethoxy) chalcone protects against trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis and blocks tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced intestinal epithelial inflammation via heme oxygenase 1-dependent and independent pathways . Biochem Pharmacol. , 74 : 870 – 880 .
  • Lee , Y. W. and Lee , W. H. 2008 . Protective effects of genistein on proinflammatory pathways in human brain microvascular endothelial cells . J Nutr Biochem. , 19 : 819 – 825 .
  • Li , C. Y. , Suen , J. L. , Chiang , B. L. , Lee Chao , P.D. and Fang , S. H. 2006 . Morin promotes the production of Th2 cytokine by modulating bone marrow-derived dendritic cells . Am J Chin Med. , 34 : 667 – 684 .
  • Li , R. , Li , J. , Cai , L. , Hu , C. M. and Zhang , L. 2008 . Suppression of adjuvant arthritis by hesperidin in rats and its mechanisms . J Pharm Pharmacol. , 60 : 221 – 228 .
  • Li , S. , Sang , S. , Pan , M. H. , Lai , C. S. , Lo , C. Y. , Yang , C. S. and Ho , C. T. 2007a . Anti-inflammatory property of the urinary metabolites of nobiletin in mouse . Bioorg Med Chem Lett. , 17 : 5177 – 5181 .
  • Li , W. , Ashok , M. , Li , J. , Yang , H. , Sama , A. E. and Wang , H. 2007b . A major ingredient of green tea rescues mice from lethal sepsis partly by inhibiting HMGB1 . PLoS One , 2 : e1153
  • Lian , T. W. , Wang , L. , Lo , Y. H. , Huang , I. J. and Wu , M. J. 2008 . Fisetin, morin and myricetin attenuate CD36 expression and oxLDL uptake in U937-derived macrophages . Biochim Biophys Acta , 1781 : 601 – 609 .
  • Liang , Z. D. , Zeng , Y. Y. , Huang , X. Y. and He , F. 2008 . [Effect of Apigenin on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of mouse T cells in vitro.] . Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. , 24 : 337 – 340 .
  • Likhitwitayawuid , K. , Sawasdee , K. and Kirtikara , K. 2002 . Flavonoids and stilbenoids with COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity from Dracaena loureiri . Planta Med. , 68 : 841 – 843 .
  • Lim , H. , Son , K. H. , Chang , H. W. , Kang , S. S. and Kim , H. P. 2006 . Effects of anti-inflammatory biflavonoid, ginkgetin, on chronic skin inflammation . Biol Pharm Bull. , 29 : 1046 – 1049 .
  • Lim , J. H. , Park , H. S. , Choi , J. K. , Lee , I. S. and Choi , H. J. 2007 . Isoorientin induces Nrf2 pathway-driven antioxidant response through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling . Arch Pharm Res. , 30 : 1590 – 1598 .
  • Lin , C. M. , Chang , H. , Li , S. Y. , Wu , I. H. and Chiu , J. H. 2006 . Chrysin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced angiogenesis via down-regulation of VEGF/VEGFR-2(KDR) and IL-6/IL-6R pathways . Planta Med. , 72 : 708 – 714 .
  • Lin , C. M. , Huang , S. T. , Liang , Y. C. , Lin , M. S. , Shih , C. M. , Chang , Y. C. , Chen , T. Y. and Chen , C. T. 2005 . Isovitexin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase through inhibition of NF-kappa B in mouse macrophages . Planta Med. , 71 : 748 – 753 .
  • Lin , C. W. , Hou , W. C. , Shen , S. C. , Juan , S. H. , Ko , C. H. , Wang , L. M. and Chen , Y. C. 2008 . Quercetin inhibition of tumor invasion via suppressing PKC delta/ERK/AP-1-dependent matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation in breast carcinoma cells . Carcinogenesis , 29 : 1807 – 1815 .
  • Lin , H. Y. , Shen , S. C. , Lin , C. W. , Yang , L. Y. and Chen , Y. C. 2007 . Baicalein inhibition of hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis via ROS-dependent heme oxygenase 1 gene expression . Biochim Biophys Acta , 1773 : 1073 – 1086 .
  • Lin , N. , Sato , T. , Takayama , Y. , Mimaki , Y. , Sashida , Y. , Yano , M. and Ito , A. 2003 . Novel anti-inflammatory actions of nobiletin, a citrus polymethoxy flavonoid, on human synovial fibroblasts and mouse macrophages . Biochem Pharmacol. , 65 : 2065 – 2071 .
  • Lin , R. , Liu , J. , Gan , W. and Ding , C. 2007 . Protective effect of quercetin on the homocysteine-injured human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cell line (ECV304) . Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. , 101 : 197 – 202 .
  • Lin , S. K. , Shun , C. T. , Kok , S. H. , Wang , C. C. , Hsiao , T. Y. and Liu , C. M. 2008 . Hypoxia-stimulated vascular endothelial growth factor production in human nasal polyp fibroblasts: effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha synthesis . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. , 134 : 522 – 527 .
  • Lin , Y. Z. , Chen , Y. and Song , Y. G. 2007 . [Protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on inflammatory bowel disease: Experiment with rat models of induced colitis] . Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi , 87 : 2965 – 2968 .
  • Liu , J. , Li , X. , Yue , Y. , Li , J. , He , T. and He , Y. 2005a . The inhibitory effect of quercetin on IL-6 production by LPS-stimulated neutrophils . Cell Mol Immunol. , 2 : 455 – 460 .
  • Liu , J. J. , Song , C. W. , Yue , Y. , Duan , C. G. , Yang , J. , He , T. and He , Y. Z. 2005b . Quercetin inhibits LPS-induced delay in spontaneous apoptosis and activation of neutrophils . Inflamm Res. , 54 : 500 – 507 .
  • Liu , L. , Shan , S. , Zhang , K. , Ning , Z. Q. , Lu , X. P. and Cheng , Y. Y. 2008a . Naringenin and hesperetin, two flavonoids derived from Citrus aurantium up-regulate transcription of adiponectin . Phytother Res. , 22 : 1400 – 1403 .
  • Liu , L. , Xu , D. M. and Cheng , Y. Y. 2008b . Distinct effects of naringenin and hesperetin on nitric oxide production from endothelial cells . J Agric Food Chem. , 56 : 824 – 829 .
  • Liu , L. L. , Gong , L. K. , Wang , H. , Xiao , Y. , Wu , X. F. , Zhang , Y. H. , Xue , X. , Qi , X. M. and Ren , J. 2007a . Baicalin protects mouse from Concanavalin A-induced liver injury through inhibition of cytokine production and hepatocyte apoptosis . Liver Int. , 27 : 582 – 591 .
  • Liu , L. L. , Gong , L. K. , Wang , H. , Xiao , Y. , Wu , X. F. , Zhang , Y. H. , Xue , X. , Qi , X. M. and Ren , J. 2007b . Baicalin protects mouse from Concanavalin A-induced liver injury through inhibition of cytokine production and hepatocyte apoptosis . Liver Int. , 27 : 582 – 591 .
  • Liu , L. L. , Gong , L. K. , Wang , H. , Xiao , Y. , Wu , X. F. , Zhang , Y. H. , Xue , X. , Qi , X. M. and Ren , J. 2008 . Baicalin inhibits macrophage activation by lipopolysaccharide and protects mice from endotoxin shock . Biochem Pharmacol. , 75 : 914 – 922 .
  • Liu , Y. C. , Hsieh , C. W. , Wu , C. C. and Wung , B. S. 2007a . Chalcone inhibits the activation of NF-kappaB and STAT3 in endothelial cells via endogenous electrophile . Life Sci. , 80 : 1420 – 1430 .
  • Liu , Y. G. , Wang , X. D. and Zhang , X. B. 2007b . [Effects of resveratrol on inflammatory process induced by focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats] . Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi , 32 : 1792 – 1795 .
  • Loke , W. M. , Proudfoot , J. M. , McKinley , A.J. , Needs , P. W. , Kroon , P. A. , Hodgson , J. M. and Croft , K. D. 2008a . Quercetin and its in vivo metabolites inhibit neutrophil-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation . J Agric Food Chem. , 56 : 3609 – 3615 .
  • Loke , W. M. , Proudfoot , J. M. , Stewart , S. , McKinley , A.J. , Needs , P. W. , Kroon , P. A. , Hodgson , J. M. and Croft , K. D. 2008b . Metabolic transformation has a profound effect on anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids such as quercetin: lack of association between antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity . Biochem Pharmacol. , 75 : 1045 – 1053 .
  • Lopez-Posadas , R. , Ballester , I. , Abadia-Molina , A.C. , Suarez , M. D. , Zarzuelo , A. , Martinez-Augustin , O. and Sanchez de Medina , F. 2008 . Effect of flavonoids on rat splenocytes, a structure-activity relationship study . Biochem Pharmacol. , 76 : 495 – 506 .
  • Lotito , S. B. and Frei , B. 2006 . Dietary flavonoids attenuate tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression in human aortic endothelial cells. Structure-function relationships and activity after first pass metabolism . J Biol Chem. , 281 : 37102 – 37110 .
  • Luo , P. , Tan , Z. H. , Zhang , Z. F. , Zhang , H. , Liu , X. F. and Mo , Z. J. 2008 . Scutellarin isolated from Erigeron multiradiatus inhibits high glucose-mediated vascular inflammation . Yakugaku Zasshi. , 128 : 1293 – 1299 .
