The relationship between human milk, a functional nutrient, and microbiota

References

• Al-Khafaji, A. H., S. D. Jepsen, K. R. Christensen, and L. K. Vigsnaes. 2020. The potential of human milk oligosaccharides to impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis through modulation of the gut microbiota. Journal of Functional Foods 74 (January):104176. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104176.
   Google Scholar
• Andreas, N. J., A. Al-Khalidi, M. Jaiteh, E. Clarke, M. J. Hyde, N. Modi, E. Holmes, B. Kampmann, and K. Mehring Le Doare. 2016. Role of human milk oligosaccharides in Group B Streptococcus colonisation. Clinical & Translational Immunology 5 (8):e99. doi: 10.1038/cti.2016.43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andreas, N. J., B. Kampmann, and K. Mehring Le-Doare. 2015. Human breast milk: A review on its composition and bioactivity. Early Human Development 91 (11):629–35. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.08.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aparicio, M., C. Alba, J. M. Rodríguez, and L. Fernández. 2020. Microbiological and immunological markers in milk and infant feces for common gastrointestinal disorders: A pilot study. Nutrients 12 (3):634. doi: 10.3390/nu12030634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Béghin, L., S. Tims, M. Roelofs, C. Rougé, R. Oozeer, T. Rakza, G. Chirico, G. Roeselers, J. Knol, J. C. Rozé, et al. 2021. Fermented infant formula (with Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus O65) with prebiotic oligosaccharides is safe and modulates the gut microbiota towards a microbiota closer to that of breastfed infants. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 40 (3):778–87. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, B., N. Porta, F. Foata, D. Grathwohl, M. Delley, D. Moine, A. Charpagne, L. Siegwald, P. Descombes, P. Alliet, et al. 2020. Linking human milk oligosaccharides, infant fecal community types, and later risk to require antibiotics. MBio 11 (2):1–18. doi: 10.1128/mBio.03196-19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmann, H., J. M. Rodríguez, S. Salminen, and H. Szajewska. 2014. Probiotics in human milk and probiotic supplementation in infant nutrition: A workshop report. British Journal of Nutrition 112 (7):1119–28. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514001949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezirtzoglou, E., A. Tsiotsias, and G. W. Welling. 2011. Microbiota profile in feces of breast- and formula-fed newborns by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Anaerobe 17 (6):478–82. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biagi, E., S. Quercia, A. Aceti, I. Beghetti, S. Rampelli, S. Turroni, G. Faldella, M. Candela, P. Brigidi, and L. Corvaglia. 2017. The bacterial ecosystem of mother’s milk and infant’s mouth and gut. Frontiers in Microbiology 8 (JUN):1214–9. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bibbò, S., G. Ianiro, V. Giorgio, F. Scaldaferri, L. Masucci, A. Gasbarrini, and G. Cammarota. 2016. The role of diet on gut microbiota composition. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 20 (22):4742–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode, L. 2009. Human milk oligosaccharides: Prebiotics and beyond. Nutrition Reviews 67 (SUPPL. 2):S183–S191. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00239.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bode, L., L. Kuhn, H. Y. Kim, L. Hsiao, C. Nissan, M. Sinkala, C. Kankasa, M. Mwiya, D. M. Thea, and G. M. Aldrovandi. 2012. Human milk oligosaccharide concentration and risk of postnatal transmission of HIV through breastfeeding. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 96 (4):831–9. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.039503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode, L., M. McGuire, J. M. Rodriguez, D. T. Geddes, F. Hassiotou, P. E. Hartmann, and M. K. McGuire. 