591
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

A comparison of the impact of exercise training with dietary intervention versus dietary intervention alone on insulin resistance and glucose regulation in individual with overweight or obesity: a systemic review and meta-analysis

, , , &

References

  • Grace, A., E. Chan, F. Giallauria, P. L. Graham, and N. A. Smart. 2017. Clinical outcomes and glycaemic responses to different aerobic exercise training intensities in type II diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovascular Diabetology 16 (1):37. doi: 10.1186/s12933-017-0518-6.
  • Ashton, R. E., G. A. Tew, J. J. Aning, S. E. Gilbert, L. Lewis, and J. M. Saxton. 2020. Effects of short-term, medium-term and long-term resistance exercise training on cardiometabolic health outcomes in adults: Systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine 54 (6):341–8.
  • Astrup, A., G. K. Grunwald, E. L. Melanson, W. H. M. Saris, and J. O. Hill. 2000. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: A meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. International Journal of Obesity 24 (12):1545–52. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801453.
  • Blüher, M. 2019. Obesity: Global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 15 (5):288–98. doi: 10.1038/s41574-019-0176-8.
  • Boden, G. 2008. Obesity and free fatty acids. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 37 (3):635–46. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2008.06.007.
  • Bouchonville, M., R. Armamento-Villareal, K. Shah, N. Napoli, D. R. Sinacore, C. Qualls, and D. T. Villareal. 2014. Weight loss, exercise or both and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese older adults: Results of a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obesity (2005) 38 (3):423–31. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.122.
  • Brochu, M., M. F. Malita, V. Messier, E. Doucet, I. Strychar, J.-M. Lavoie, D. Prud’homme, and R. Rabasa-Lhoret. 2009. Resistance training does not contribute to improving the metabolic profile after a 6-month weight loss program in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94 (9):3226–33. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-2706.
  • Burgess, E., P. Hassmén, and K. L. Pumpa. 2017. Determinants of adherence to lifestyle intervention in adults with obesity: A systematic review. Clinical Obesity 7 (3):123–35. doi: 10.1111/cob.12183.
  • Chearskul, S., E. Delbridge, A. Shulkes, J. Proietto, and A. Kriketos. 2008. Effect of weight loss and ketosis on postprandial cholecystokinin and free fatty acid concentrations. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87 (5):1238–46. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1238.
  • Cheng, C.-C., C.-Y. Hsu, and J.-F. Liu. 2018. Effects of dietary and exercise intervention on weight loss and body composition in obese postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Menopause 25 (7):772–82. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001085.
  • Cheng, S., J. Ge, C. Zhao, S. Le, Y. Yang, D. Ke, N. Wu, X. Tan, X. Zhang, X. Du, et al. 2017. Effect of aerobic exercise and diet on liver fat in pre-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease: A randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports 7 (1):1–11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16159-x.
  • Chobot, A., K. Górowska-Kowolik, M. Sokołowska, and P. Jarosz-Chobot. 2018. Obesity and diabetes-not only a simple link between two epidemics. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 34 (7):e3042. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3042.
  • Christiansen, T., S. K. Paulsen, J. M. Bruun, S. B. Pedersen, and B. Richelsen. 2010. Exercise training versus diet-induced weight-loss on metabolic risk factors and inflammatory markers in obese subjects: A 12-week randomized intervention study. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 298 (4):E824–E831. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00574.2009.
  • Clamp, L. D., D. J. Hume, E. V. Lambert, and J. Kroff. 2017. Enhanced insulin sensitivity in successful, long-term weight loss maintainers compared with matched controls with no weight loss history. Nutrition & Diabetes 7 (6):e282–e282. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2017.31.
  • Cooper, J. N., M. L. Columbus, K. J. Shields, J. Asubonteng, M. L. Meyer, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, B. H. Goodpaster, J. P. DeLany, J. M. Jakicic, E. Barinas-Mitchell, et al. 2012. Effects of an intensive behavioral weight loss intervention consisting of caloric restriction with or without physical activity on common carotid artery remodeling in severely obese adults. Metabolism 61 (11):1589–97. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.04.012.
