References
- “Case Fatality Rate for ebolavirus”. 2015. University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- COVID-19 Response Level Escalated to Level 2 RED – Ascension Island Government. 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
- ECA. 2020. Economic impact of the COVID-19 on Africa. http://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/stories/eca_analysis_-_covid-19_macroeconomiceffects.pdf (accessed on 11 April 2020).
- Ervebo. 2019. EMA. 12 December Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- “HIV and AIDS in East and Southern Africa regional overview”. 2015. Avert. 20 July Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
- Adesina, A. 2020. The pandemic is no time for fiscal distancing. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/03/africa/adesina-fiscal-distancing-opinion/index.html.
- Adeyeye, S. A. O., A. O. Adebayo-Oyetoro, and H. K. Tiamiyu. 2017. Poverty and malnutrition in Africa: a conceptual analysis. Nutrition & Food Science 47 (6):754–64. doi:10.1108/NFS-02-2017-0027.
- Africa Center for Strategic Studies. 2020. Mapping risk factors for the spread of COVID-19 in Africa. https://africacenter.org/spotlight/mapping-risk-factors-spread-covid-19-africa/.
- African Union. 2003. Maputo declaration on agriculture and food security, assembly of the African Union. Africa Union, Maputo:10–2.
- Arnell, N. W. 2004. Climate change and global water resources: SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change 14 (1)31–52. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.006.
- Arriving Passenger Tests Positive for COVID-19. 2021. St Helena Government. 26 March Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- AUC. 2020. Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID 19) on the African Economy. Addis-Ababa: African Union Commission.
- AUC/OECD. 2018. Africa’s development dynamics: Growth, jobs and inequality. Paris/AUC, Addis Ababa: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/9789264302501-en.
- AUC/OECD. 2019. Africa’s development dynamics 2019: Achieving productive transformation. Paris/AUC, Addis Ababa: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/c1cd7de0-en.
- AUDA-NEPAD. 2020. COVID-19 in Africa: Alternative to current confinement approaches. Accessed April 18, 2020. http://www.nepad.org/publication/covid-19-africa-alternative-current-confinement-approaches.
- Bassene, H., O. Mediannikov, C. Socolovschi, P. Ratmanov, A. K. Keita, C. Sokhna, D. Raoult, and F. Fenollar. 2016. Tropheryma whipplei as a cause of epidemic fever, Senegal, 2010-2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases 22 (7):1229–334. doi: 10.3201/eid2207.150441.
- Boko, M., I. Niang, A. Nyong, C. Vogel, A. M. Githeko, B. Osman-Elasha, R. Tabo, and P. Yanda. 2007. Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: Contribution of working group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. Van der Linden, and C. E. Hanson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bonds, M. H., M. A. Ouenzar, A. Garchitorena, L. F. Cordier, M. G. McCarty, M. L. Rich, B. Andriamihaja, J. Haruna, and P. E. Farmer. 2018. Madagascar can build stronger health systems to fight plague and prevent the next epidemic. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 12 (1):e0006131. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006131.
- Brice, M. 2016. “WHO declares Liberia free of active Ebola virus transmission”. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
- Brown, J. L., and E. Pollit. 1996. Malnutrition, poverty and intellectual development. Scientific American 274 (2) :38–43. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0296-38.
- Cooper, C. 2014. “Ebola outbreak: Deaths from malaria and other diseases could soar while Africa's over-stretched healthcare systems fight the virus, expert warns”. The Independent. London. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
- Coronavirus update live. 2021. Retrieved 19 April.
- Coulibaly, B., and P. Madden. 2020. Strategies for coping with the health and economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa. http://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/03/18/strategies-for-coping-with-the-health-and-economic-effects-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-africa/.
- El-Sayed, N., A. G. Mohamed, L. Nofal, A. Mahfouz, and H. A. Zeid. 2001. Malnutrition among preschool children in Alexandria, Egypt. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 19 (4) :275–80.
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2011. The State of Food Insecurity in the World: How does international price volatility affect domestic economies and food security, FAO.