2014. It’s alive: Microbes and cells in human milk and their potential benefits to mother and infant. Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, MD) 5 (5):571–3. doi: 10.3945/an.114.006643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brink, L. R., K. E. Mercer, B. D. Piccolo, S. V. Chintapalli, A. Elolimy, A. K. Bowlin, K. S. Matazel, L. Pack, S. H. Adams, K. Shankar, et al. 2020. Neonatal diet alters fecal microbiota and metabolome profiles at different ages in infants fed breast milk or formula. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 111 (6):1190–202. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, L., R. Akkerman, C. Kong, M. T. C. Walvoort, and P. de Vos. 2021. More than sugar in the milk: Human milk oligosaccharides as essential bioactive molecules in breast milk and current insight in beneficial effects. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 61 (7):1184–200. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1754756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y.-J., and C.-Y. Yeung. 2021. Recent Advance in Infant Nutrition: Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Pediatrics and Neonatology 62 (4):347–53. doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2020.12.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collado, M. C., S. Rautava, E. Isolauri, and S. Salminen. 2015. Gut microbiota: A source of novel tools to reduce the risk of human disease? Pediatric Research 77 (1–2):182–8. doi: 10.1038/pr.2014.173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cukrowska, B., J. B. Bierła, M. Zakrzewska, M. Klukowski, and E. Maciorkowska. 2020. The relationship between the infant gut microbiota and allergy. The role of Bifidobacterium breve and prebiotic oligosaccharides in the activation of anti-allergic mechanisms in early life. Nutrients 12 (4):946. doi: 10.3390/nu12040946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danso, E. K., J. M. T. Oinas, S. Saarakkala, S. Mikkonen, J. Töyräs, and R. K. Korhonen. 2017. Structure-function relationships of human meniscus. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 67:51–60. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.12.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, E. C., M. Wang, and S. M. Donovan. 2017. The role of early life nutrition in the establishment of gastrointestinal microbial composition and function. Gut Microbes 8 (2):143–71. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1278104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Andrés, J., E. Jiménez, I. Chico-Calero, M. Fresno, L. Fernández, and J. M. Rodríguez. 2017. Physiological translocation of lactic acid bacteria during pregnancy contributes to the composition of the milk microbiota in mice. Nutrients 10 (1):14. doi: 10.3390/nu10010014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Differding, M. K., and N. T. Mueller. 2020. Human milk bacteria: Seeding the infant gut? Cell Host & Microbe 28 (2):151–3. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.07.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinan, T. G., R. M. Stilling, C. Stanton, and J. F. Cryan. 2015. Collective unconscious: How gut microbes shape human behavior. Journal of Psychiatric Research 63:1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doare, K. L., B. Holder, A. Bassett, and P. S. Pannaraj. 2018. Mother’s Milk: A purposeful contribution to the development of the infant microbiota and immunity. Frontiers in Immunology 9 (FEB):361. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donovan, S. M., and S. S. Comstock. 2017. Human milk oligosaccharides influence neonatal mucosal and systemic immunity. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 69 (2):42–51. doi: 10.1159/000452818.