  • De Luca, C., and J. M. Olefsky. 2008. Inflammation and insulin resistance. FEBS Letters 582 (1):97–105. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.11.057.
  • de Sousa, M. V., R. Fukui, P. Krustrup, R. M. R. Pereira, P. R. S. Silva, A. C. Rodrigues, J. L. de Andrade, A. J. Hernandez, and M. E. R. da Silva. 2014. Positive effects of football on fitness, lipid profile, and insulin resistance in B razilian patients with type 2 diabetes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 24:57–65. doi: 10.1111/sms.12258.
  • de Sousa, M. V., R. Fukui, S. Dagogo-Jack, P. Krustrup, H. Zouhal, and M. E. R. da Silva. 2019. Biomarkers of insulin action during single soccer sessions before and after a 12-week training period in type 2 diabetes patients on a caloric-restricted diet. Physiology & Behavior 209:112618.
  • Dengel, D. R., R. E. Pratley, J. M. Hagberg, E. M. Rogus, and A. P. Goldberg. 1996. Distinct effects of aerobic exercise training and weight loss on glucose homeostasis in obese sedentary men. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 81 (1):318–25. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1996.81.1.318.
  • Ditschuneit, H. H., M. Flechtner-Mors, T. D. Johnson, and G. Adler. 1999. Metabolic and weight-loss effects of a long-term dietary intervention in obese patients. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69 (2):198–204. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/69.2.198.
  • Dunstan, D. W., R. M. Daly, N. Owen, D. Jolley, M. de Courten, J. Shaw, and P. Zimmet. 2002. High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25 (10):1729–36. doi: 10.2337/diacare.25.10.1729.
  • Eckardt, K., A. Taube, and J. Eckel. 2011. Obesity-associated insulin resistance in skeletal muscle: Role of lipid accumulation and physical inactivity. Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders 12 (3):163–72. doi: 10.1007/s11154-011-9168-2.
  • Egger, M., G. Davey Smith, M. Schneider, and C. Minder. 1997. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.) 315 (7109):629–34. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629.
  • Everson, S. A., D. E. Goldberg, S. P. Helmrich, T. A. Lakka, J. W. Lynch, G. A. Kaplan, and J. T. Salonen. 1998. Weight gain and the risk of developing insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Care 21 (10):1637–43. doi: 10.2337/diacare.21.10.1637.
  • Fernández, J. M., D. Rosado-Álvarez, M. E. Da Silva Grigoletto, O. A. Rangel-Zúñiga, L. L. Landaeta-Díaz, J. Caballero-Villarraso, J. López-Miranda, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and F. Fuentes-Jiménez. 2012. Moderate-to-high-intensity training and a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet enhance endothelial progenitor cells and fitness in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Clinical Science (London, England: 1979) 123 (6):361–73. doi: 10.1042/CS20110477.
  • Fernández-Real, J. M., M. Izquierdo, F. Ortega, E. Gorostiaga, J. Gómez-Ambrosi, J. M. Moreno-Navarrete, G. Frühbeck, C. Martínez, F. Idoate, J. Salvador, et al. 2009. The relationship of serum osteocalcin concentration to insulin secretion, sensitivity, and disposal with hypocaloric diet and resistance training. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 94 (1):237–45. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-0270.
  • Fernández-García, J. C., M. A. Martínez-Sánchez, M. R. Bernal-López, A. Muñoz-Garach, M. A. Martínez-González, M. Fitó, and B. Ramos-Molina. 2020. Effect of a lifestyle intervention program with energy-restricted Mediterranean diet and exercise on the serum polyamine metabolome in individuals at high cardiovascular disease risk: a randomized clinical trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 111 (5):975–982.
  • Figueroa, A., F. Vicil, M. A. Sanchez-Gonzalez, A. Wong, M. J. Ormsbee, S. Hooshmand, and B. Daggy. 2013. Effects of diet and/or low-intensity resistance exercise training on arterial stiffness, adiposity, and lean mass in obese postmenopausal women. American Journal of Hypertension 26 (3):416–23. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hps050.