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization. 2015. “Food and agriculture organization, international fund for agricultural development, world food program”, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2014. Strengthening the Enabling Environment for Food Security and Nutrition, FAO, Rome. Accessed January 24, 2017. www.fao.org/3/a4ef2d16-70a7-460a-a9ac-2a65a533269a/i4646e.pdf.
- FAO. 2002. The State of Food Insecurity in the World, FAO.
- FAO. 2013. “Women, men and nutrition”. Accessed January 15, 2013. www.fao.org/gender.
- FDA. 2019. “First FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus disease, marking a critical milestone in public health preparedness and response”. FDA. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- Fenollar, F, and O. Mediannikov. 2018. Emerging infectious diseases in Africa in the 21st century. New Microbes and New Infections 26:S10–8. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2018.09.004.
- Global Health Estimates. 2012. World Health Organization, Geneva.
- Gubler, D. J., N. Vasilakis, and D. Musso. 2017. History and emergence of Zika virus. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 216 (suppl_10):S860–S7. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix451.
- Hassan, O. A., C. Ahlm, R. Sang, and M. Evander. 2011. The 2007 Rift Valley fever outbreak in Sudan. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5 (9):e1229. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001229.
- Howard, B. 2020. Even before COVID-19, more than half of Africans experienced lack of neededhealthcare. http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r7_dispatchno352_pap15_lack_of_healthcare_affects_majority_of_africans.pdf.
- IGC. 2020. Could the economic cost outpace the health impact of COVID-19 in Africa?, https://www.theigc.org/blog/could-the-economic-cost-outpace-the-health-impact-of-covid-19-in-africa/.
- IIF. 2020. Capital Flows Report: Sudden Stop in Emerging Markets, Institute of International Finance. Accessed April 11, 2020. http://www.iif.com/Portals/0/Files/content/2_IIF2020_April_CFR.pdf.
- Institute of Medicine. 2003. Microbial threats to health: emergence, detection, and response. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; doi: 10.17226/10636.
- Jensen, E. 2009. Teaching with poverty in mind: What being poor does to kids’ brains and what schools can do about it. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
- Jolliffe, D. 2004. “How Sensitive Is the Geographic Distribution of Poverty to Cost of Living Adjustments? An Analysis of the Fair Market Rents Index.” Working Paper No. 04-13, National Poverty Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
- Kalthan, E., J. P. Dondo-Fongbia, S. Yambele, L. R. Dieu-Creer, R. Zepio, and C. M. Pamatika. 2016. [Twelve cases of monkeypox virus outbreak in Bangassou District (Central African Republic) in December 2015]. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique (1990) 109 (5):358–63. doi: 10.1007/s13149-016-0516-z.
- König, A., A. Cockburn, R. W. Crevel, E. Debruyne, R. Grafstroem, U. Hammerling, I. Kimber, I. Knudsen, H. A. Kuiper, A. A. Peijnenburg, et al. 2004. Assessment of the safety of foods derived from genetically modified (GM) crops. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 42 (7):1047–88. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.019.
- Kouna, L. C., P. B. Matsiegui, A. K. Keïta, G. Mourembou, A. Ndjoyi-Mbiguino, D. Raoult, S. M. Nzondo, J. B. Lekana-Douki, R. Z. Manego, H. Tissot-Dupont, et al. 2016. Co-circulation of Plasmodium and bacterial DNAs in blood of febrile and afebrile children from urban and rural areas in Gabon. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95 (1):123–32. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0751.
- Kraemer, M. U. G., N. R. Faria, R. C. Reiner, N. Golding, B. Nikolay, S. Stasse, M. A. Johansson, H. Salje, O. Faye, G. R. W. Wint, et al. 2017. Spread of yellow fever virus outbreak in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2015–16: A modelling study. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 17 (3):330–8. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30513-8.
- La Scola, B., F. Fenollar, P. E. Fournier, M. Altwegg, M. N. Mallet, and D. Raoult. 2001. Description of Tropheryma whipplei gen. nov., sp. nov., the Whipple's disease bacillus. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 51 (Pt 4):1471–9. doi: 10.1099/00207713-51-4-1471.