   Google Scholar
• Ede, G. 2019. Anne Sütünün ve Yenidoğanın İntestinal Mikrobiyotasının Maternal Beslenme ile İlişkisi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrara, P., F. Sandullo, F. Di Ruscio, G. Franceschini, B. Peronti, V. Blasi, S. Bietolini, and A. Ruggiero. 2020. The impact of lacto-ovo-/lacto-vegetarian and vegan diets during pregnancy on the birth anthropometric parameters of the newborn. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 33 (23):3900–6. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1590330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, A. L., R. Alves, A. Figueiredo, N. Alves-Santos, N. Freitas-Costa, M. Batalha, C. Yonemitsu, N. Manivong, A. Furst, L. Bode, et al. 2020. Human milk oligosaccharide profile variation throughout postpartum in healthy women in a Brazilian cohort. Nutrients 12 (3):790–22. doi: 10.3390/nu12030790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fieten, K. B., J. E. E. Totté, E. Levin, M. Reyman, Y. Meijer, A. Knulst, F. Schuren, and S. G. M. A. Pasmans. 2018. Fecal microbiome and food allergy in pediatric atopic dermatitis: A cross-sectional pilot study. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 175 (1–2):77–84. doi: 10.1159/000484897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzstevens, J. L., K. C. Smith, J. I. Hagadorn, M. J. Caimano, A. P. Matson, and E. A. Brownell. 2017. Systematic review of the human milk microbiota. Nutrition in Clinical Practice : official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 32 (3):354–64. doi: 10.1177/0884533616670150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimura, K. E., A. R. Sitarik, S. Havstad, D. L. Lin, S. Levan, D. Fadrosh, A. R. Panzer, B. Lamere, E. Rackaityte, N. W. Lukacs, et al. 2016. Neonatal gut microbiota associates with childhood multisensitized atopy and T cell differentiation. Nature Medicine 22 (10):1187–91. doi: 10.1038/nm.4176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda, S., H. Toh, K. Hase, K. Oshima, Y. Nakanishi, K. Yoshimura, T. Tobe, J. M. Clarke, D. L. Topping, T. Suzuki, et al. 2011. Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate. Nature 469 (7331):543–9. doi: 10.1038/nature09646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, X., D. Wu, Y. Wen, L. Gao, D. Liu, R. Zhong, C. Yang, and C. Zhao. 2020. Antiviral effects of human milk oligosaccharides: A review. International Dairy Journal 110:104784. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• German, J., S. Freeman, C. Lebrilla, and D. Mills. 2008. Human milk oligosaccharides: Evolution, structures and bioselectivity as substrates for intestinal bacteria. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series: Pediatric Program 62:205–18. doi: 10.1159/000146322.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonia, S., M. Tuepker, T. Heisel, C. Autran, L. Bode, and C. A. Gale. 2015. Human milk oligosaccharides inhibit Candida albicans invasion of human premature intestinal epithelial cells. The Journal of Nutrition 145 (9):1992–8. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.214940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grönlund, M. M., M. Gueimonde, K. Laitinen, G. Kociubinski, T. Grönroos, S. Salminen, and E. Isolauri. 2007. Maternal breast-milk and intestinal bifidobacteria guide the compositional development of the Bifidobacterium microbiota in infants at risk of allergic disease. Clinical and Experimental Allergy: Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 37 (12):1764–72. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Güdül Öz, H., and H. Balcı Yangın. 2020. En Önemli Miras Anne Mikrobiyotası. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi 7 (3):285–91. doi. doi: 10.31125/hunhemsire.834219.
   Google Scholar
• Güney, R., and N. Çinar. 2017. Breastmilk and development of microbiota. Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research 1:17–24.
   Google Scholar
• Gur, T. L., A. V. Palkar, T. Rajasekera, J. Allen, A. Niraula, J. Godbout, and M. T. Bailey. 2019. Prenatal stress disrupts social behavior, cortical neurobiology and commensal microbes in adult male offspring. Behavioural Brain Research 359 (May 2018):886–94. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.06.025.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haddad, E. N., K. Y. Sugino, J. M. Kerver, N. Paneth, and S. S. Comstock. 2021. The infant gut microbiota at 12 ​months of age is associated with human milk exposure but not with maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index or infant BMI-for-age z-scores. Current Research in Physiology 4 (October 2020):94–102. doi: 10.1016/j.crphys.2021.03.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris, V. C., G. Armah, S. Fuentes, K. E. Korpela, U. Parashar, J. C. Victor, J. Tate, C. De Weerth, C. Giaquinto, W. J. Wiersinga, et al. 2017. Significant correlation between the infant gut microbiome and rotavirus vaccine response in rural Ghana. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 215 (1):34–41. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Y. Y., S. B. Liu, D. E. Kling, S. Leone, N. T. Lawlor, Y. Huang, S. B. Feinberg, D. R. Hill, and D. S. Newburg. 2016. The human milk oligosaccharide 2’-fucosyllactose modulates CD14 expression in human enterocytes, thereby attenuating LPS-induced inflammation. Gut 65 (1):33–46. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He-Yang, J., W. Zhang, J. Liu, P. Xue, and X. Zhou. 2020. Human breast milk oligosaccharides attenuate necrotizing enterocolitis in rats by suppressing mast cell accumulation, DPPI activity and TLR4 expression in ileum tissue, and regulating mitochondrial damage of Caco-2 cells. International Immunopharmacology 88 (April):106881. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106881.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ho, N. T., F. Li, K. A. Lee-Sarwar, H. M. Tun, B. P. Brown, P. S. Pannaraj, J. M. Bender, M. B. Azad, A. L. Thompson, S. T. Weiss, et al. 2018. Meta-analysis of effects of exclusive breastfeeding on infant gut microbiota across populations. Nature Communications 9 (1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06473-x.