  • Fogelholm, M., K. Kukkonen-Harjula, A. Nenonen, and M. Pasanen. 2000. Effects of walking training on weight maintenance after a very-low-energy diet in premenopausal obese women: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 160 (14):2177–84. doi: 10.1001/archinte.160.14.2177.
  • Foster, G. D., A. P. Makris, and B. A. Bailer. 2005. Behavioral treatment of obesity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82 (1 Suppl):230S–5S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/82.1.230S.
  • Fox, A. A., J. L. Thompson, G. E. Butterfield, U. Gylfadottir, S. Moynihan, and G. Spiller. 1996. Effects of diet and exercise on common cardiovascular disease risk factors in moderately obese older women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63 (2):225–33. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/63.2.225.
  • Francois, M., N. Gilbertson, N. Eichner, E. Heiston, C. Fabris, M. Breton, J. Mehaffey, T. Hassinger, P. Hallowell, S. Malin, et al. 2018. Combining short-term interval training with caloric restriction improves ß-cell function in obese adults. Nutrients 10 (6):717. doi: 10.3390/nu10060717.
  • Franz, M. J., J. J. VanWormer, A. L. Crain, J. L. Boucher, T. Histon, W. Caplan, J. D. Bowman, and N. P. Pronk. 2007. Weight-loss outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of weight-loss clinical trials with a minimum 1-year follow-up. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 107 (10):1755–67. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.07.017.
  • Furuhashi, M., R. Fucho, C. Z. Görgün, G. Tuncman, H. Cao, and G. S. Hotamisligil. 2008. Adipocyte/macrophage fatty acid-binding proteins contribute to metabolic deterioration through actions in both macrophages and adipocytes in mice. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 118 (7):2640–50. doi: 10.1172/JCI34750.
  • Galedari, M., M. Azarbayjani, and M. Peeri. 2017. Effects of type of exercise along with caloric restriction on plasma apelin 36 and HOMA-IR in overweight men. Science & Sports 32 (4):e137–e145. doi: 10.1016/j.scispo.2016.12.002.
  • Geliebter, A., C. N. Ochner, C. L. Dambkowski, and S. A. Hashim. 2014. Obesity-related hormones and metabolic risk factors: A randomized trial of diet plus either strength or aerobic training versus diet alone in overweight participants. Journal of Diabetes and Obesity 1 (1):1–7.
  • Giannopoulou, I., B. Fernhall, R. Carhart, R. S. Weinstock, T. Baynard, A. Figueroa, and J. A. Kanaley. 2005. Effects of diet and/or exercise on the adipocytokine and inflammatory cytokine levels of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 54 (7):866–75. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.01.033.
  • Gilbertson, N. M., N. Z. Eichner, E. M. Heiston, J. M. Gaitán, M. E. Francois, J. H. Mehaffey, T. E. Hassinger, P. T. Hallowell, A. Weltman, S. K. Malin, et al. 2019. A low-calorie diet with or without interval exercise training improves adiposopathy in obese women. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 44 (10):1057–64. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0717.
  • Gong, L., Z. Zou, L. Huang, S. Guo, and D. Xing. 2020. Photobiomodulation therapy decreases free fatty acid generation and release in adipocytes to ameliorate insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Cellular Signalling 67:109491.
  • Hayashino, Y., J. L. Jackson, T. Hirata, N. Fukumori, F. Nakamura, S. Fukuhara, S. Tsujii, and H. Ishii. 2014. Effects of exercise on C-reactive protein, inflammatory cytokine and adipokine in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism: clinical and Experimental 63 (3):431–40. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.018.
  • Higgins, J. P, and S. Green. 2011. Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Vol. 4. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Higgins, J. P, J. Thomas, J. Chandler, M. Cumpston, T. Li, M. J. Page, and V. A. Welch. 2019. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hozo, S. P., B. Djulbegovic, and I. Hozo. 2005. Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample. BMC Medical Research Methodology 5 (1):13. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-5-13.
  • Huo, R., T. Du, Y. Xu, W. Xu, X. Chen, K. Sun, and X. Yu. 2015. Effects of Mediterranean-style diet on glycemic control, weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetes individuals: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69 (11):1200–8. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.243.