  • Lyu , S. Y. and Park , W. B. 2005 . Production of cytokine and NO by RAW 264.7 macrophages and PBMC in vitro incubation with flavonoids . Arch Pharm Res. , 28 : 573 – 581 .
  • Ma , Z. H. , Ma , Q. Y. , Wang , L. C. , Sha , H. C. , Wu , S. L. and Zhang , M. 2006 . Effect of resveratrol on NF-kappaB activity in rat peritoneal macrophages . Am J Chin Med. , 34 : 623 – 630 .
  • Mamani-Matsuda , M. , Kauss , T. , Al-Kharrat , A. , Rambert , J. , Fawaz , F. , Thiolat , D. , Moynet , D. , Coves , S. , Malvy , D. and Mossalayi , M. D. 2006 . Therapeutic and preventive properties of quercetin in experimental arthritis correlate with decreased macrophage inflammatory mediators . Biochem Pharmacol. , 72 : 1304 – 1310 .
  • Manna , S. K. , Aggarwal , R. S. , Sethi , G. , Aggarwal , B. B. and Ramesh , G. T. 2007 . Morin (3,5,7,2′,4′ -Pentahydroxyflavone) abolishes nuclear factor-kappaB activation induced by various carcinogens and inflammatory stimuli, leading to suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated gene expression and up-regulation of apoptosis . Clin Cancer Res. , 13 : 2290 – 2297 .
  • Martin , A. R. , Villegas , I. , La Casa , C. and de la Lastra , C.A. 2004 . Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes, suppresses oxidative damage and stimulates apoptosis during early colonic inflammation in rats . Biochem Pharmacol. , 67 : 1399 – 1410 .
  • Martin , A. R. , Villegas , I. , Sanchez-Hidalgo , M. and de la Lastra , C.A. 2006 . The effects of resveratrol, a phytoalexin derived from red wines, on chronic inflammation induced in an experimentally induced colitis model . Br J Pharmacol. , 147 : 873 – 885 .
  • Matsuda , H. , Wang , Q. , Matsuhira , K. , Nakamura , S. , Yuan , D. and Yoshikawa , M. 2008 . Inhibitory effects of thunberginols A and B isolated from Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium on mRNA expression of cytokines and on activation of activator protein-1 in RBL-2H3 cells . Phytomedicine , 15 : 177 – 184 .
  • Matsunaga , K. , Klein , T. W. , Friedman , H. and Yamamoto , Y. 2001 . Legionella pneumophila replication in macrophages inhibited by selective immunomodulatory effects on cytokine formation by epigallocatechin gallate, a major form of tea catechins . Infect Immun. , 69 : 3947 – 3953 .
  • Mazzon , E. , Muia , C. , Paola , R. D. , Genovese , T. , Menegazzi , M. , De Sarro , A. , Suzuki , H. and Cuzzocrea , S. 2005 . Green tea polyphenol extract attenuates colon injury induced by experimental colitis . Free Radic Res. , 39 : 1017 – 1025 .
  • Meja , K. K. , Rajendrasozhan , S. , Adenuga , D. , Biswas , S. K. , Sundar , I. K. , Spooner , G. , Marwick , J. A. , Chakravarty , P. , Fletcher , D. , Whittaker , P. , Megson , I. L. , Kirkham , P. A. and Rahman , I. 2008 . Curcumin restores corticosteroid function in monocytes exposed to oxidants by maintaining HDAC2 . Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. , 39 : 312 – 323 .
  • Melgarejo , E. , Medina , M. A. , Sanchez-Jimenez , F. , Botana , L. M. , Dominguez , M. , Escribano , L. , Orfao , A. and Urdiales , J. L. 2007 . (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate interferes with mast cell adhesiveness, migration and its potential to recruit monocytes . Cell Mol Life Sci. , 64 : 2690 – 2701 .
  • Meng , C. Q. , Ni , L. , Worsencroft , K. J. , Ye , Z. , Weingarten , M. D. , Simpson , J. E. , Skudlarek , J. W. , Marino , E. M. , Suen , K. L. , Kunsch , C. , Souder , A. , Howard , R. B. , Sundell , C. L. , Wasserman , M. A. and Sikorski , J. A. 2007 . Carboxylated, heteroaryl-substituted chalcones as inhibitors of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression for use in chronic inflammatory diseases . J Med Chem. , 50 : 1304 – 1315 .
  • Meng , Q. , Velalar , C. N. and Ruan , R. 2008a . Effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on mitochondrial integrity and antioxidative enzyme activity in the aging process of human fibroblast . Free Radic Biol Med. , 44 : 1032 – 1041 .
  • Meng , X. L. , Yang , J. Y. , Chen , G. L. , Zhang , L. J. , Wang , L. H. , Li , J. , Wang , J. M. and Wu , C. F. 2008b . RV09, a novel resveratrol analogue, inhibits NO and TNF-alpha production by LPS-activated microglia . Int Immunopharmacol. , 8 : 1074 – 1082 .
  • Meotti , F. C. , Missau , F. C. , Ferreira , J. , Pizzolatti , M. G. , Mizuzaki , C. , Nogueira , C. W. and Santos , A. R. 2006 . Anti-allodynic property of flavonoid myricitrin in models of persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain in mice . Biochem Pharmacol. , 72 : 1707 – 1713 .
  • Meotti , F. C. , Senthilmohan , R. , Harwood , D. T. , Missau , F. C. , Pizzolatti , M. G. and Kettle , A. J. 2008 . Myricitrin as a substrate and inhibitor of myeloperoxidase: Implications for the pharmacological effects of flavonoids . Free Radic Biol Med. , 44 : 109 – 120 .
  • Middleton , E. Jr and Drzewiecki , G. 1984 . Flavonoid inhibition of human basophil histamine release stimulated by various agents . Biochem Pharmacol. , 33 : 3333 – 3338 .
  • Middleton , E. Jr , Kandaswami , C. and Theoharides , T. C. 2000 . The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer . Pharmacol Rev. , 52 : 673 – 751 .
  • Min , K. , Yoon , W. K. , Kim , S. K. and Kim , B. H. 2007a . Immunosuppressive effect of silibinin in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis . Arch Pharm Res. , 30 : 1265 – 1272 .
  • Min , K. , Yoon , W. K. , Kim , S. K. and Kim , B. H. 2007b . Immunosuppressive effect of silibinin in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis . Arch Pharm Res. , 30 : 1265 – 1272 .
  • Min , Y. D. , Choi , C. H. , Bark , H. , Son , H. Y. , Park , H. H. , Lee , S. , Park , J. W. , Park , E. K. , Shin , H. I. and Kim , S. H. 2007c . Quercetin inhibits expression of inflammatory cytokines through attenuation of NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK in HMC-1 human mast cell line . Inflamm Res. , 56 : 210 – 215 .
  • Mirzoeva , S. , Kim , N. D. , Chiu , K. , Franzen , C. A. , Bergan , R. C. and Pelling , J. C. 2008 . Inhibition of HIF-1 alpha and VEGF expression by the chemopreventive bioflavonoid apigenin is accompanied by Akt inhibition in human prostate carcinoma PC3-M cells . Mol Carcinog. , 47 : 686 – 700 .
  • Miyake , Y. , Mochizuki , M. , Okada , M. , Hiramitsu , M. , Morimitsu , Y. and Osawa , T. 2007 . Isolation of antioxidative phenolic glucosides from lemon juice and their suppressive effect on the expression of blood adhesion molecules . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , 71 : 1911 – 1919 .
  • Miyake , Y. , Shimoi , K. , Kumazawa , S. , Yamamoto , K. , Kinae , N. and Osawa , T. 2000 . Identification and antioxidant activity of flavonoid metabolites in plasma and urine of eriocitrin-treated rats . J Agric Food Chem. , 48 : 3217 – 3224 .
  • Moon , S. O. , Kim , W. , Sung , M. J. , Lee , S. , Kang , K. P. , Kim , D. H. , Lee , S. Y. , So , J. N. and Park , S. K. 2006 . Resveratrol suppresses tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced fractalkine expression in endothelial cells . Mol Pharmacol. , 70 : 112 – 119 .
  • Moon , Y. , Lee , M. and Yang , H. 2007 . Involvement of early growth response gene 1 in the modulation of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 by epigallocatechin gallate in A549 human pulmonary epithelial cells . Biochem Pharmacol. , 73 : 125 – 135 .
  • Moon , Y. J. , Wang , L. , DiCenzo , R. and Morris , M. E. 2008 . Quercetin pharmacokinetics in humans . Biopharm Drug Dispos. , 29 : 205 – 217 .
  • Moreira , M. R. , Kanashiro , A. , Kabeya , L. M. , Polizello , A. C. , Azzolini , A. E. , Curti , C. , Oliveira , C. A. , T-do Amaral , A. and Lucisano-Valim , Y.M. 2007 . Neutrophil effector functions triggered by Fc-gamma and/or complement receptors are dependent on B-ring hydroxylation pattern and physicochemical properties of flavonols . Life Sci. , 81 : 317 – 326 .