- Loscalzo, J., I. Kohane, and A. L. Barabasi. 2007. Human disease classification in the postgenomic era: A complex systems approach to human pathobiology. Molecular Systems Biology 3 (1):124. doi: 10.1038/msb4100163.
- McKinsey. 2020. Tackling COVID-19 in Africa, https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/middle-east-and-africa/tackling-covid-19-in-africa.
- Mediannikov, O., C. Socolovschi, S. Edouard, F. Fenollar, N. Mouffok, H. Bassene, G. Diatta, A. Tall, H. Niangaly, O. Doumbo, et al. 2013. Common epidemiology of Rickettsia felis infection and malaria. Emerging Infectious Diseases 19 (11):1775–83. doi: 10.3201/eid1911.130361.
- Meltzer, M. I., C. Y. Atkins, S. Santibanez, et al. 2014. Estimating the future number of cases in the Ebola epidemic – Liberia and Sierra Leone, 2014–2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63 (3):1–14.
- Monath, T. P., and P. F. Vasconcelos. 2015. Yellow fever. Journal of Clinical Virology : The Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology 64:160–73. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.030.
- Morse, S. S. 1995. Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases 1 (1):7–15. doi: 10.3201/eid0101.950102.
- Mourembou, G., J. B. Lekana-Douki, O. Mediannikov, S. M. Nzondo, L. C. Kouna, J. C. B. B. Essone, F. Fenollar, and D. Raoult. 2015. Possible fole of Rickettsia felis in acute febrile illness among children in Gabon. Emerging Infectious Diseases 21 (10):1808–15. doi: 10.3201/eid2110.141825.
- Mukandavire, Z., S. Liao, J. Wang, H. Gaff, D. L. Smith, and J. G. Morris. 2011. Estimating the reproductive numbers for the 2008-2009 cholera outbreaks in Zimbabwe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (21):8767–72. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1019712108.
- Primi, A. 2020. Accelerating the response to COVID-19: What does Africa need?, https://oecd-development-matters.org/2020/05/01/accelerating-the-response-to-covid-19-what-does-africa-need/
- Richards, A. L., J. Jiang, S. Omulo, R. Dare, K. Abdirahman, A. Ali, S. K. Sharif, D. R. Feikin, R. F. Breiman, M. K. Njenga, et al. 2010. Human infection with Rickettsia felis, Kenya. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16 (7):1081–6. doi: 10.3201/eid1607.091885.
- Ringler, C., T. Zhu, X. Cai, and J. Koo. 2010. “Climate change impacts on food security in Sub Saharan Africa: international food policy research institute, IFPRI Discussion Paper 01042. Accessed January 13, 2013. www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ifpridp01042.pdf.
- Rojek, A., P. Horby, and J. Dunning. 2017. Insights from clinical research completed during the West Africa Ebola virus disease epidemic. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 17 (9):e280–92–e292. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30234-7.
- Rouquet, P., J.-M. Froment, M. Bermejo, A. Kilbourn, W. Karesh, P. Reed, B. Kumulungui, P. Yaba, A. Délicat, P. E. Rollin, et al. 2005. Wild animal mortality monitoring and human Ebola outbreaks, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 2001-2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 (2):283–90. doi: 10.3201/eid1102.040533.
- Sands, P., C. Mundaca-Shah, and V. J. Dzau. 2016. The neglected dimension of global Security-A Framework for Countering Infectious-Disease Crises. The New England Journal of Medicine 374 (13):1281–7. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsr1600236.
- Simpson. 2020. “In COVID-19, the Africa CDC Faces Its Greatest Challenge”. Global Health Now, https://www.globalhealthnow.org/2020-03/covid-19-3-year-old-africa-cdc-faces-its-greatest-challenge.
- Smith, C. L., and L. Haddad. 2000. A cross country analysis”, Explaining child malnutrition in developing countries. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
- Socolovschi, C., O. Mediannikov, C. Sokhna, A. Tall, G. Diatta, H. Bassene, J. F. Trape, and D. Raoult. 2010. Rickettsia felis-associated uneruptive fever, Senegal. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16 (7):1140–2. doi: 10.3201/eid1607.100070.