  • Ibáñez, J., M. Izquierdo, C. Martínez-Labari, F. Ortega, A. Grijalba, L. Forga, F. Idoate, M. García-Unciti, J. M. Fernández-Real, E. M. Gorostiaga, et al. 2010. Resistance training improves cardiovascular risk factors in obese women despite a significative decrease in serum adiponectin levels. Obesity 18 (3):535–41. doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.277.
  • Ismail, I., S. E. Keating, M. K. Baker, and N. A. Johnson. 2012. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effect of aerobic vs. resistance exercise training on visceral fat. Obesity Reviews 13 (1):68–91. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00931.x.
  • Janssen, I., A. Fortier, R. Hudson, and R. Ross. 2002. Effects of an energy-restrictive diet with or without exercise on abdominal fat, intermuscular fat, and metabolic risk factors in obese women. Diabetes Care 25 (3):431–8. doi: 10.2337/diacare.25.3.431.
  • Jensen, M. D., M. W. Haymond, R. A. Rizza, P. E. Cryer, and J. M. Miles. 1989. Influence of body fat distribution on free fatty acid metabolism in obesity. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 83 (4):1168–73. doi: 10.1172/JCI113997.
  • Johnson, N. A., T. Sachinwalla, D. W. Walton, K. Smith, A. Armstrong, M. W. Thompson, and J. George. 2009. Aerobic exercise training reduces hepatic and visceral lipids in obese individuals without weight loss. Hepatology 50 (4):1105–12. doi: 10.1002/hep.23129.
  • Kahn, B. B., and J. S. Flier. 2000. Obesity and insulin resistance. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 106 (4):473–81. doi: 10.1172/JCI10842.
  • Khalafi, M., A. Malandish, S. K. Rosenkranz, and A. A. Ravasi. 2021. Effect of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on visceral fat: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 22 (9):e13275. doi: 10.1111/obr.13275.
  • Khalafi, M., M. E. Symonds, and A. Akbari. 2021. The impact of exercise training versus caloric restriction on inflammation markers: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition :1–16. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1873732.
  • Kleist, B., U. Wahrburg, P. Stehle, R. Schomaker, A. Greiwing, B. Stoffel-Wagner, and S. Egert. 2017. Moderate walking enhances the effects of an energy-restricted diet on fat mass loss and serum insulin in overweight and obese adults in a 12-week randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Nutrition 147 (10):1875–84. doi: 10.3945/jn.117.251744.
  • Kraemer, W. J., J. S. Volek, K. L. Clark, S. E. Gordon, S. M. Puhl, L. P. Koziris, J. M. McBride, N. T. Triplett-McBride, M. Putukian, R. U. Newton, et al. 1999. Influence of exercise training on physiological and performance changes with weight loss in men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 31 (9):1320–9.
  • Kraemer, W. J., J. S. Volek, K. L. Clark, S. E. Gordon, T. Incledon, S. M. Puhl, N. T. Triplett-McBride, J. M. McBride, M. Putukian, W. J. Sebastianelli, et al. 1997. Physiological adaptations to a weight-loss dietary regimen and exercise programs in women. Journal of Applied Physiology 83 (1):270–9. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.270.
  • Kukkonen-Harjula, K. T., P. T. Borg, A. M. Nenonen, and M. G. Fogelholm. 2005. Effects of a weight maintenance program with or without exercise on the metabolic syndrome: A randomized trial in obese men. Preventive Medicine 41 (3-4):784–90. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.07.008.
  • Lakhdar, N., M. Denguezli, M. Zaouali, A. Zbidi, Z. Tabka, and A. Bouassida. 2013. Diet and diet combined with chronic aerobic exercise decreases body fat mass and alters plasma and adipose tissue inflammatory markers in obese women. Inflammation 36 (6):1239–47. doi: 10.1007/s10753-013-9661-8.
  • Larson-Meyer, D. E., L. K. Heilbronn, L. M. Redman, B. R. Newcomer, M. I. Frisard, S. Anton, S. R. Smith, A. Alfonso, and E. Ravussin. 2006. Effect of calorie restriction with or without exercise on insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, fat cell size, and ectopic lipid in overweight subjects. Diabetes Care 29 (6):1337–44. doi: 10.2337/dc05-2565.