  • Morinobu , A. , Biao , W. , Tanaka , S. , Horiuchi , M. , Jun , L. , Tsuji , G. , Sakai , Y. , Kurosaka , M. and Kumagai , S. 2008 . (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses osteoclast differentiation and ameliorates experimental arthritis in mice . Arthritis Rheum. , 58 : 2012 – 2018 .
  • Moscatelli , V. , Hnatyszyn , O. , Acevedo , C. , Megias , J. , Alcaraz , M. J. and Ferraro , G. 2006 . Flavonoids from Artemisia copa with anti-inflammatory activity . Planta Med. , 72 : 72 – 74 .
  • Murakami , A. , Song , M. , Katsumata , S. , Uehara , M. , Suzuki , K. and Ohigashi , H. 2007 . Citrus nobiletin suppresses bone loss in ovariectomized ddY mice and collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice: Possible involvement of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis regulation . Biofactors. , 30 : 179 – 192 .
  • Na , H. K. , Kim , E. H. , Jung , J. H. , Lee , H. H. , Hyun , J. W. and Surh , Y. J. 2008 . (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate induces Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzyme expression via activation of PI3K and ERK in human mammary epithelial cells . Arch Biochem Biophys. , 476 : 171 – 177 .
  • Nagarajan , S. , Burris , R. L. , Stewart , B. W. , Wilkerson , J. E. and Badger , T. M. 2008 . Dietary soy protein isolate ameliorates atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice potentially by inhibiting monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression . J Nutr. , 138 : 332 – 337 .
  • Nagarajan , S. , Stewart , B. W. and Badger , T. M. 2006 . Soy isoflavones attenuate human monocyte adhesion to endothelial cell-specific CD54 by inhibiting monocyte CD11a . J Nutr. , 136 : 2384 – 2390 .
  • Nakagawa , H. , Wachi , M. , Woo , J. T. , Kato , M. , Kasai , S. , Takahashi , F. , Lee , I. S. and Nagai , K. 2002 . Fenton reaction is primarily involved in a mechanism of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate to induce osteoclastic cell death . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , 292 : 94 – 101 .
  • Nakamura , M. and Omura , S. 2008 . Quercetin regulates the inhibitory effect of monoclonal non-specific suppressor factor beta on tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in LPS-stimulated macrophages . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , 72 : 1915 – 1920 .
  • Nakaya , M. , Tachibana , H. and Yamada , K. 2005 . Isoflavone genistein and daidzein up-regulate LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase activity through estrogen receptor pathway in RAW264.7 cells . Biochem Pharmacol. , 71 : 108 – 114 .
  • Nam , S. Y. , Kim , J. S. , Kim , J. M. , Lee , J. Y. , Kim , N. , Jung , H. C. and Song , I. S. 2008 . DA-6034, a derivative of flavonoid, prevents and ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis and inhibits colon carcinogenesis . Exp Biol Med (Maywood). , 233 : 180 – 191 .
  • Nanua , S. , Zick , S. M. , Andrade , J. E. , Sajjan , U. S. , Burgess , J. R. , Lukacs , N. W. and Hershenson , M. B. 2006 . Quercetin blocks airway epithelial cell chemokine expression . Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. , 35 : 602 – 610 .
  • Nicholas , C. , Batra , S. , Vargo , M. A. , Voss , O. H. , Gavrilin , M. A. , Wewers , M. D. , Guttridge , D. C. , Grotewold , E. and Doseff , A. I. 2007a . Apigenin blocks lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality in vivo and proinflammatory cytokines expression by inactivating NF-kappaB through the suppression of p65 phosphorylation . J Immunol. , 179 : 7121 – 7127 .
  • Nicholas , C. , Batra , S. , Vargo , M. A. , Voss , O. H. , Gavrilin , M. A. , Wewers , M. D. , Guttridge , D. C. , Grotewold , E. and Doseff , A. I. 2007b . Apigenin blocks lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality in vivo and proinflammatory cytokines expression by inactivating NF-kappaB through the suppression of p65 phosphorylation . J Immunol. , 179 : 7121 – 7127 .
  • Nicholson , S. K. , Tucker , G. A. and Brameld , J. M. 2008 . Effects of dietary polyphenols on gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells . Proc Nutr Soc. , 67 : 42 – 47 .
  • Nizamutdinova , I. T. , Jeong , J. J. , Xu , G. H. , Lee , S. H. , Kang , S. S. , Kim , Y. S. , Chang , K. C. and Kim , H. J. 2008 . Hesperidin, hesperidin methyl chalone and phellopterin from Poncirus trifoliata (Rutaceae) differentially regulate the expression of adhesion molecules in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells . Int Immunopharmacol. , 8 : 670 – 678 .
  • Noh , S. U. , Cho , E. A. , Kim , H. O. and Park , Y. M. 2008 . Epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves Dermatophagoides pteronissinus extract-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice by suppressing macrophage migration inhibitory factor . Int Immunopharmacol. , 8 : 1172 – 1182 .
  • Nones , K. , Dommels , Y. E. , Martell , S. , Butts , C. , McNabb , W.C. , Park , Z. A. , Zhu , S. , Hedderley , D. , Barnett , M. P. and Roy , N. C. 2009a . The effects of dietary curcumin and rutin on colonic inflammation and gene expression in multidrug resistance gene-deficient (mdr1a-/-) mice, a model of inflammatory bowel diseases . Br J Nutr. , 101 : 169 – 181 .
  • Nones , K. , Dommels , Y. E. , Martell , S. , Butts , C. , McNabb , W.C. , Park , Z. A. , Zhu , S. , Hedderley , D. , Barnett , M. P. and Roy , N. C. 2009b . The effects of dietary curcumin and rutin on colonic inflammation and gene expression in multidrug resistance gene-deficient (mdr1a-/-) mice, a model of inflammatory bowel diseases . Br J Nutr. , 101 : 169 – 181 .
  • Nonn , L. , Duong , D. and Peehl , D. M. 2007 . Chemopreventive anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin and other phytochemicals mediated by MAP kinase phosphatase-5 in prostate cells . Carcinogenesis , 28 : 1188 – 1196 .
  • Ogborne , R. M. , Rushworth , S. A. and O'Connell , M.A. 2008 . Epigallocatechin activates haem oxygenase-1 expression via protein kinase Cdelta and Nrf2 . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , 373 : 584 – 588 .
  • Olmos , A. , Giner , R. M. , Recio , M. C. , Rios , J. L. , Gil-Benso , R. and Manez , S. 2008 . Interaction of dicaffeoylquinic derivatives with peroxynitrite and other reactive nitrogen species . Arch Biochem Biophys. , 475 : 66 – 71 .
  • Oz , H. S. , Chen , T. S. , McClain , C.J. and de Villiers , W.J. 2005 . Antioxidants as novel therapy in a murine model of colitis . J Nutr Biochem. , 16 : 297 – 304 .
  • Palanki , M. S. , Dneprovskaia , E. , Doukas , J. , Fine , R. M. , Hood , J. , Kang , X. , Lohse , D. , Martin , M. , Noronha , G. , Soll , R. M. , Wrasidlo , W. , Yee , S. and Zhu , H. 2007 . Discovery of 3,3′ -(2,4-diaminopteridine-6,7-diyl)diphenol as an isozyme-selective inhibitor of PI3K for the treatment of ischemia reperfusion injury associated with myocardial infarction . J Med Chem. , 50 : 4279 – 4294 .
  • Pan , M. H. , Lai , C. S. , Wang , Y. J. and Ho , C. T. 2006a . Acacetin suppressed LPS-induced up-expression of iNOS and COX-2 in murine macrophages and TPA-induced tumor promotion in mice . Biochem Pharmacol. , 72 : 1293 – 1303 .
  • Pan , M. H. , Lai , C. S. , Wang , Y. J. and Ho , C. T. 2006b . Acacetin suppressed LPS-induced up-expression of iNOS and COX-2 in murine macrophages and TPA-induced tumor promotion in mice . Biochem Pharmacol. , 72 : 1293 – 1303 .
  • Pan , W. , Chang , M. J. , Booyse , F. M. , Grenett , H. E. , Bradley , K. M. , Wolkowicz , P. E. , Shang , Q. and Tabengwa , E. M. 2008 . Quercetin induced tissue-type plasminogen activator expression is mediated through Sp1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in human endothelial cells . J Thromb Haemost. , 6 : 976 – 985 .
  • Pandey , M. K. , Sandur , S. K. , Sung , B. , Sethi , G. , Kunnumakkara , A. B. and Aggarwal , B. B. 2007 . Butein, a tetrahydroxychalcone, inhibits nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression through direct inhibition of IkappaBalpha kinase beta on cysteine 179 residue . J Biol Chem. , 282 : 17340 – 17350 .
  • Park , H. , Kim , Y. H. , Chang , H. W. and Kim , H. P. 2006 . Anti-inflammatory activity of the synthetic C-C biflavonoids . J Pharm Pharmacol. , 58 : 1661 – 1667 .
  • Park , H. H. , Lee , S. , Oh , J. M. , Lee , M. S. , Yoon , K. H. , Park , B. H. , Kim , J. W. , Song , H. and Kim , S. H. 2007 . Anti-inflammatory activity of fisetin in human mast cells (HMC-1) . Pharmacol Res. , 55 : 31 – 37 .