   Google Scholar
• Hoeflinger, J. L., S. R. Davis, J. M. Chow, and M. J. Miller. 2015. In vitro impact of human milk oligosaccharides on Enterobacteriaceae growth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63 (12):3295–302. doi: 10.1021/jf505721p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, W., J. Zhao, J. Wang, T. Yu, J. Wang, and N. Li. 2012. Transgenic milk containing recombinant human lactoferrin modulates the intestinal flora in piglets. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 90 (3):485–96. doi: 10.1139/o2012-003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huda, M. N., Z. Lewis, K. M. Kalanetra, M. Rashid, S. M. Ahmad, R. Raqib, F. Qadri, M. A. Underwood, D. A. Mills, and C. B. Stephensen. 2014. Stool microbiota and vaccine responses of infants. Pediatrics 134 (2):e362–e372. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-3937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, K. M., J. A. Foster, L. J. Forney, U. M. E. Schütte, D. L. Beck, Z. Abdo, L. K. Fox, J. E. Williams, M. K. McGuire, and M. A. McGuire. 2011. Characterization of the diversity and temporal stability of bacterial communities in human milk. PLoS ONE 6 (6):e21313–8. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, K., V. Nguyen, and J. Kim. 2012. Human milk oligosaccharides: The novel modulator of intestinal microbiota. BMB Reports 45 (8):433–41. doi: 10.5483/BMBRep.2012.45.8.168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeurink, P. V., J. van Bergenhenegouwen, E. Jiménez, L. M. J. Knippels, L. Fernández, J. Garssen, J. Knol, J. M. Rodríguez, and R. Martín. 2013. Human milk: A source of more life than we imagine. Beneficial Microbes 4 (1):17–30. doi: 10.3920/BM2012.0040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, T., C. Lacroix, C. P. Braegger, and C. Chassard. 2012. New insights in gut microbiota establishment in healthy breast fed neonates. PLoS ONE 7 (8):e44595. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashtanova, D. A., A. S. Popenko, O. N. Tkacheva, A. B. Tyakht, D. G. Alexeev, and S. A. Boytsov. 2016. Association between the gut microbiota and diet: Fetal life, early childhood, and further life. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, CA) 32 (6):620–7. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.12.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirmiz, N., and D. A. Mills. 2016. Intestinal microbiota in breast-fed infants: Insights into infant-associated bifidobacteria and human milk glycans. In Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: Bioactive foods in health promotion. Elsevier Inc. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-802189-7.00005-8.