  • Lemstra, M., Y. Bird, C. Nwankwo, M. Rogers, and J. Moraros. 2016. Weight loss intervention adherence and factors promoting adherence: A meta-analysis. Patient Preference and Adherence 10:1547–59.
  • Lin, X., X. Zhang, J. Guo, C. K. Roberts, S. McKenzie, W. C. Wu, S. Liu, and Y. Song. 2015. Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Heart Association 4 (7):e002014.
  • Liu, Y., F. Hong, V. R. Lebaka, A. Mohammed, L. Ji, Y. Zhang, and M. Korivi. 2021. Calorie restriction with exercise intervention improves inflammatory response in overweight and obese adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology 12:1887. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.754731.
  • Loria-Kohen, V., C. Fernández-Fernández, L. M. Bermejo, E. Morencos, B. Romero-Moraleda, and C. Gómez-Candela. 2013. Effect of different exercise modalities plus a hypocaloric diet on inflammation markers in overweight patients: A randomised trial. Clinical Nutrition 32 (4):511–8. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.10.015.
  • Macías-Cervantes, M. H., J. M. D. Rodríguez-Soto, J. Uribarri, F. J. Díaz-Cisneros, W. Cai, and M. E. Garay-Sevilla. 2015. Effect of an advanced glycation end product-restricted diet and exercise on metabolic parameters in adult overweight men. Nutrition 31 (3):446–51. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.004.
  • Marson, E. C., R. S. Delevatti, A. K. G. Prado, N. Netto, and L. F. M. Kruel. 2016. Effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise training on insulin resistance markers in overweight or obese children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine 93:211–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.10.020.
  • Masuo, K., H. Rakugi, T. Ogihara, and G. W. Lambert. 2012. Different mechanisms in weight loss-induced blood pressure reduction between a calorie-restricted diet and exercise. Hypertension Research 35 (1):41–7. doi: 10.1038/hr.2011.134.
  • Mediano, M. F. F., J. S. de Oliveira Barbosa, A. S. Moura, W. C. Willett, and R. Sichieri. 2010. A randomized clinical trial of home-based exercise combined with a slight caloric restriction on obesity prevention among women. Preventive Medicine 51 (3-4):247–252.
  • Meckling, K. A., and R. Sherfey. 2007. A randomized trial of a hypocaloric high-protein diet, with and without exercise, on weight loss, fitness, and markers of the Metabolic Syndrome in overweight and obese women. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquee, Nutrition et Metabolisme 32 (4):743–52. doi: 10.1139/H07-059.
  • Meng, Y., H. Bai, S. Wang, Z. Li, Q. Wang, and L. Chen. 2017. Efficacy of low carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus management: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 131:124–31. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.07.006.
  • Miller, E. G., P. Sethi, C. A. Nowson, D. W. Dunstan, and R. M. Daly. 2017. Effects of progressive resistance training and weight loss versus weight loss alone on inflammatory and endothelial biomarkers in older adults with type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Applied Physiology 117 (8):1669–78. doi: 10.1007/s00421-017-3657-2.
  • Miller, W. C., D. Koceja, and E. Hamilton. 1997. A meta-analysis of the past 25 years of weight loss research using diet, exercise or diet plus exercise intervention. International Journal of Obesity 21 (10):941–7. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800499.
  • Moher, D., A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, and D. G. Altman. 2009. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine 151 (4):264–9. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135.
  • Nicklas, B. J., W. Ambrosius, S. P. Messier, G. D. Miller, B. W. J. H. Penninx, R. F. Loeser, S. Palla, E. Bleecker, and M. Pahor. 2004. Diet-induced weight loss, exercise, and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: A randomized controlled clinical trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79 (4):544–51. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/79.4.544.
  • Nicklas, B. J., X. Wang, T. You, M. F. Lyles, J. Demons, L. Easter, M. J. Berry, L. Lenchik, and J. J. Carr. 2009. Effect of exercise intensity on abdominal fat loss during calorie restriction in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: A randomized, controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89 (4):1043–52. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26938.