  • Park , J. , Chung , S. W. , Kim , S. H. and Kim , T. S. 2006a . Up-regulation of interleukin-4 production via NF-AT/AP-1 activation in T cells by biochanin A, a phytoestrogen and its metabolites . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. , 212 : 188 – 199 .
  • Park , J. , Kim , S. H. and Kim , T. S. 2006b . Inhibition of interleukin-4 production in activated T cells via down-regulation of NF-AT DNA binding activity by apigenin, a flavonoid present in dietary plants . Immunol Lett. , 103 : 108 – 114 .
  • Park , J. W. , Woo , K. J. , Lee , J. T. , Lim , J. H. , Lee , T. J. , Kim , S. H. , Choi , Y. H. and Kwon , T. K. 2007 . Resveratrol induces pro-apoptotic endoplasmic reticulum stress in human colon cancer cells . Oncol Rep. , 18 : 1269 – 1273 .
  • Park , S. W. , Lee , C. H. , Kim , Y. S. , Kang , S. S. , Jeon , S. J. , Son , K. H. and Lee , S. M. 2008 . Protective effect of baicalin against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic injury in mice . J Pharmacol Sci. , 106 : 136 – 143 .
  • Parkar , S. G. , Stevenson , D. E. and Skinner , M. A. 2008 . The potential influence of fruit polyphenols on colonic microflora and human gut health . Int J Food Microbiol. , 124 : 295 – 298 .
  • Pasten , C. , Olave , N. C. , Zhou , L. , Tabengwa , E. M. , Wolkowicz , P. E. and Grenett , H. E. 2007 . Polyphenols downregulate PAI-1 gene expression in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells: Molecular contributor to cardiovascular protection . Thromb Res. , 121 : 59 – 65 .
  • Patel , B. , Patel , S. and Hoffman , R. 2005 . Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression in mouse macrophages by 4-(3-methyl-but-1-enyl)-3,5,3′,4′ -tetrahydroxystilbene, a resveratrol derivative from peanuts . Phytother Res. , 19 : 552 – 555 .
  • Pokharel , Y. R. , Yang , J. W. , Kim , J. Y. , Oh , H. W. , Jeong , H. G. , Woo , E. R. and Kang , K. W. 2006 . Potent inhibition of the inductions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 by taiwaniaflavone . Nitric Oxide , 15 : 217 – 225 .
  • Porath , D. , Riegger , C. , Drewe , J. and Schwager , J. 2005 . Epigallocatechin-3-gallate impairs chemokine production in human colon epithelial cell lines . J Pharmacol Exp Ther. , 315 : 1172 – 1180 .
  • Radkar , V. , Hardej , D. , Lau-Cam , C. and Billack , B. 2007 . Evaluation of resveratrol and piceatannol cytotoxicity in macrophages, T cells, and skin cells . Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. , 58 : 293 – 304 .
  • Rahman , I. , Biswas , S. K. and Kirkham , P. A. 2006 . Regulation of inflammation and redox signaling by dietary polyphenols . Biochem Pharmacol. , 72 : 1439 – 1452 .
  • Ramiro , E. , Franch , A. , Castellote , C. , Andres-Lacueva , C. , Izquierdo-Pulido , M. and Castell , M. 2005 . Effect of Theobroma cacao flavonoids on immune activation of a lymphoid cell line . Br J Nutr. , 93 : 859 – 866 .
  • Ran , Z. H. , Chen , C. and Xiao , S. D. 2008 . Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates rats colitis induced by acetic acid . Biomed Pharmacother. , 62 : 189 – 196 .
  • Rao , C. H.V. and Vijayakumar , M. 2007 . Protective effect of (+)-catechin against gastric mucosal injury induced by ischaemia-reperfusion in rats . J Pharm Pharmacol. , 59 : 1103 – 1107 .
  • Rao , Y. K. , Fang , S. H. and Tzeng , Y. M. 2008 . Antiinflammatory activities of flavonoids and a triterpene caffeate isolated from Bauhinia variegata . Phytother Res. , 22 : 957 – 962 .
  • Rivera , L. , Moron , R. , Sanchez , M. , Zarzuelo , A. and Galisteo , M. 2008 . Quercetin ameliorates metabolic syndrome and improves the inflammatory status in obese Zucker rats . Obesity (Silver Spring). , 16 : 2081 – 2087 .
  • Rivera , L. , Moron , R. , Zarzuelo , A. and Galisteo , M. 2009 . Long-term resveratrol administration reduces metabolic disturbances and lowers blood pressure in obese Zucker rats . Biochem Pharmacol. , 77 : 1053 – 1063 .
  • Rogerio , A. P. , Kanashiro , A. , Fontanari , C. , da Silva , E.V. , Lucisano-Valim , Y.M. , Soares , E. G. and Faccioli , L. H. 2007a . Anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin and isoquercitrin in experimental murine allergic asthma . Inflamm Res. , 56 : 402 – 408 .
  • Rogerio , A. P. , Kanashiro , A. , Fontanari , C. , da Silva , E.V. , Lucisano-Valim , Y.M. , Soares , E. G. and Faccioli , L. H. 2007b . Anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin and isoquercitrin in experimental murine allergic asthma . Inflamm Res. , 56 : 402 – 408 .
  • Rogers , J. , Perkins , I. , van Olphen , A. , Burdash , N. , Klein , T. W. and Friedman , H. 2005 . Epigallocatechin gallate modulates cytokine production by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or muramyldipeptide, or infected with Legionella pneumophila . Exp Biol Med. (Maywood) , 230 : 645 – 651 .
  • Romero , M. , Jimenez , R. , Sanchez , M. , Lopez-Sepulveda , R. , Zarzuelo , M. J. , O'Valle , F. , Zarzuelo , A. , Perez-Vizcaino , F. and Duarte , J. 2009 . Quercetin inhibits vascular superoxide production induced by endothelin-1: Role of NADPH oxidase, uncoupled eNOS and PKC . Atherosclerosis , 202 : 58 – 67 .
  • Romier , B. , Van De Walle , J. , During , A. , Larondelle , Y. and Schneider , Y. J. 2008 . Modulation of signalling nuclear factor-kappaB activation pathway by polyphenols in human intestinal Caco-2 cells . Br J Nutr. , 100 : 542 – 551 .
  • Roseghini , R. , Rocha , D. S. , Clarencio , J. , Costa , S. L. , Costa , M. F. , Tardy , M. , Nascimento , R. , Schaer , R. , Velozo , E. , Meyer , R. and Freire , S. 2007 . Flavonoid rutin alters the viability and function of mitogen-stimulated splenocytes and thymocytes compared with non stimulated cells . Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. , 29 : 271 – 285 .
  • Rosier Olimpio Pereira , I. and Saes Parra Abdalla , D. 2006 . Soy isoflavones reduce heat shock proteins in experimental atherosclerosis . Eur J Nutr. , 45 : 178 – 186 .
  • Rufer , C. E. , Bub , A. , Moseneder , J. , Winterhalter , P. , Sturtz , M. and Kulling , S. E. 2008 . Pharmacokinetics of the soybean isoflavone daidzein in its aglycone and glucoside form: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study . Am J Clin Nutr. , 87 : 1314 – 1323 .
  • Ruiz , P. A. , Braune , A. , Holzlwimmer , G. , Quintanilla-Fend , L. and Haller , D. 2007a . Quercetin inhibits TNF-induced NF-kappaB transcription factor recruitment to proinflammatory gene promoters in murine intestinal epithelial cells . J Nutr. , 137 : 1208 – 1215 .
  • Ruiz , P. A. , Braune , A. , Holzlwimmer , G. , Quintanilla-Fend , L. and Haller , D. 2007b . Quercetin inhibits TNF-induced NF-kappaB transcription factor recruitment to proinflammatory gene promoters in murine intestinal epithelial cells . J Nutr. , 137 : 1208 – 1215 .
  • Ruiz , P. A. and Haller , D. 2006 . Functional diversity of flavonoids in the inhibition of the proinflammatory NF-kappaB, IRF, and Akt signaling pathways in murine intestinal epithelial cells . J Nutr. , 136 : 664 – 671 .
  • Sakagami , H. , Takeda , M. , Sugaya , K. , Omata , T. , Takahashi , H. , Yamamura , M. , Hara , Y. and Shimamura , T. 1995 . Stimulation by epigallocatechin gallate of interleukin-1 production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells . Anticancer Res. , 15 : 971 – 974 .
  • Salh , B. , Assi , K. , Templeman , V. , Parhar , K. , Owen , D. , Gomez-Munoz , A. and Jacobson , K. 2003 . Curcumin attenuates DNB-induced murine colitis . Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. , 285 : G235 – G243 .
  • Sanchez , d e , Medina , F. , Galvez , J. , Romero , J. A. and Zarzuelo , A. 1996 . Effect of quercitrin on acute and chronic experimental colitis in the rat . J Pharmacol Exp Ther. , 278 : 771 – 779 .
  • Santos , M. R. , Rodriguez-Gomez , M.J. , Justino , G. C. , Charro , N. , Florencio , M. H. and Mira , L. 2008 . Influence of the metabolic profile on the in vivo antioxidant activity of quercetin under a low dosage oral regimen in rats . Br J Pharmacol. , 153 : 1750 – 1761 .