   Google Scholar
• Koromyslova, A., S. Tripathi, V. Morozov, H. Schroten, and G. S. Hansman. 2017. Human norovirus inhibition by a human milk oligosaccharide. Virology 508 (February):81–9. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.032.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laucirica, D. R., V. Triantis, R. Schoemaker, M. K. Estes, and S. Ramani. 2017. Milk oligosaccharides inhibit human rotavirus infectivity in MA104 cells. Journal of Nutrition 147 (9):1709–14. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.246090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, Z. T., S. M. Totten, J. T. Smilowitz, M. Popovic, E. Parker, D. G. Lemay, M. L. Van Tassell, M. J. Miller, Y. S. Jin, J. B. German, et al. 2015. Maternal fucosyltransferase 2 status affects the gut bifidobacterial communities of breastfed infants. Microbiome 3 (1):15–7. doi: 10.1186/s40168-015-0071-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, A. l., W. w Ni, Y. Li, X. Zhang, J. j Yang, X. y Ma, X. d Jia, C. Li, and L. b Liu. 2020. Effect of 2′-fucssssssosyllactose supplementation on intestinal flora in mice with intestinal inflammatory diseases. International Dairy Journal 110:104797. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104797.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, A. E., C. A. Autran, A. Szyszka, T. Escajadillo, M. Huang, K. Godula, A. R. Prudden, G. J. Boons, A. L. Lewis, K. S. Doran, et al. 2017. Human milk oligosaccharides inhibit growth of group B Streptococcus. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 292 (27):11243–9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M117.789974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, T., P. Chen, M. Munir, L. Liu, C. Li, A. Li, and H. Fu. 2020. HMOs modulate immunoregulation and gut microbiota in a β-lactoglobulin-induced allergic mice model. Journal of Functional Foods 70 (May):103993. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103993.
   Google Scholar
• Lodge, C. J., A. J. Lowe, E. Milanzi, G. Bowatte, M. J. Abramson, H. Tsimiklis, C. Axelrad, B. Robertson, A. E. Darling, C. Svanes, et al. 2021. Human milk oligosaccharide profiles and allergic disease up to 18 years. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 147 (3):1041–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.06.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, J., L. Lu, Y. Yu, J. Cluette-Brown, C. R. Martin, and E. C. Claud. 2018. Effects of intestinal microbiota on brain development in humanized gnotobiotic mice. Scientific Reports 8 (1):1–16. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23692-w.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madan, J. C., A. G. Hoen, S. N. Lundgren, S. F. Farzan, K. L. Cottingham, H. G. Morrison, M. L. Sogin, H. Li, J. H. Moore, and M. R. Karagas. 2016. Association of cesarean delivery and formula supplementation with the intestinal microbiome of 6-week-old infants. JAMA Pediatrics 170 (3):212–9. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.3732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcobal, A., M. Barboza, J. W. Froehlich, D. E. Block, J. B. German, C. B. Lebrilla, and D. A. Mills. 2010. Consumption of human milk oligosaccharides by gut-related microbes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58 (9):5334–40. doi: 10.1021/jf9044205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastromarino, P., D. Capobianco, G. Campagna, N. Laforgia, P. Drimaco, A. Dileone, and M. E. Baldassarre. 2014. Correlation between lactoferrin and beneficial microbiota in breast milk and infant’s feces. Biometals: An International Journal on the Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry, and Medicine 27 (5):1077–86. doi: 10.1007/s10534-014-9762-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matamoros, S., C. Gras-Leguen, F. L. Vacon, G. Potel, and M. F. De La Cochetiere. 2013. Development of intestinal microbiota in infants and its impact on health. Trends in Microbiology 21 (4):167–73. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milani, C., S. Duranti, F. Bottacini, E. Casey, F. Turroni, J. Mahony, C. Belzer, S. Delgado Palacio, S. Arboleya Montes, L. Mancabelli, et al. 2017. The first microbial colonizers of the human gut: Composition, activities, and health implications of the infant gut microbiota. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 81 (4):1–67. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00036-17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moossavi, S., S. Sepehri, B. Robertson, L. Bode, S. Goruk, C. J. Field, L. M. Lix, R. J. de Souza, A. B. Becker, P. J. Mandhane, et al. 2019. Composition and variation of the human milk microbiota are influenced by maternal and early-life factors. Cell Host & Microbe 25 (2):324–35.