- Today Health. 2014. “Growing Ebola outbreak threatens to overwhelm volunteers”. Today Health. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
- Tunji, A., G. Djurfeldt, H. Holmen, and A. C. Isinika. 2005. The African food crisis. Cambridge: CABI Publishing, Conclusions and a Look Ahead.
- UNHCR. 2016. “Global trends: forced displacement in 2015”. Accessed May 2017. https://s3.amazonaws.com/unhcrsharedmedia/2016/2016-06-20-global-trends/2016-06-14-Global-Trends-2015.pdf.
- Viera, A. J. 2011. Predisease: When does it make sense?” (PDF). Epidemiologic Reviews 33 (1):122–34. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxr002.
- Wahid, B., A. Ali, S. Rafique, and M. Idrees. 2017. Global expansion of chikungunya virus: Mapping the 64-year history. International Journal of Infectious Diseases: IJID: Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 58:69–76. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.03.006.
- WFP. 1996. World Food Summit in Rome. Rome: WFP.
- White, T. 2014. What is the difference between an 'injury' and 'disease' for commonwealth injury claims? Tindall Gask Bentley. Archived from the Original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
- WHO Ebola Response Team. 2014a. Ebola virus disease in West Africa – the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. New England Journal of Medicine 371 (16):1481–95. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411100.
- WHO Climate Change and Health. 2012. Fact Sheet No 266. Accessed January 14, 2013. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs266/en/.
- WHO. 1978. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 56 (2):271–93.
- WHO. 2018. Ebola outbreak epidemiology team. Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, April–May, 2018: An epidemiological study. Lancet 392:213–21.
- WHO. 2014b. Ebola response roadmap situation report (PDF) (Report). WHO. 31 December 2014b. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
- WHO. 2014c. Ebola virus disease, West Africa (Report). WHO. 3 July 2014. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
- WHO. 2014d. “Situation summary”. World Health Organization. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- WHO. 2015a. Ebola Situation report (Report). WHO. 12 January, 2015. Retrieved 28 January, 2015.
- WHO. 2015b. “Ebola situation report”. World Health Organization. 22 July 2015.
- WHO. 2016. “Ebola virus disease – Italy”. WHO. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- WHO. 2019. Ebola virus disease (Report). World Health Organization. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
- World Bank. 2006. World development report: Equity and development. Oxford University Press.
- World Bank. 2011a. World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security, and Development, Access the full report through this link. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTWDRS/0,contentMDK:23252415_pagePK:478093_piPK:477627_theSitePK:477624,00.html Or the link to the full report (416 page PDF file) is. Accessed January 24, 2017. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDRS/Resources/WDR2011_Full_Text.pdf.
- World Bank. 2011b. “WDR 2011 Facts and Figures”. Accessed 24 January 2017. http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01306/web/pdf/english_wdr2011_facts_figures%20no%20embargo.pdf.
- World Bank. 2011c. WDR 2011 Facts and Figures: United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, 2010.
- World Bank. 2020a. For Sub-Saharan Africa, coronavirus crisis calls for policies for greater resilience. World Bank Group, http://hdl.handle.net/10986/33541.
- World Bank. 2020b. The impact of COVID-19 (Coronavirus) on global poverty: Why Sub-Saharan Africa might be the region hardest hit, https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/impact-covid-19-coronavirus-global-poverty-why-sub-saharan-africa-might-be-region-hardest.
- World Food Programme. 2000. Food and nutrition handbook. Rome: World Food Programme.
- World Health Organization. 1999. Progress towards elimination of iodine deficiency disorders. Geneva: WHO.
- World Hunger Education Service. 2015. “World hunger and poverty facts and statistics”. Accessed January 24, 2017.
- Yinka-Ogunleye, A., O. Aruna, D. Ogoina, N. Aworabhi, W. Eteng, S. Badaru, A. Mohammed, J. Agenyi, E. N. Etebu, T.-W. Numbere, et al. 2018. Reemergence of human monkeypox in Nigeria, 2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases 24 (6):1149–51. doi: 10.3201/eid2406.180017.