  • Sasajima , M. , Moriwaki , S. , Hotta , M. , Kitahara , T. and Takema , Y. 2008 . trans-3,4′ -Dimethyl-3-hydroxyflavanone, a hair growth enhancing active component, decreases active transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-beta2) through control of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) on the surface of keratinocytes . Biol Pharm Bull. , 31 : 449 – 453 .
  • Sawle , P. , Moulton , B. E. , Jarzykowska , M. , Green , C. J. , Foresti , R. , Fairlamb , I. J. and Motterlini , R. 2008 . Structure-activity relationships of methoxychalcones as inducers of heme oxygenase-1 . Chem Res Toxicol. , 21 : 1484 – 1494 .
  • Sebai , H. , Ben-Attia , M. , Sani , M. , Aouani , E. and Ghanem-Boughanmi , N. 2009 . Protective effect of resveratrol in endotoxemia-induced acute phase response in rats . Arch Toxicol. , 83 : 335 – 340 .
  • Seibel , J. , Molzberger , A. F. , Hertrampf , T. , Laudenbach-Leschowski , U. , Degen , G. H. and Diel , P. 2008 . In utero and postnatal exposure to a phytoestrogen-enriched diet increases parameters of acute inflammation in a rat model of TNBS-induced colitis . Arch Toxicol. , 82 : 941 – 950 .
  • Sekine , C. , Sugihara , T. , Miyake , S. , Hirai , H. , Yoshida , M. , Miyasaka , N. and Kohsaka , H. 2008 . Successful treatment of animal models of rheumatoid arthritis with small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors . J Immunol. , 180 : 1954 – 1961 .
  • Sevin , A. , Oztas , P. , Senen , D. , Han , U. , Karaman , C. , Tarimci , N. , Kartal , M. and Erdogan , B. 2007 . Effects of polyphenols on skin damage due to ultraviolet A rays: An experimental study on rats . J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. , 21 : 650 – 656 .
  • Shankar , S. , Chen , Q. and Srivastava , R. K. 2008 . Inhibition of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways act synergistically to enhance antiangiogenic effects of EGCG through activation of FOXO transcription factor . J Mol Signal. , 3 : 7
  • Shanmugam , K. , Holmquist , L. , Steele , M. , Stuchbury , G. , Berbaum , K. , Schulz , O. , Benavente Garcia , O. , Castillo , J. , Burnell , J. , Garcia Rivas , V. , Dobson , G. and Munch , G. 2008 . Plant-derived polyphenols attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor production in murine microglia and macrophages . Mol Nutr Food Res. , 52 : 427 – 438 .
  • Shapiro , H. , Singer , P. , Halpern , Z. and Bruck , R. 2007 . Polyphenols in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and acute pancreatitis . Gut , 56 : 426 – 435 .
  • Sharma , S. , Chopra , K. , Kulkarni , S. K. and Agrewala , J. N. 2007a . Resveratrol and curcumin suppress immune response through CD28/CTLA-4 and CD80 co-stimulatory pathway . Clin Exp Immunol. , 147 : 155 – 163 .
  • Sharma , V. , Mishra , M. , Ghosh , S. , Tewari , R. , Basu , A. , Seth , P. and Sen , E. 2007b . Modulation of interleukin-1beta mediated inflammatory response in human astrocytes by flavonoids: Implications in neuroprotection . Brain Res Bull. , 73 : 55 – 63 .
  • Shiba , Y. , Kinoshita , T. , Chuman , H. , Taketani , Y. , Takeda , E. , Kato , Y. , Naito , M. , Kawabata , K. , Ishisaka , A. , Terao , J. and Kawai , Y. 2008 . Flavonoids as substrates and inhibitors of myeloperoxidase: Molecular actions of aglycone and metabolites . Chem Res Toxicol. , 21 : 1600 – 1609 .
  • Shin , H. Y. , Kim , S. H. , Jeong , H. J. , Kim , S. Y. , Shin , T. Y. , Um , J. Y. , Hong , S. H. and Kim , H. M. 2007 . Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8 through the attenuation of ERK and NF-kappaB in HMC-1 cells . Int Arch Allergy Immunol. , 142 : 335 – 344 .
  • Shishodia , S. , Potdar , P. , Gairola , C. G. and Aggarwal , B. B. 2003 . Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) down-regulates cigarette smoke-induced NF-kappaB activation through inhibition of IkappaBalpha kinase in human lung epithelial cells: correlation with suppression of COX-2, MMP-9, and cyclin D1 . Carcinogenesis , 24 : 1269 – 1279 .
  • Si , H. and Liu , D. 2008 . Genistein, a soy phytoestrogen, upregulates the expression of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase and lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats . J Nutr. , 138 : 297 – 304 .
  • Simoncini , T. , Garibaldi , S. , Fu , X. D. , Pisaneschi , S. , Begliuomini , S. , Baldacci , C. , Lenzi , E. , Goglia , L. , Giretti , M. S. and Genazzani , A. R. 2008 . Effects of phytoestrogens derived from red clover on atherogenic adhesion molecules in human endothelial cells . Menopause , 15 : 542 – 550 .
  • Singh , N. P. , Hegde , V. L. , Hofseth , L. J. , Nagarkatti , M. and Nagarkatti , P. 2007a . Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4′ -trihydroxystilbene) ameliorates experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, primarily via induction of apoptosis in T cells involving activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and estrogen receptor . Mol Pharmacol. , 72 : 1508 – 1521 .
  • Singh , N. P. , Hegde , V. L. , Hofseth , L. J. , Nagarkatti , M. and Nagarkatti , P. 2007b . Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4′ -trihydroxystilbene) ameliorates experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, primarily via induction of apoptosis in T cells involving activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and estrogen receptor . Mol Pharmacol. , 72 : 1508 – 1521 .
  • Son , J. K. , Son , M. J. , Lee , E. , Moon , T. C. , Son , K. H. , Kim , C. H. , Kim , H. P. , Kang , S. S. and Chang , H. W. 2005 . Ginkgetin, a Biflavone from Ginko biloba leaves, inhibits cyclooxygenases-2 and 5-lipoxygenase in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells . Biol Pharm Bull. , 28 : 2181 – 2184 .
  • Son , M. J. , Moon , T. C. , Lee , E. K. , Son , K. H. , Kim , H. P. , Kang , S. S. , Son , J. K. , Lee , S. H. and Chang , H. W. 2006 . Naturally occurring biflavonoid, ochnaflavone, inhibits cyclooxygenases-2 and 5-lipoxygenase in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells . Arch Pharm Res. , 29 : 282 – 286 .
  • Sorrenti , V. , Mazza , F. , Campisi , A. , Di Giacomo , C. , Acquaviva , R. , Vanella , L. and Galvano , F. 2007 . Heme oxygenase induction by cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside in cultured human endothelial cells . Mol Nutr Food Res. , 51 : 580 – 586 .
  • Srivastava , R. , Ratheesh , A. , Gude , R. K. , Rao , K. V. , Panda , D. and Subrahmanyam , G. 2005 . Resveratrol inhibits type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase: a key component in pathways of phosphoinositide turn over . Biochem Pharmacol. , 70 : 1048 – 1055 .
  • Steffen , Y. , Gruber , C. , Schewe , T. and Sies , H. 2008 . Mono-O-methylated flavanols and other flavonoids as inhibitors of endothelial NADPH oxidase . Arch Biochem Biophys. , 469 : 209 – 219 .
  • Steffen , Y. , Schewe , T. and Sies , H. 2007 . (-)-Epicatechin elevates nitric oxide in endothelial cells via inhibition of NADPH oxidase . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 359 : 828 – 833 .
  • Steinert , R. E. , Ditscheid , B. , Netzel , M. and Jahreis , G. 2008 . Absorption of black currant anthocyanins by monolayers of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells mounted in ussing type chambers . J Agric Food Chem. , 56 : 4995 – 5001 .
  • Suenaga , F. , Hatsushika , K. , Takano , S. , Ando , T. , Ohnuma , Y. , Ogawa , H. and Nakao , A. 2008 . A possible link between resveratrol and TGF-beta: Resveratrol induction of TGF-beta expression and signaling . FEBS Lett. , 582 : 586 – 590 .
  • Sugimoto , K. , Hanai , H. , Tozawa , K. , Aoshi , T. , Uchijima , M. , Nagata , T. and Koide , Y. 2002 . Curcumin prevents and ameliorates trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice . Gastroenterology , 123 : 1912 – 1922 .
  • Sugiyama , T. , Kawaguchi , K. , Dobashi , H. , Miyake , R. , Kaneko , M. and Kumazawa , Y. 2008 . Quercetin but not luteolin suppresses the induction of lethal shock upon infection of mice with Salmonella typhimurium . FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. , 53 : 306 – 313 .
  • Sung , B. , Pandey , M. K. and Aggarwal , B. B. 2007 . Fisetin, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 6, down-regulates nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated cell proliferation, antiapoptotic and metastatic gene products through the suppression of TAK-1 and receptor-interacting protein-regulated IkappaBalpha kinase activation . Mol Pharmacol. , 71 : 1703 – 1714 .
  • Sung , M. J. , Kim , D. H. , Jung , Y. J. , Kang , K. P. , Lee , A. S. , Lee , S. , Kim , W. , Davaatseren , M. , Hwang , J. T. , Kim , H. J. , Kim , M. S. , Kwon , D. Y. and Park , S. K. 2008 . Genistein protects the kidney from cisplatin-induced injury . Kidney Int. , 74 : 1538 – 1547 .