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morozov, V., G. Hansman, F. G. Hanisch, H. Schroten, and C. Kunz. 2018. Human milk oligosaccharides as promising antivirals. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 62 (6):1–46. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201700679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow, A. L., G. M. Ruiz-Palacios, M. Altaye, X. Jiang, M. L. Guerrero, J. K. Meinzen-Derr, T. Farkas, P. Chaturvedi, L. K. Pickering, and D. S. Newburg. 2004. Protection against diarrhea in breast-fed infants. The Journal of Pediatrics 145 (3):297–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosca, F., and M. L. Giannì. 2017. Human milk: Composition and health benefits. La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica: Medical and Surgical Pediatrics 39 (2):155. doi: 10.4081/pmc.2017.155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mueller, N. T., E. Bakacs, J. Combellick, Z. Grigoryan, and M. G. Dominguez-Bello. 2015. The infant microbiome development: Mom matters. Trends in Molecular Medicine 21 (2):109–17. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.12.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munblit, D., D. Peroni, A. Boix-Amorós, P. Hsu, B. Land, M. Gay, A. Kolotilina, C. Skevaki, R. Boyle, M. Collado, et al. 2017. Human milk and allergic diseases: An unsolved puzzle. Nutrients 9 (8):894. doi: 10.3390/nu9080894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyangahu, D. D., and H. B. Jaspan. 2019. Influence of maternal microbiota during pregnancy on infant immunity. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 198 (1):47–56. doi: 10.1111/cei.13331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oktar, Ö., A. M. Coşkun, and S. Bostancı. 2018. Becoming miracle of breast milk is continuing. Turkish Clinics Journal of Nursing Sciences 10 (3):228–37. doi: 10.5336/nurses.2017-58156.
   Google Scholar
• Plaza-Díaz, J., L. Fontana, and A. Gil. 2018. Human milk oligosaccharides and immune system development. Nutrients 10 (8):1038. doi: 10.3390/nu10081038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purchiaroni, F., A. Tortora, M. Gabrielli, F. Bertucci, G. Gigante, G. Ianiro, V. Ojetti, E. Scarpellini, and A. Gasbarrini. 2013. The role of intestinal microbiota and the immune system. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 17 (3):323–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rautava, S. 2016. Early microbial contact, the breast milk microbiome and child health. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 7 (1):5–14. doi: 10.1017/S2040174415001233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera-Chávez, F., L. F. Zhang, F. Faber, C. A. Lopez, M. X. Byndloss, E. E. Olsan, G. Xu, E. M. Velazquez, C. B. Lebrilla, S. E. Winter, et al. 2016. Depletion of butyrate-producing clostridia from the gut microbiota drives an aerobic luminal expansion of salmonella. Cell Host & Microbe 19 (4):443–54. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.03.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roger, L. C., A. Costabile, D. T. Holland, L. Hoyles, and A. L. McCartney. 2010. Examination of faecal Bifidobacterium populations in breast- and formula-fed infants during the first 18 months of life. Microbiology (Reading, England) 156 (Pt 11):3329–41. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.043224-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simpson, M. R., E. Avershina, O. Storrø, R. Johnsen, K. Rudi, and T. Øien. 2018. Breastfeeding-associated microbiota in human milk following supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb-12. Journal of Dairy Science 101 (2):889–99. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjögren, Y. M., M. C. Jenmalm, M. F. Böttcher, B. Björkstén, and E. Sverremark-Ekström. 2009. Altered early infant gut microbiota in children developing allergy up to 5 years of age. Clinical and Experimental Allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 39 (4):518–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, P. M., M. R. Howitt, N. Panikov, M. Michaud, C. A. Gallini, M. Bohlooly-y, J. N. Glickman, and W. S. Garrett. 