  • Nieman, D. C., J. L. Haig, K. S. Fairchild, E. D. De Guia, G. P. Dizon, and U. D. Register. 1990. Reducing-diet and exercise-training effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins in mildly obese women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52 (4):640–5. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/52.4.640.
  • Nordstrand, N., E. Gjevestad, J. K. Hertel, L. K. Johnson, E. Saltvedt, J. Røislien, and J. Hjelmesaeth. 2013. Arterial stiffness, lifestyle intervention and a low-calorie diet in morbidly obese patients-a nonrandomized clinical trial . Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 21 (4):690–7. doi: 10.1002/oby.20099.
  • Nybacka, Å., K. Carlström, F. Fabri, P. M. Hellström, and A. L. Hirschberg. 2013. Serum antimüllerian hormone in response to dietary management and/or physical exercise in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Fertility and Sterility 100 (4):1096–102. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.06.030.
  • Oh, M., S. Kim, K.-Y. An, J. Min, H. I. Yang, J. Lee, M. K. Lee, D.-I. Kim, H.-S. Lee, J.-W. Lee, et al. 2018. Effects of alternate day calorie restriction and exercise on cardio-metabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults: An exploratory randomized controlled study. BMC Public Health 18 (1):1124. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-6009-1.
  • Okura, T., Y. Nakata, D. J. Lee, K. Ohkawara, and K. Tanaka. 2005. Effects of aerobic exercise and obesity phenotype on abdominal fat reduction in response to weight loss. International Journal of Obesity 29 (10):1259–66. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803013.
  • Otten, J., A. Stomby, M. Waling, A. Isaksson, I. Söderström, M. Ryberg, M. Svensson, J. Hauksson, and T. Olsson. 2018. A heterogeneous response of liver and skeletal muscle fat to the combination of a Paleolithic diet and exercise in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 61 (7):1548–59. doi: 10.1007/s00125-018-4618-y.
  • Ounis, O. B., M. Elloumi, G. Lac, E. Makni, E. Van Praagh, H. Zouhal, Z. Tabka, and M. Amri. 2009. Two-month effects of individualized exercise training with or without caloric restriction on plasma adipocytokine levels in obese female adolescents. Annales d’endocrinologie.
  • Perri, M. G., A. M. Nezu, E. T. Patti, and K. L. McCann. 1989. Effect of length of treatment on weight loss. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 57 (3):450–2. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.57.3.450.
  • Redman, L. M., K. M. Huffman, L. R. Landerman, C. F. Pieper, J. R. Bain, M. J. Muehlbauer, R. D. Stevens, B. R. Wenner, V. B. Kraus, C. B. Newgard, et al. 2011. Effect of caloric restriction with and without exercise on metabolic intermediates in nonobese men and women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96 (2):E312–E321. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-1971.
  • Rice, B., I. Janssen, R. Hudson, and R. Ross. 1999. Effects of aerobic or resistance exercise and/or diet on glucose tolerance and plasma insulin levels in obese men. Diabetes Care 22 (5):684–91. doi: 10.2337/diacare.22.5.684.
  • Sackner-Bernstein, J., D. Kanter, and S. Kaul. 2015. Dietary intervention for overweight and obese adults: Comparison of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets. A meta-analysis. Plos ONE 10 (10):e0139817. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139817.
  • Said, M. A., M. Abdelmoneem, M. C. Alibrahim, M. A. Elsebee, and A. A. H. Kotb. 2020. Effects of diet versus diet plus aerobic and resistance exercise on metabolic syndrome in obese young men. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness 18 (3):101–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jesf.2020.03.002.
  • Sartor, F., H. M. de Morree, V. Matschke, S. M. Marcora, A. Milousis, J. M. Thom, and H.-P. Kubis. 2010. High-intensity exercise and carbohydrate-reduced energy-restricted diet in obese individuals. European Journal of Applied Physiology 110 (5):893–903. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1571-y.
  • Schenk, S., M. P. Harber, C. R. Shrivastava, C. F. Burant, and J. F. Horowitz. 2009. Improved insulin sensitivity after weight loss and exercise training is mediated by a reduction in plasma fatty acid mobilization, not enhanced oxidative capacity. The Journal of Physiology 587 (20):4949–61. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.175489.
  • Sénéchal, M., D. R. Bouchard, I. J. Dionne, and M. Brochu. 2012. The effects of lifestyle interventions in dynapenic-obese postmenopausal women. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 19 (9):1015–21. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318248f50f.
  • Shah, K., A. Stufflebam, T. N. Hilton, D. R. Sinacore, S. Klein, and D. T. Villareal. 2009. Diet and exercise interventions reduce intrahepatic fat content and improve insulin sensitivity in obese older adults. Obesity 17 (12):2162–8. doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.126.
  • Silverman, N. E., B. J. Nicklas, and A. S. Ryan. 2009. Addition of aerobic exercise to a weight loss program increases BMD, with an associated reduction in inflammation in overweight postmenopausal women. Calcified Tissue International 84 (4):257–65. doi: 10.1007/s00223-009-9232-z.
  • Simoneau, J. A., J. H. Veerkamp, L. P. Turcotte, and D. E. Kelley. 1999. Markers of capacity to utilize fatty acids in human skeletal muscle: Relation to insulin resistance and obesity and effects of weight loss. FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 13 (14):2051–60. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.13.14.2051.
  • Smart, N. A., N. King, J. R. McFarlane, P. L. Graham, and G. Dieberg. 2018. Effect of exercise training on liver function in adults who are overweight or exhibit fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine 52 (13):834–43. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096197.
  • Snel, M., A. Gastaldelli, D. M. Ouwens, M. K. C. Hesselink, G. Schaart, E. Buzzigoli, M. Frölich, J. A. Romijn, H. Pijl, A. E. Meinders, et al. 2012. Effects of adding exercise to a 16-week very low-calorie diet in obese, insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 97 (7):2512–20. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-3178.
  • Snowling, N. J., and W. G. Hopkins. 2006. Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 29 (11):2518–27. doi: 10.2337/dc06-1317.
  • Stefanick, M. L., S. Mackey, M. Sheehan, N. Ellsworth, W. L. Haskell, and P. D. Wood. 1998. Effects of diet and exercise in men and postmenopausal women with low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of LDL cholesterol. New England Journal of Medicine 339 (1):12–20. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199807023390103.
  • Stelmach-Mardas, M., and J. Walkowiak. 2016. Dietary interventions and changes in cardio-metabolic parameters in metabolically healthy obese subjects: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Nutrients 8 (8):455. doi: 10.3390/nu8080455.
  • Straznicky, N. E., E. A. Lambert, P. J. Nestel, M. T. McGrane, T. Dawood, M. P. Schlaich, K. Masuo, N. Eikelis, B. de Courten, J. A. Mariani, et al. 2010. Sympathetic neural adaptation to hypocaloric diet with or without exercise training in obese metabolic syndrome subjects. Diabetes 59 (1):71–9. doi: 10.2337/db09-0934.
  • Sun, S., Z. Kong, Q. Shi, M. Hu, H. Zhang, D. Zhang, and J. Nie. 2019. Non-energy-restricted low-carbohydrate diet combined with exercise intervention improved cardiometabolic health in overweight Chinese females. Nutrients 11 (12):3051. doi: 10.3390/nu11123051.
  • Thomson, R. L., J. D. Buckley, M. Noakes, P. M. Clifton, R. J. Norman, and G. D. Brinkworth. 2008. The effect of a hypocaloric diet with and without exercise training on body composition, cardiometabolic risk profile, and reproductive function in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93 (9):3373–80. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-0751.
  • Toledo, F. G. S., E. V. Menshikova, K. Azuma, Z. Radiková, C. A. Kelley, V. B. Ritov, and D. E. Kelley. 2008. Mitochondrial capacity in skeletal muscle is not stimulated by weight loss despite increases in insulin action and decreases in intramyocellular lipid content. Diabetes 57 (4):987–94. doi: 10.2337/db07-1429.
  • Torjesen, P. A., K. I. Birkeland, S. A. Anderssen, I. Hjermann, I. Holme, and P. Urdal. 1997. Lifestyle changes may reverse development of the insulin resistance syndrome. The Oslo Diet and Exercise Study: A randomized trial. Diabetes Care 20 (1):26–31. doi: 10.2337/diacare.20.1.26.
  • Varady, K. A., V. T. Dam, M. C. Klempel, M. Horne, R. Cruz, C. M. Kroeger, and S. Santosa. 2015. Effects of weight loss via high fat vs. low fat alternate day fasting diets on free fatty acid profiles. Scientific Reports 5 (1):7561. doi: 10.1038/srep07561.
  • Verheggen, R. J. H. M., M. F. H. Maessen, D. J. Green, A. R. M. M. Hermus, M. T. E. Hopman, and D. H. T. Thijssen. 2016. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of exercise training versus hypocaloric diet: distinct effects on body weight and visceral adipose tissue . Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 17 (8):664–90. doi: 10.1111/obr.12406.
  • Vissers, D., W. Hens, J. Taeymans, J.-P. Baeyens, J. Poortmans, and L. Van Gaal. 2013. The effect of exercise on visceral adipose tissue in overweight adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 8 (2):e56415. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056415.
  • Wan, X., W. Wang, J. Liu, and T. Tong. 2014. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Medical Research Methodology 14 (1):135. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-14-135.
  • Weinheimer, E. M., L. P. Sands, and W. W. Campbell. 2010. A systematic review of the separate and combined effects of energy restriction and exercise on fat-free mass in middle-aged and older adults: Implications for sarcopenic obesity. Nutrition Reviews 68 (7):375–88. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00298.x.
  • Weiss, E. P., D. N. Reeds, U. R. Ezekiel, S. G. Albert, and D. T. Villareal. 2017. Circulating cytokines as determinants of weight loss-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity. Endocrine 55 (1):153–64. doi: 10.1007/s12020-016-1093-4.
  • Weiss, E. P., S. G. Albert, D. N. Reeds, K. S. Kress, J. L. McDaniel, S. Klein, and D. T. Villareal. 2016. Effects of matched weight loss from calorie restriction, exercise, or both on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A randomized intervention trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 104 (3):576–86. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.131391.
  • Wu, T., X. Gao, M. Chen, and R. M. van Dam. 2009. Long-term effectiveness of diet-plus-exercise interventions vs. diet-only interventions for weight loss: a meta-analysis . Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 10 (3):313–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00547.x.
  • Wycherley, T. P., G. D. Brinkworth, M. Noakes, J. D. Buckley, and P. M. Clifton. 2008. Effect of caloric restriction with and without exercise training on oxidative stress and endothelial function in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 10 (11):1062–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00863.x.
  • Xu, H., G. T. Barnes, Q. Yang, G. Tan, D. Yang, C. J. Chou, J. Sole, A. Nichols, J. S. Ross, L. A. Tartaglia, et al. 2003. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Investigation 112 (12):1821–30. doi: 10.1172/JCI200319451.
  • Yoshimura, E., H. Kumahara, T. Tobina, T. Matsuda, K. Watabe, S. Matono, M. Ayabe, A. Kiyonaga, K. Anzai, Y. Higaki, et al. 2014. Aerobic exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle during energy restriction in adults with visceral adiposity. Obesity Facts 7 (1):26–35. doi: 10.1159/000358576.
  • Yu, Z., F. Nan, L. Y. Wang, H. Jiang, W. Chen, and Y. Jiang. 2020. Effects of high-protein diet on glycemic control, insulin resistance and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition 39 (6):1724–34. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.08.008.
  • Ziccardi, P., F. Nappo, G. Giugliano, K. Esposito, R. Marfella, M. Cioffi, F. D’Andrea, A. M. Molinari, and D. Giugliano. 2002. Reduction of inflammatory cytokine concentrations and improvement of endothelial functions in obese women after weight loss over one year. Circulation 105 (7):804–9. doi: 10.1161/hc0702.104279.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.