  • Suri , S. , Taylor , M. A. , Verity , A. , Tribolo , S. , Needs , P. W. , Kroon , P. A. , Hughes , D. A. and Wilson , V. G. 2008 . A comparative study of the effects of quercetin and its glucuronide and sulfate metabolites on human neutrophil function in vitro . Biochem Pharmacol. , 76 : 645 – 653 .
  • Suzuki , J. , Ogawa , M. , Maejima , Y. , Isobe , K. , Tanaka , H. , Sagesaka , Y. M. and Isobe , M. 2007 . Tea catechins attenuate chronic ventricular remodeling after myocardial ischemia in rats . J Mol Cell Cardiol. , 42 : 432 – 440 .
  • Suzuki , N. , Masamune , A. , Kikuta , K. , Watanabe , T. , Satoh , K. and Shimosegawa , T. 2009 . Ellagic acid inhibits pancreatic fibrosis in male Wistar Bonn/Kobori rats . Dig Dis Sci. , 54 : 802 – 810 .
  • Szabolcs , A. , Varga , I. S. , Varga , C. , Berko , A. , Kaszaki , J. , Letoha , T. , Tiszlavicz , L. , Sari , R. , Lonovics , J. and Takacs , T. 2006 . Beneficial effect of resveratrol on cholecystokinin-induced experimental pancreatitis . Eur J Pharmacol. , 532 : 187 – 193 .
  • Tabata , Y. , Takano , K. , Ito , T. , Iinuma , M. , Yoshimoto , T. , Miura , H. , Kitao , Y. , Ogawa , S. and Hori , O. 2007 . Vaticanol B, a resveratrol tetramer, regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation . Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. , 293 : C411 – C418 .
  • Takada , Y. , Sethi , G. , Sung , B. and Aggarwal , B. B. 2008 . Flavopiridol suppresses tumor necrosis factor-induced activation of activator protein-1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p44/p42 MAPK, and Akt, inhibits expression of antiapoptotic gene products, and enhances apoptosis through cytochrome c release and caspase activation in human myeloid cells . Mol Pharmacol. , 73 : 1549 – 1557 .
  • Takano-Ishikawa , Y. , Goto , M. and Yamaki , K. 2006 . Structure-activity relations of inhibitory effects of various flavonoids on lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E2 production in rat peritoneal macrophages: comparison between subclasses of flavonoids . Phytomedicine , 13 : 310 – 317 .
  • Takekawa , S. , Matsui , T. and Arakawa , Y. 2006 . The protective effect of the soybean polyphenol genistein against stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats, and its hormonal mechanisms . J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) , 52 : 274 – 280 .
  • Tan , Y. and Lim , L. H. 2008 . trans-Resveratrol, an extract of red wine, inhibits human eosinophil activation and degranulation . Br J Pharmacol. , 155 : 995 – 1004 .
  • Tang , L. Q. , Wei , W. and Wang , X. Y. 2007 . Effects and mechanisms of catechin for adjuvant arthritis in rats . Adv Ther , 24 : 679 – 690 .
  • Tang , N. Y. , Yang , J. S. , Chang , Y. H. , Lu , H. F. , Hsia , T. C. , Lin , W. C. and Chung , J. G. 2006 . Effects of wogonin on the levels of cytokines and functions of leukocytes associated with NF-kappa B expression in Sprague-Dawley rats . In Vivo , 20 : 527 – 532 .
  • Terao , J. , Kawai , Y. and Murota , K. 2008 . Vegetable flavonoids and cardiovascular disease . Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. , 17 ( Suppl 1 ) : 291 – 293 .
  • Theoharides , T. C. , Kempuraj , D. and Iliopoulou , B. P. 2007 . Mast cells, T cells, and inhibition by luteolin: Implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis . Adv Exp Med Biol. , 601 : 423 – 430 .
  • Tokuda , H. , Takai , S. , Hanai , Y. , Matsushima-Nishiwaki , R. , Hosoi , T. , Harada , A. , Ohta , T. and Kozawa , O. 2007 . (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses endothelin-1-induced interleukin-6 synthesis in osteoblasts: Inhibition of p44/p42 MAP kinase activation . FEBS Lett. , 581 : 1311 – 1316 .
  • Triantafyllou , A. , Mylonis , I. , Simos , G. , Bonanou , S. and Tsakalof , A. 2008 . Flavonoids induce HIF-1alpha but impair its nuclear accumulation and activity . Free Radic Biol Med. , 44 : 657 – 670 .
  • Tribolo , S. , Lodi , F. , Connor , C. , Suri , S. , Wilson , V. G. , Taylor , M. A. , Needs , P. W. , Kroon , P. A. and Hughes , D. A. 2008 . Comparative effects of quercetin and its predominant human metabolites on adhesion molecule expression in activated human vascular endothelial cells . Atherosclerosis , 197 : 50 – 56 .
  • Tsai , S. K. , Hung , L. M. , Fu , Y. T. , Cheng , H. , Nien , M. W. , Liu , H. Y. , Zhang , F. B. and Huang , S. S. 2007 . Resveratrol neuroprotective effects during focal cerebral ischemia injury via nitric oxide mechanism in rats . J Vasc Surg. , 46 : 346 – 353 .
  • Tsoyi , K. , Park , H. B. , Kim , Y. M. , Chung , J. I. , Shin , S. C. , Lee , W. S. , Seo , H. G. , Lee , J. H. , Chang , K. C. and Kim , H. J. 2008 . Anthocyanins from black soybean seed coats inhibit UVB-induced inflammatory cylooxygenase-2 gene expression and PGE2 production through regulation of the nuclear factor-kappaB and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway . J Agric Food Chem. , 56 : 8969 – 8974 .
  • Tu , Y. C. , Lian , T. W. , Yen , J. H. , Chen , Z. T. and Wu , M. J. 2007 . Antiatherogenic effects of kaempferol and rhamnocitrin . J Agric Food Chem. , 55 : 9969 – 9976 .
  • Turrens , J. F. , Lariccia , J. and Nair , M. G. 1997 . Resveratrol has no effect on lipoprotein profile and does not prevent peroxidation of serum lipids in normal rats . Free Radic Res. , 27 : 557 – 562 .
  • Uchida , Y. , Yamazaki , H. , Watanabe , S. , Hayakawa , K. , Meng , Y. , Hiramatsu , N. , Kasai , A. , Yamauchi , K. , Yao , J. and Kitamura , M. 2005 . Enhancement of NF-kappaB activity by resveratrol in cytokine-exposed mesangial cells . Clin Exp Immunol. , 142 : 76 – 83 .
  • Ueno , I. , Nakano , N. and Hirono , I. 1983 . Metabolic fate of [14c] quercetin in the ACl rat . Jpn J Exp Med. , 53 : 41 – 50 .
  • Ukil , A. , Maity , S. and Das , P. K. 2006 . Protection from experimental colitis by theaflavin-3,3′ -digallate correlates with inhibition of IKK and NF-kappaB activation . Br J Pharmacol. , 149 : 121 – 131 .
  • Ukil , A. , Maity , S. , Karmakar , S. , Datta , N. , Vedasiromoni , J. R. and Das , P. K. 2003 . Curcumin, the major component of food flavour turmeric, reduces mucosal injury in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis . Br J Pharmacol. , 139 : 209 – 218 .
  • Vareed , S. K. , Kakarala , M. , Ruffin , M. T. , Crowell , J. A. , Normolle , D. P. , Djuric , Z. and Brenner , D. E. 2008 . Pharmacokinetics of curcumin conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 17 : 1411 – 1417 .
  • Varilek , G. W. , Yang , F. , Lee , E. Y. , deVilliers , W.J. , Zhong , J. , Oz , H. S. , Westberry , K. F. and McClain , C.J. 2001 . Green tea polyphenol extract attenuates inflammation in interleukin-2-deficient mice, a model of autoimmunity . J Nutr. , 131 : 2034 – 2039 .
  • Vasquez-Martinez , Y. , Ohri , R. V. , Kenyon , V. , Holman , T. R. and Sepulveda-Boza , S. 2007 . Structure-activity relationship studies of flavonoids as potent inhibitors of human platelet 12-hLO, reticulocyte 15-hLO-1, and prostate epithelial 15-hLO-2 . Bioorg Med Chem. , 15 : 7408 – 7425 .
  • Venkatachalam , K. , Mummidi , S. , Cortez , D. M. , Prabhu , S. D. , Valente , A. J. and Chandrasekar , B. 2008 . Resveratrol inhibits high glucose-induced PI3K/Akt/ERK-dependent interleukin-17 expression in primary mouse cardiac fibroblasts . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. , 294 : H2078 – H2087 .
  • Verdrengh , M. , Jonsson , I. M. , Holmdahl , R. and Tarkowski , A. 2003 . Genistein as an anti-inflammatory agent . Inflamm Res. , 52 : 341 – 346 .
  • Vivancos , M. and Moreno , J. J. 2008 . Effect of resveratrol, tyrosol and beta-sitosterol on oxidised low-density lipoprotein-stimulated oxidative stress, arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by RAW 264.7 macrophages . Br J Nutr. , 99 : 1199 – 1207 .
  • Walgren , R. A. , Karnaky , K. J. Jr , Lindenmayer , G. E. and Walle , T. 2000a . Efflux of dietary flavonoid quercetin 4′ -beta-glucoside across human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers by apical multidrug resistance-associated protein-2 . J Pharmacol Exp Ther. , 294 : 830 – 836 .
  • Walgren , R. A. , Lin , J. T. , Kinne , R. K. and Walle , T. 2000b . Cellular uptake of dietary flavonoid quercetin 4′ -beta-glucoside by sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT1 . J Pharmacol Exp Ther. , 294 : 837 – 843 .
  • Wan , J. Y. , Gong , X. , Zhang , L. , Li , H. Z. , Zhou , Y. F. and Zhou , Q. X. 2008 . Protective effect of baicalin against lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in mice by up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 . Eur J Pharmacol. , 587 : 302 – 308 .
  • Wang , G. F. , Wu , Z. F. , Wan , L. , Wang , Q. T. and Chen , F. M. 2006 . Influence of baicalin on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand in cultured human periodontal ligament cells . Pharmacology , 77 : 71 – 77 .
  • Wang , J. , Zhang , Q. , Jin , S. , He , D. , Zhao , S. and Liu , S. 2008a . Genistein modulate immune responses in collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis model . Maturitas , 59 : 405 – 412 .
  • Wang , L. , Ma , Q. , Chen , X. , Sha , H. and Ma , Z. 2008b . Effects of resveratrol on calcium regulation in rats with severe acute pancreatitis . Eur J Pharmacol. , 580 : 271 – 276 .
  • Wang , L. , Tu , Y. C. , Lian , T. W. , Hung , J. T. , Yen , J. H. and Wu , M. J. 2006a . Distinctive antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects of flavonols . J Agric Food Chem. , 54 : 9798 – 9804 .
  • Wang , L. , Tu , Y. C. , Lian , T. W. , Hung , J. T. , Yen , J. H. and Wu , M. J. 2006b . Distinctive antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects of flavonols . J Agric Food Chem. , 54 : 9798 – 9804 .
  • Wang , Q. , Xia , M. , Liu , C. , Guo , H. , Ye , Q. , Hu , Y. , Zhang , Y. , Hou , M. , Zhu , H. , Ma , J. and Ling , W. 2008 . Cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside inhibits iNOS and COX-2 expression by inducing liver X receptor alpha activation in THP-1 macrophages . Life Sci. , 83 : 176 – 184 .
  • Wang , X. B. , Huang , J. , Zou , J. G. , Su , E. B. , Shan , Q. J. , Yang , Z. J. and Cao , K. J. 2007a . Effects of resveratrol on number and activity of endothelial progenitor cells from human peripheral blood . Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. , 34 : 1109 – 1115 .
  • Wang , X. G. , Chen , G. Y. and Chen , M. P. 2007b . [Effect of luteolin on COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells] . Zhong Yao Cai , 30 : 1263 – 1266 .
  • Wenzel , E. , Soldo , T. , Erbersdobler , H. and Somoza , V. 2005 . Bioactivity and metabolism of trans-resveratrol orally administered to Wistar rats . Mol Nutr Food Res. , 49 : 482 – 494 .
  • Werz , O. 2007 . Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase product synthesis by natural compounds of plant origin . Planta Med. , 73 : 1331 – 1357 .
  • Wheeler , D. S. , Lahni , P. M. , Hake , P. W. , Denenberg , A. G. , Wong , H. R. , Snead , C. , Catravas , J. D. and Zingarelli , B. 2007 . The green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves systemic hemodynamics and survival in rodent models of polymicrobial sepsis . Shock , 28 : 353 – 359 .
  • Wijeratne , S. S. and Cuppett , S. L. 2007 . Soy isoflavones protect the intestine from lipid hydroperoxide mediated oxidative damage . J Agric Food Chem. , 55 : 9811 – 9816 .
  • Wilson , T. , Knight , T. J. , Beitz , D. C. , Lewis , D. S. and Engen , R. L. 1996 . Resveratrol promotes atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits . Life Sci. , 59 : PL15 – PL21 .
  • Woo , E. R. , Pokharel , Y. R. , Yang , J. W. , Lee , S. Y. and Kang , K. W. 2006a . Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activation by 2′,8?-biapigenin . Biol Pharm Bull. , 29 : 976 – 80 .
  • Woo , K. J. , Lim , J. H. , Suh , S. I. , Kwon , Y. K. , Shin , S. W. , Kim , S. C. , Choi , Y. H. , Park , J. W. and Kwon , T. K. 2006b . Differential inhibitory effects of baicalein and baicalin on LPS-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression through inhibition of C/EBPbeta DNA-binding activity . Immunobiology , 211 : 359 – 368 .
  • Wu , Y. Q. , Zhou , C. H. , Tao , J. and Li , S. N. 2006a . Antagonistic effects of nobiletin, a polymethoxyflavonoid, on eosinophilic airway inflammation of asthmatic rats and relevant mechanisms . Life Sci. , 78 : 2689 – 2696 .
  • Wu , Y. Q. , Zhou , C. H. , Tao , J. and Li , S. N. 2006b . Antagonistic effects of nobiletin, a polymethoxyflavonoid, on eosinophilic airway inflammation of asthmatic rats and relevant mechanisms . Life Sci. , 78 : 2689 – 2696 .
  • Wung , B. S. , Hsu , M. C. , Wu , C. C. and Hsieh , C. W. 2005 . Resveratrol suppresses IL-6-induced ICAM-1 gene expression in endothelial cells: Effects on the inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation . Life Sci. , 78 : 389 – 397 .
  • Xia , J. , Song , X. , Bi , Z. , Chu , W. and Wan , Y. 2005 . UV-induced NF-kappaB activation and expression of IL-6 is attenuated by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in cultured human keratinocytes in vitro . Int J Mol Med. , 16 : 943 – 950 .
  • Xia , L. , Wang , X. X. , Hu , X. S. , Guo , X. G. , Shang , Y. P. , Chen , H. J. , Zeng , C. L. , Zhang , F. R. and Chen , J. Z. 2008 . Resveratrol reduces endothelial progenitor cells senescence through augmentation of telomerase activity by Akt-dependent mechanisms . Br J Pharmacol. , 155 : 387 – 394 .
  • Xia , M. , Ling , W. , Zhu , H. , Ma , J. , Wang , Q. , Hou , M. , Tang , Z. , Guo , H. , Liu , C. and Ye , Q. 2009 . Anthocyanin attenuates CD40-mediated endothelial cell activation and apoptosis by inhibiting CD40-induced MAPK activation . Atherosclerosis , 202 : 41 – 47 .
  • Xia , M. , Ling , W. , Zhu , H. , Wang , Q. , Ma , J. , Hou , M. , Tang , Z. , Li , L. and Ye , Q. 2007 . Anthocyanin prevents CD40-activated proinflammatory signaling in endothelial cells by regulating cholesterol distribution . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. , 27 : 519 – 524 .
  • Xiao , J. , Suzuki , M. , Jiang , X. , Chen , X. , Yamamoto , K. , Ren , F. and Xu , M. 2008 . Influence of B-ring hydroxylation on interactions of flavonols with bovine serum albumin . J Agric Food Chem. , 56 : 2350 – 2356 .
  • Xu , H. B. and Huang , Z. Q. 2007 . Icariin enhances endothelial nitric-oxide synthase expression on human endothelial cells in vitro . Vascul Pharmacol. , 47 : 18 – 24 .
  • Xu , L. , Yang , Z. L. , Li , P. and Zhou , Y. Q. 2009 . Modulating effect of Hesperidin on experimental murine colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium . Phytomedicine. , 16 : 989 – 995 .
  • Xue , D. , Zhang , W. , Zhang , Y. , Wang , H. , Zheng , B. and Shi , X. 2006 . Adjusting effects of baicalin for nuclear factor-kappaB and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on rats with caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis . Mediators Inflamm. , 2006 : 26295
  • Yamaguchi , M. , Hamamoto , R. , Uchiyama , S. and Ishiyama , K. 2007 . Effects of flavonoid on calcium content in femoral tissue culture and parathyroid hormone-stimulated osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow culture in vitro . Mol Cell Biochem. , 303 : 83 – 88 .
  • Yamakuchi , M. , Bao , C. , Ferlito , M. and Lowenstein , C. J. 2008 . Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits endothelial exocytosis . Biol Chem. , 389 : 935 – 941 .
  • Yan , R. and Xu , Q. 2001 . Astilbin selectively facilitates the apoptosis of interleukin-2-dependent phytohemagglutinin-activated Jurkat cells . Pharmacol Res. , 44 : 135 – 139 .
  • Yang , X. , Sun , Y. , Xu , Q. and Guo , Z. 2006 . Synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of L-rhamnopyranosyl flavonoids . Org Biomol Chem. , 4 : 2483 – 2491 .
  • Yang , Y. , Paik , J. H. , Cho , D. , Cho , J. A. and Kim , C. W. 2008 . Resveratrol induces the suppression of tumor-derived CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells . Int Immunopharmacol. , 8 : 542 – 547 .
  • Yano , S. , Umeda , D. , Maeda , N. , Fujimura , Y. , Yamada , K. and Tachibana , H. 2006 . Dietary apigenin suppresses IgE and inflammatory cytokines production in C57BL/6N mice . J Agric Food Chem. , 54 : 5203 – 5207 .
  • Yano , S. , Umeda , D. , Yamashita , T. , Ninomiya , Y. , Sumida , M. , Fujimura , Y. , Yamada , K. and Tachibana , H. 2007 . Dietary flavones suppresses IgE and Th2 cytokines in OVA-immunized BALB/c mice . Eur J Nutr. , 46 : 257 – 263 .
  • Yao , K. , Ye , P. , Zhang , L. , Tan , J. , Tang , X. and Zhang , Y. 2008 . Epigallocatechin gallate protects against oxidative stress-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human lens epithelial cells . Mol Vis. , 14 : 217 – 223 .
  • Yeh , C. C. , Kao , S. J. , Lin , C. C. , Wang , S. D. , Liu , C. J. and Kao , S. T. 2007a . The immunomodulation of endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by hesperidin in vivo and in vitro . Life Sci. , 80 : 1821 – 1831 .
  • Yeh , C. C. , Kao , S. J. , Lin , C. C. , Wang , S. D. , Liu , C. J. and Kao , S. T. 2007b . The immunomodulation of endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by hesperidin in vivo and in vitro . Life Sci. , 80 : 1821 – 1831 .
  • Yin , Y. , Gong , F. Y. , Wu , X. X. , Sun , Y. , Li , Y. H. , Chen , T. and Xu , Q. 2008 . Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effect of flavones isolated from Artemisia vestita . J Ethnopharmacol. , 120 : 1 – 6 .
  • Ying , J. Y. , Ma , J. L. , Xia , Z. L. and Yao , T. W. 2008 . [Pharmacokinetics of luteolin from Elsholtzia blanda extracts in rats] . Yao Xue Xue Bao. , 43 : 523 – 527 .
  • Yokomizo , A. and Moriwaki , M. 2006 . Effects of uptake of flavonoids on oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide in human intestinal Caco-2 cells . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. , 70 : 1317 – 1324 .
  • Yokozawa , T. , Kim , H. J. and Cho , E. J. 2008 . Gravinol ameliorates high-fructose-induced metabolic syndrome through regulation of lipid metabolism and proinflammatory state in rats . J Agric Food Chem. , 56 : 5026 – 5032 .
  • Yoneyama , S. , Kawai , K. , Tsuno , N. H. , Okaji , Y. , Asakage , M. , Tsuchiya , T. , Yamada , J. , Sunami , E. , Osada , T. , Kitayama , J. , Takahashi , K. and Nagawa , H. 2008 . Epigallocatechin gallate affects human dendritic cell differentiation and maturation . J Allergy Clin Immunol. , 121 : 209 – 214 .
  • Yoon , D. Y. , Cho , M. C. , Kim , J. H. , Kim , E. J. , Kang , J. W. , Seo , E. H. , Shim , J. H. , Kim , S. H. , Lee , H. G. , Oh , G. T. , Hong , J. T. , Park , J. W. and Kim , J. W. 2008 . Effects of a tetramethoxyhydroxyflavone p7f on the expression of inflammatory mediators in LPS-treated human synovial fibroblast and macrophage cells . J Microbiol Biotechnol. , 18 : 686 – 694 .
  • Yoon , M. S. , Lee , J. S. , Choi , B. M. , Jeong , Y. I. , Lee , C. M. , Park , J. H. , Moon , Y. , Sung , S. C. , Lee , S. K. , Chang , Y. H. , Chung , H. Y. and Park , Y. M. 2006 . Apigenin inhibits immunostimulatory function of dendritic cells: Implication of immunotherapeutic adjuvant . Mol Pharmacol. , 70 : 1033 – 1044 .
  • Yoshida , Y. , Shioi , T. and Izumi , T. 2007 . Resveratrol ameliorates experimental autoimmune myocarditis . Circ J. , 71 : 397 – 404 .
  • Youn , H. S. , Lee , J. Y. , Fitzgerald , K. A. , Young , H. A. , Akira , S. and Hwang , D. H. 2005 . Specific inhibition of MyD88-independent signaling pathways of TLR3 and TLR4 by resveratrol: Molecular targets are TBK1 and RIP1 in TRIF complex . J Immunol. , 175 : 3339 – 3346 .
  • Youn , H. S. , Lee , J. Y. , Saitoh , S. I. , Miyake , K. , Kang , K. W. , Choi , Y. J. and Hwang , D. H. 2006 . Suppression of MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling pathways of Toll-like receptor by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a polyphenol component of green tea . Biochem Pharmacol. , 72 : 850 – 859 .
  • Yu , H. N. , Ma , X. L. , Yang , J. G. , Shi , C. C. , Shen , S. R. and He , G. Q. 2007 . Comparison of effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on hypoxia injury to human umbilical vein, RF/6A, and ECV304 cells induced by Na(2)S(2)O(4) . Endothelium. , 14 : 227 – 231 .
  • Yu , H. P. , Hsu , J. C. , Hwang , T. L. , Yen , C. H. and Lau , Y. T. 2008 . Resveratrol attenuates hepatic injury after trauma-hemorrhage via estrogen receptor-related pathway . Shock , 30 : 324 – 328 .
  • Yun , H. J. , Yoo , W. H. , Han , M. K. , Lee , Y. R. , Kim , J. S. and Lee , S. I. 2008 . Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses TNF-alpha -induced production of MMP-1 and -3 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts . Rheumatol Int. , 29 : 23 – 29 .
  • Yun , J. M. , Afaq , F. , Khan , N. and Mukhtar , H. 2009 . Delphinidin, an anthocyanidin in pigmented fruits and vegetables, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human colon cancer HCT116 cells . Mol Carcinog. , 48 : 260 – 270 .
  • Zang , N. , Zeng , Y. Y. , Huang , X. Y. , Wang , T. , Ye , X. Y. , Zhou , J. G. and Wang , H. Y. 2007 . [The effect of morin on activation, proliferation and cell-cycle of murine T lymphocytes in vitro] . Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. , 23 : 197 – 200 .
  • Zeng , Y. , Song , C. , Ding , X. , Ji , X. , Yi , L. and Zhu , K. 2007 . Baicalin reduces the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis . Braz J Med Biol Res. , 40 : 1003 – 1010 .
  • Zhang , H. G. , Kim , H. , Liu , C. , Yu , S. , Wang , J. , Grizzle , W. E. , Kimberly , R. P. and Barnes , S. 2007 . Curcumin reverses breast tumor exosomes mediated immune suppression of NK cell tumor cytotoxicity . Biochim Biophys Acta. , 1773 : 1116 – 1123 .
  • Zhang , M. , Deng , C. , Zheng , J. , Xia , J. and Sheng , D. 2006 . Curcumin inhibits trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis in rats by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma . Int Immunopharmacol. , 6 : 1233 – 1242 .
  • Zhang , X. P. , Zhang , L. , Yang , P. , Zhang , R. P. and Cheng , Q. H. 2008 . Protective effects of baicalin and octreotide on multiple organ injury in severe acute pancreatitis . Dig Dis Sci. , 53 : 581 – 591 .
  • Zhao , L. , Zhang , S. L. , Tao , J. Y. , Pang , R. , Jin , F. , Guo , Y. J. , Dong , J. H. , Ye , P. , Zhao , H. Y. and Zheng , G. H. 2008 . Preliminary exploration on anti-inflammatory mechanism of Corilagin (beta-1-O-galloyl-3,6-(R)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose) in vitro . Int Immunopharmacol. , 8 : 1059 – 1064 .
  • Zhao , T. , Han , J. , Chen , Y. , Wan , H. and Bie , X. 2007 . The mechanism of 3-methoxy puerarin on decreasing the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats . Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. , 16 Suppl 1 : 302 – 304 .
  • Zheng , L. T. , Ock , J. , Kwon , B. M. and Suk , K. 2008 . Suppressive effects of flavonoid fisetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation and neurotoxicity . Int Immunopharmacol. , 8 : 484 – 494 .
  • Zhou , M. , He , J. L. , Yu , S. Q. , Zhu , R. F. , Lu , J. , Ding , F. Y. and Xu , G. L. 2008a . [Effect of resveratrol on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rats and its mechanism] . Yao Xue Xue Bao. , 43 : 128 – 132 .
  • Zhou , S. , Hu , Y. , Zhang , B. , Teng , Z. , Gan , H. , Yang , Z. , Wang , Q. , Huan , M. and Mei , Q. 2008b . Dose-dependent absorption, metabolism, and excretion of genistein in rats . J Agric Food Chem. , 56 : 8354 – 8359 .
  • Zhu , G. , Li , C. and Cao , Z. 2007 . Inhibitory effect of flavonoid baicalin on degranulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes induced by interleukin-8: potential role in periodontal diseases . J Ethnopharmacol. , 109 : 325 – 330 .
  • Zhu , J. , Yong , W. , Wu , X. , Yu , Y. , Lv , J. , Liu , C. , Mao , X. , Zhu , Y. , Xu , K. , Han , X. and Liu , C. 2008 . Anti-inflammatory effect of resveratrol on TNF-alpha-induced MCP-1 expression in adipocytes . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , 369 : 471 – 477 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.