2013. The microbial metabolites, SCFAs, regulate colonic treg cell homeostasis. Science 341 (6145):569–73. doi: 10.1126/science.1241165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodhi, C. P., P. Wipf, Y. Yamaguchi, W. B. Fulton, M. Kovler, D. F. Niño, Q. Zhou, E. Banfield, A. D. Werts, M. R. Ladd, et al. 2021. The human milk oligosaccharides 2’-fucosyllactose and 6’-sialyllactose protect against the development of necrotizing enterocolitis by inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Pediatric Research 89 (1):91–101. doi: 10.1038/s41390-020-0852-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanislawski, M. A., D. Dabelea, B. D. Wagner, N. Iszatt, C. Dahl, M. K. Sontag, R. Knight, C. A. Lozupone, and M. Eggesbø. 2018. Gut microbiota in the first 2 years of life and the association with body mass index at age 12 in a Norwegian birth cohort. MBio 9 (5):1–14. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01751-18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, C. J., N. J. Ajami, J. L. O’Brien, D. S. Hutchinson, D. P. Smith, M. C. Wong, M. C. Ross, R. E. Lloyd, H. Doddapaneni, G. A. Metcalf, et al. 2018. Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study. Nature 562 (7728):583–8. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0617-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toscano, M., R. De Grandi, E. Grossi, and L. Drago. 2017. Role of the human breast milk-associated microbiota on the newborns’ immune system: A mini review. Frontiers in Microbiology 8 (OCT):2100–5. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Underwood, M. A., J. B. German, C. B. Lebrilla, and D. A. Mills. 2015. Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis: Champion colonizer of the infant gut. Pediatric Research 77 (1–2):229–35. doi: 10.1038/pr.2014.156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallès, Y., A. Artacho, A. Pascual-García, M. L. Ferrús, M. J. Gosalbes, J. J. Abellán, and M. P. Francino. 2014. Microbial succession in the gut: Directional trends of taxonomic and functional change in a birth cohort of Spanish infants. PLoS Genetics 10 (6):e1004406. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, W. A., and R. S. Iyengar. 2015. Breast milk, microbiota, and intestinal immune homeostasis. Pediatric Research 77 (1-2):220–8. doi: 10.1038/pr.2014.160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, C., J. A. Lane, D. van Sinderen, and R. M. Hickey. 2020. Human milk oligosaccharides: Shaping the infant gut microbiota and supporting health. Journal of Functional Foods 72 (July):104074. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104074.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward, R. E., M. Niñonuevo, D. A. Mills, C. B. Lebrilla, and J. B. German. 2006. In vitro fermentation of breast milk oligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus gasseri. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (6):4497–9. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02515-05.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weichert, S., A. Koromyslova, B. K. Singh, S. Hansman, S. Jennewein, H. Schroten, and G. S. Hansman. 2016. Structural basis for norovirus inhibition by human milk oligosaccharides. Journal of Virology 90 (9):4843–8. doi: 10.1128/jvi.03223-15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, L., G. Ding, Y. Ding, C. Deng, X. Ze, L. Chen, Y. Zhang, L. Song, H. Yan, F. Liu, et al. 2017. Effect of probiotics on digestibility and immunity in infants. Medicine 96 (14):e5953. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000005953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Z. T., C. Chen, and D. S. Newburg. 2013. Utilization of major fucosylated and sialylated human milk oligosaccharides by isolated human gut microbes. Glycobiology 23 (11):1281–92. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwt065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Z. T., N. N. Nanthakumar, and D. S. Newburg. 2016. The human milk oligosaccharide 2’-fucosyllactose quenches Campylobacter jejuni-induced inflammation in human epithelial cells HEp-2 and HT-29 and in mouse intestinal Mucosa1-3. The Journal of Nutrition 146 (10):1980–90. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.230706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zehra, S., I. Khambati, M. Vierhout, M. F. Mian, R. Buck, and P. Forsythe. 2018. Human milk oligosaccharides attenuate antigen–antibody complex induced chemokine release from human intestinal epithelial cell lines. Journal of Food Science 83 (2):499–508. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann, P., and N. Curtis. 2020. Breast milk microbiota: A review of the factors that influence composition. The Journal of Infection 81 (1):17–47. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.01.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar