5,942
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Uncovering the secrets of industrial hemp in food and nutrition: The trends, challenges, and new-age perspectives

, , &

References

  • Alonso-Esteban, J. I., J. Pinela, A. Ćirić, R. C. Calhelha, M. Soković, I. C. F. R. Ferreira, L. Barros, E. Torija-Isasa, and M. d C. Sánchez-Mata. 2022. Chemical composition and biological activities of whole and dehulled hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds. Food Chemistry 374:131754. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131754.
  • André, A., M. Leupin, M. Kneubühl, V. Pedan, and I. Chetschik. 2020. Evolution of the polyphenol and terpene content, antioxidant activity and plant morphology of eight different fiber-type cultivars of Cannabis sativa L. cultivated at three sowing densities. Plants 9 (12):1740. doi: 10.3390/plants9121740.
  • Aslan, M., E. Sezik, and E. Yeşilada. 2000. Antihyperglycaemic effect of Cannabis sativa L Fruits. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Gazi University.
  • Atakan, Z. 2012. Cannabis, a complex plant: Different compounds and different effects on individuals. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 2 (6):241–54. doi: 10.1177/2045125312457586.
  • Augustyńska-Prejsnar, A., M. Ormian, Z. Sokołowicz, and M. Kačániová. 2022. The Effect of the Addition of Hemp Seeds, Amaranth, and Golden Flaxseed on the Nutritional Value, Physical, Sensory Characteristics, and Safety of Poultry Pâté. Applied Sciences 12 (10):5289. doi: 10.3390/app12105289.
  • Babiker, E. E., N. Uslu, F. Al Juhaimi, I. A. M. Ahmed, K. Ghafoor, M. M. Özcan, and I. A. Almusallam. 2021. Effect of roasting on antioxidative properties, polyphenol profile and fatty acids composition of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds. LWT 139:110537. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110537.
  • Barcaccia, G., F. Palumbo, F. Scariolo, A. Vannozzi, M. Borin, and S. Bona. 2020. Potentials and challenges of genomics for breeding cannabis cultivars. Frontiers in Plant Science 11:1472. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.573299.
  • Bouarfa, M., Z. Souirti, P. Cerruti, M. Avella, A. Farah, and D. Bousta. 2020. Anti-obesity effect of Cannabis sativa seed flour from Khlalfa of Taounate region (Northern of Morocco) in high caloric diet-induced obese mice. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 13 (11):139–44.
  • Carboni, A., C. Paoletti, V. C. Moliterni, P. Ranalli, and G. Mandolino. 2000. Molecular markers as genetic tools for hemp characterization. Proceedings of Bioresource Hemp :13–8.
  • Carrier, N, and G. Klantschnig. 2018. Quasilegality: Khat, cannabis and Africa’s drug laws. Third World Quarterly 39 (2):350–65. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2017.1368383.
  • Carus, M, and L. Sarmento. 2016. The European Hemp Industry: Cultivation, processing and applications for fibres, shivs, seeds and flowers. European Industrial Hemp Association 5:1–9.
  • Cerino, P., C. Buonerba, G. Cannazza, J. D’Auria, E. Ottoni, A. Fulgione, A. Di Stasio, B. Pierri, and A. Gallo. 2021. A review of hemp as food and nutritional supplement. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 6 (1):19–27. doi: 10.1089/can.2020.0001.
  • Chang, K-c. 1977. Food in Chinese culture.
  • Chen, T., J. He, J. Zhang, X. Li, H. Zhang, J. Hao, and L. Li. 2012. The isolation and identification of two compounds with predominant radical scavenging activity in hempseed (seed of Cannabis sativa L.). Food Chemistry 134 (2):1030–7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.009.
  • Chich-Owska, J., A. Kliber, J. Koz-Owska, M. Biskupski, and Z. Grygorowicz. n.d. Insulin, thyroid hormone levels and metabolic changes after treated rats with hemp milk. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2625/168857ebe1cf4bfb987532dcc278c2d92eb5.pdf
  • Clarke, R, and M. Merlin. 2013. Cannabis, evolution and ethnobotany. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,.
  • Cooper, Z. D., D. I. Abrams, S. Gust, A. Salicrup, and D. C. Throckmorton. 2021. Challenges for clinical cannabis and cannabinoid research in the United States. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs 2021 (58):114–22. doi: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgab009.
  • Crini, G., E. Lichtfouse, G. Chanet, and N. Morin-Crini. 2020. Applications of hemp in textiles, paper industry, insulation and building materials, horticulture, animal nutrition, food and beverages, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and hygiene, medicine, agrochemistry, energy production and environment: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters 18 (5):1451–76. doi: 10.1007/s10311-020-01029-2.
  • Curl, S., D. Rivero-Mendoza, and W. J. Dahl. 2020. Plant-Based Milks: Hemp: FSHN20-53/FS420, 10/2020. EDIS 2020 (5) doi: 10.32473/edis-fs420-2020.
  • de Boer, A, and A. Bast. 2018. Demanding safe foods–Safety testing under the novel food regulation (2015/2283). Trends in Food Science & Technology 72:125–33. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.12.013.
  • di Giacomo, V., L. Recinella, A. Chiavaroli, G. Orlando, A. Cataldi, M. Rapino, V. Di Valerio, M. Politi, M. D. Antolini, A. Acquaviva, et al. 2021. Metabolomic profile and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects of industrial hemp water extract in fibroblasts, keratinocytes and isolated mouse skin specimens. Antioxidants 10 (1):44. doi: 10.3390/antiox10010044.
  • Turck, D., T. Bohn, J. Castenmiller, S. De Henauw, K. I. Hirsch-Ernst, A. Maciuk, I. Mangelsdorf, H. J. McArdle, A. Naska, C. Pelaez, et al. 2022. Statement on safety of cannabidiol as a novel food: Data gaps and uncertainties. EFSA Journal European Food Safety Authority 20 (6):e07322.
  • Farinon, B., L. Costantini, R. Molinari, G. Di Matteo, S. Garzoli, S. Ferri, B. Ceccantoni, L. Mannina, and N. Merendino. 2022. Effect of malting on nutritional and antioxidant properties of the seeds of two industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars. Food Chemistry 370:131348. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131348.
  • Farinon, B., R. Molinari, L. Costantini, and N. Merendino. 2020. 1935. The seed of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Nutritional quality and potential functionality for human health and nutrition. Nutrients 12 (7):1935. doi: 10.3390/nu12071935.
  • Feng, X., G. Sun, and Z. Fang. 2022. Effect of hempseed cake (Cannabis sativa L.) incorporation on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of reconstructed potato chips. Foods 11 (2):211. doi: 10.3390/foods11020211.
  • Fiorini, D., A. Molle, M. Nabissi, G. Santini, G. Benelli, and F. Maggi. 2019. Valorizing industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) by-products: Cannabidiol enrichment in the inflorescence essential oil optimizing sample pre-treatment prior to distillation. Industrial Crops and Products 128:581–9. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.10.045.
  • Frassinetti, S., E. Moccia, L. Caltavuturo, M. Gabriele, V. Longo, L. Bellani, G. Giorgi, and L. Giorgetti. 2018. Nutraceutical potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds and sprouts. Food Chemistry 262:56–66. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.078.
  • Garti, N, and D. Reichman. 1993. Hydrocolloids as food emulsifiers and stabilizers. Food Structure 12 (4):3.
  • Girgih, A. T., I. D. Nwachukwu, F. Hasan, T. N. Fagbemi, T. Gill, and R. E. Aluko. 2015. Kinetics of the inhibition of renin and angiotensin I-converting enzyme by cod (Gadus morhua) protein hydrolysates and their antihypertensive effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food & Nutrition Research 59 (1):29788. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v59.29788.
  • Girgih, A. T., C. C. Udenigwe, H. Li, A. P. Adebiyi, and R. E. Aluko. 2011. Kinetics of enzyme inhibition and antihypertensive effects of hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) protein hydrolysates. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 88 (11):1767–74. doi: 10.1007/s11746-011-1841-9.
  • Grotenhermen, F., G. Leson, and P. Pless. 2003. Evaluating the impact of THC in hemp foods and cosmetics on human health and workplace drug tests: An overview. Journal of Industrial Hemp 8 (2):5–36. doi: 10.1300/J237v08n02_02.
  • Hazekamp, A., K. Tejkalová, and S. Papadimitriou. 2016. Cannabis: From cultivar to chemovar II—a metabolomics approach to Cannabis classification. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 1 (1):202–15. doi: 10.1089/can.2016.0017.
  • Jang, E., H. Kim, S. Jang, J. Lee, S. Baeck, S. In, E. Kim, Y.-U. Kim, and E. Han. 2020. Concentrations of THC, CBD, and CBN in commercial hemp seeds and hempseed oil sold in Korea. Forensic Science International 306:110064. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110064.
  • Jang, H.-L., S.-Y. Park, and J.-S. Nam. 2018. The effects of heat treatment on the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.). Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 47 (9):885–94. doi: 10.3746/jkfn.2018.47.9.885.
  • Kim, H. S., M. J. Shin, and Y. H. Pan. 2022. A study on the improvement of cannabis production history management in Korea-focused on Gyeongbuk hemp regulation free zone. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society 13 (5):249–59.
  • King, J. W. 2019. The relationship between cannabis/hemp use in foods and processing methodology. Current Opinion in Food Science 28:32–40. doi: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.04.007.
  • Kolodinsky, J, and H. Lacasse. 2021. Consumer response to hemp: A case study of Vermont residents from 2019 to 2020. GCB Bioenergy 13 (4):537–45. doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12786.
  • Koltai, H, and D. Namdar. 2020. Cannabis phytomolecule ‘entourage’: From domestication to medical use. Trends in Plant Science 25 (10):976–84.
  • Koren, A., V. Sikora, B. Kiprovski, M. Brdar-Jokanović, M. Aćimović, B. Konstantinović, and D. Latković. 2020. Controversial taxonomy of hemp. Genetika 52 (1):1–13. doi: 10.2298/GENSR2001001K.
  • Korus, A., D. Gumul, M. Krystyjan, L. Juszczak, and J. Korus. 2017. Evaluation of the quality, nutritional value and antioxidant activity of gluten-free biscuits made from corn-acorn flour or corn-hemp flour composites. European Food Research and Technology 243 (8):1429–38. doi: 10.1007/s00217-017-2853-y.
  • Kotecka-Majchrzak, K., N. Kasałka-Czarna, A. Spychaj, B. Mikołajczak, and M. Montowska. 2021. The effect of hemp cake (Cannabis sativa L.) on the characteristics of meatballs stored in refrigerated conditions. Molecules 26 (17):5284. doi: 10.3390/molecules26175284.
  • Kramer, L. S. 2017. Hemp as raw material for the fashion industry. Saxion University of Applied Sciences.
  • Kubiliene, A., K. Mickute, J. Baranauskaite, M. Marksa, A. Liekis, and I. Sadauskiene. 2021. The Effects of Cannabis sativa L. extract on oxidative stress markers in vivo. Life 11 (7):647. doi: 10.3390/life11070647.
  • Kwaśnica, A., N. Pachura, K. Masztalerz, A. Figiel, A. Zimmer, R. Kupczyński, K. Wujcikowska, A. A. Carbonell-Barrachina, A. Szumny, and H. Różański. 2020. Volatile composition and sensory properties as quality attributes of fresh and dried hemp flowers (Cannabis sativa L.). Foods 9 (8):1118. doi: 10.3390/foods9081118.
  • Laate, E. A. 2012. Industrial hemp production in Canada. Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development.
  • Leizer, C., D. Ribnicky, A. Poulev, S. Dushenkov, and I. Raskin. 2000. The composition of hemp seed oil and its potential as an important source of nutrition. Journal of Nutraceuticals, Functional & Medical Foods 2 (4):35–53. doi: 10.1300/J133v02n04_04.
  • Leonard, W., P. Zhang, D. Ying, and Z. Fang. 2020. Hempseed in food industry: Nutritional value, health benefits, and industrial applications. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 19 (1):282–308. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12517.
  • Li, N., T. Wang, X. Yang, J. Qu, N. Wang, L. Wang, D. Yu, and C. Han. 2022. Effect of high-intensity ultrasonic treatment on the emulsion of hemp seed oil stabilized with hemp seed protein. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 86:106021. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106021.
  • Liliana, B. C., A. Livia, and M. Laura. 2018. Effects of hemp flour, seeds and oil additions on bread quality. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 8:73–8.
  • Lin, Y., P. Pangloli, and V. P. Dia. 2021. Physicochemical, functional and bioactive properties of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) meal, a co-product of hempseed oil and protein production, as affected by drying process. Food Chemistry 350:129188. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129188.
  • Livadariu, O. A. N. A., D. Raiciu, C. Maximilian, and E. Căpitanu. 2019. Studies regarding treatments of LED-s emitted light on sprouting hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Romanian Biotechnological Letters 24 (3):485–90. doi: 10.25083/rbl/24.3/485.490.
  • Lu, X, and R. C. Clarke. 1995. The cultivation and use of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in ancient China. Journal of the International Hemp Association 2 (1):26–30.
  • Lukin, A, and K. Bitiutskikh. 2017a. Investigation on the use of hemp flour in cookie production. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 23 (4):664–7.
  • Lukin, A, and K. Bitiutskikh. 2017b. On potential use of hemp flour in bread production. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Forestry, Wood Industry, Agricultural Food Engineering. Series II 10 (1):113–118.
  • Malomo, S. A., J. O. Onuh, A. T. Girgih, and R. E. Aluko. 2015. Structural and antihypertensive properties of enzymatic hemp seed protein hydrolysates. Nutrients 7 (9):7616–32.
  • Malone, T, and K. Gomez. 2019. Hemp in the United States: A case study of regulatory path dependence. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 41 (2):199–214. doi: 10.1093/aepp/ppz001.
  • Manosroi, A., C. Chankhampan, B. O. Kietthanakorn, W. Ruksiriwanich, P. Chaikul, K. Boonpisuttinant, and J. Manosroi. 2019. Pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical biological activities of hemp (Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa) leaf and seed extracts. Chiang Mai Journal of Science 46:180–95.
  • Marcu, J. 2022. The legalization of cannabinoid products and standardizing cannabis-drug development in the United States: a brief report. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
  • McPartland, J. M, and W. Hegman. 2018. Cannabis utilization and diffusion patterns in prehistoric Europe: A critical analysis of archaeological evidence. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 27 (4):627–34. doi: 10.1007/s00334-017-0646-7.
  • Merlino, M., G. Tripodi, F. Cincotta, O. Prestia, A. Miller, A. Gattuso, A. Verzera, and C. Condurso. 2022. Technological, nutritional, and sensory characteristics of gnocchi enriched with hemp seed flour. Foods 11 (18):2783. doi: 10.3390/foods11182783.
  • Metcalf, D. A., K. K. Wiener, A. Saliba, and N. Sugden. 2021. Evaluating the acceptance of hemp food in australian adults using the theory of planned behavior and structural equation modelling. Foods 10 (9):2071. doi: 10.3390/foods10092071.
  • Moelants, K. R., R. Cardinaels, S. Van Buggenhout, A. M. Van Loey, P. Moldenaers, and M. E. Hendrickx. 2014. A review on the relationships between processing, food structure, and rheological properties of plant‐tissue‐based food suspensions. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 13 (3):241–60.
  • Mollard, R. C., D. S. Mackay, H. Wang, A. S. Leon, and P. J. Jones. 2017. Acute effects of hemp protein on post‐prandial glycemia and insulin responses in adults. The FASEB Journal 31:966–28-966.928.
  • Montoya, D. 2016. Hemp as fibre and food? Regulatory developments and current issues.
  • Moon, Y. H., Y. L. Cha, J. E. Lee, K. S. Kim, D. E. Kwon, and Y. K. Kang. 2020. Investigation of suitable seed sizes, segregation of ripe seeds, and improved germination rate for the commercial production of hemp sprouts (Cannabis sativa L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 100 (7):2819–27.
  • Musto, D. F. 1972. The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937. Archives of General Psychiatry 26 (2):101–8. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750200005002.
  • Mutangi, T. 2008. Religion, law and human rights in Zimbabwe: Focus: The foundations and future of law, religion and human rights in Africa. African Human Rights Law Journal 8 (2):526–45.
  • Muzammal, R., S. Fahad, D. Guanghui, C. Xia, Y. Yang, T. Kailei, and D. Gang. 2021. Evaluation of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as an industrial crop: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28 (38): 52832–52843.
  • Naumova, N., A. Lukin, and K. Bitiutskikh. 2017. Organoleptic evaluation of the quality of the enriched chopped semi-finished meat products. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Forestry, Wood Industry, Agricultural Food Engineering. Series II 10 (2):125–32.
  • Naumovski, N., D. D. Mellor, and C. S. Ranadheera. 2020. Functional beverages, from idea to functionality (Vol. 6, pp. 71): Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. doi: 10.3390/beverages6040071.
  • Ndanyi, S. 2021. Cannabis in Kenya. Journal for Contemporary History 46 (2):4–23. doi: 10.18820/24150509/SJCH46.v2.2.
  • Nionelli, L., M. Montemurro, E. Pontonio, M. Verni, M. Gobbetti, and C. G. Rizzello. 2018. Pro-technological and functional characterization of lactic acid bacteria to be used as starters for hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) sourdough fermentation and wheat bread fortification. International Journal of Food Microbiology 279:14–25.
  • Norajit, K., B.-J. Gu, and G.-H. Ryu. 2011. Effects of the addition of hemp powder on the physicochemical properties and energy bar qualities of extruded rice. Food Chemistry 129 (4):1919–25. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.06.002.
  • Oliver, A, and H. Joynt. 1999. Industrial hemp fact sheet. British Columbia ministry of agriculture and food. Kamloops. British Columbia, 20.
  • Olson, D. 1997. Hemp culture in Japan. Journal of the International Hemp Association 4 (1):40–50.
  • Petrovici, A. R., N. Simionescu, A. I. Sandu, V. Paraschiv, M. Silion, and M. Pinteala. 2021. New insights on hemp oil enriched in Cannabidiol: Decarboxylation, antioxidant properties and in vitro anticancer effect. Antioxidants 10 (5):738. doi: 10.3390/antiox10050738.
  • Pojić, M., T. Dapčević Hadnađev, M. Hadnađev, S. Rakita, and T. Brlek. 2015. Bread supplementation with hemp seed cake: A by‐product of hemp oil processing. Journal of Food Quality 38 (6):431–40. doi: 10.1111/jfq.12159.
  • Pryor, J. 2013. Global hemp prohibition and American Foreign Policy. SSRN 2310437.
  • Radočaj, O., E. Dimić, and R. Tsao. 2014. Effects of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil press‐cake and decaffeinated green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) on functional characteristics of gluten‐free crackers. Journal of Food Science 79 (3):C318–C325.
  • Ranalli, P, and G. Venturi. 2004. Hemp as a raw material for industrial applications. Euphytica 140 (1-2):1–6. doi: 10.1007/s10681-004-4749-8.
  • Romano, R., A. Aiello, L. De Luca, R. Sica, E. Caprio, F. Pizzolongo, and G. Blaiotta. 2021. Characterization of a new type of mead fermented with Cannabis sativa L.(hemp). Journal of Food Science 86 (3):874–80.
  • Ropciuc, S., L. C. Apostol, C. Damian, and A. E. Prisacaru. 2022. Effect of hemp seed oil addition on the rheological properties of dough and bread. Applied Sciences 12 (6):2764. doi: 10.3390/app12062764.
  • Rupasinghe, H. V., A. Davis, S. K. Kumar, B. Murray, and V. D. Zheljazkov. 2020. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) as an emerging source for value-added functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals. Molecules 25 (18):4078. doi: 10.3390/molecules25184078.
  • Russo, R, and R. Reggiani. 2015. Evaluation of protein concentration, amino acid profile and antinutritional compounds in hempseed meal from dioecious and monoecious varieties. American Journal of Plant Sciences 06 (01):14–22. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2015.61003.
  • Rusu, I. E., R. A. Marc (Vlaic), C. C. Mureşan, A. E. Mureşan, V. Mureşan, C. R. Pop, M. S. Chiş, S. M. Man, M. R. Filip, B.-M. Onica, et al. 2021. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) flour-based wheat bread as fortified bakery product. Plants 10 (8):1558. doi: 10.3390/plants10081558.
  • Schluttenhofer, C, and L. Yuan. 2017. Challenges towards revitalizing hemp: A multifaceted crop. Trends in Plant Science 22 (11):917–29.
  • Sgrò, S., B. Lavezzi, C. Caprari, M. Polito, M. D’Elia, G. Lago, G. Furlan, S. Girotti, and E. N. Ferri. 2021. Delta9-THC determination by the EU official method: Evaluation of measurement uncertainty and compliance assessment of hemp samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 413 (13):3399–410. doi: 10.1007/s00216-021-03283-x.
  • Sharma, S, and P. Prabhasankar. 2021. Effect of whole hempseed flour incorporation on the rheological, microstructural and nutritional characteristics of chapati–Indian flatbread. LWT 137:110491. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110491.
  • Shen, P., Z. Gao, B. Fang, J. Rao, and B. Chen. 2021. Ferreting out the secrets of industrial hemp protein as emerging functional food ingredients. Trends in Food Science & Technology 112:1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.022.
  • Shen, P., Z. Gao, M. Xu, J.-B. Ohm, J. Rao, and B. Chen. 2020. The impact of hempseed dehulling on chemical composition, structure properties and aromatic profile of hemp protein isolate. Food Hydrocolloids 106:105889. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105889.
  • Small, E. 2015. Evolution and classification of Cannabis sativa (marijuana, hemp) in relation to human utilization. The Botanical Review 81 (3):189–294. doi: 10.1007/s12229-015-9157-3.
  • Sommano, S. R., T. Tangpao, T. Pankasemsuk, V. Ponpanumas, Y. Phimolsiripol, P. Rachtanapun, and S. K. Prasad. 2022. Growing ganja permission: A real gate-way for Thailand’s promising industrial crop? Journal of Cannabis Research 4 (1):1–11. doi: 10.1186/s42238-022-00121-4.
  • Stamenkovic, A., R. Ganguly, M. Aliani, A. Ravandi, and G. N. Pierce. 2019. Overcoming the bitter taste of oils enriched in fatty acids to obtain their effects on the heart in health and disease. Nutrients 11 (5):1179. doi: 10.3390/nu11051179.
  • Stansbury, L. 2017. 2016 Annual Retail Sales for Hemp Products Estimated at $688 Million. Vote Hemp.
  • Steinmetz, F. P., G. Nahler, and J. C. Wakefield. 2022. How safe are hemp-based food products? A review and risk assessment of analytical data from Germany. Nutrition & Food Science doi: 10.1108/NFS-04-2022-0129.
  • Suhag, R., N. Kumar, A. T. Petkoska, and A. Upadhyay. 2020. Film formation and deposition methods of edible coating on food products: A review. Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.) 136:109582.
  • Tallon, M. J. 2020. Cannabis sativa L. and its extracts: Regulation of cannabidiol in the European Union and United Kingdom. Journal of Dietary Supplements 17 (5):503–16.
  • Tang, C.-H., Z. Ten, X.-S. Wang, and X.-Q. Yang. 2006. Physicochemical and functional properties of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) protein isolate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 (23):8945–50.
  • Teterycz, D., A. Sobota, D. Przygodzka, and P. Łysakowska. 2021. Hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) enriched pasta: Physicochemical properties and quality evaluation. PloS One 16 (3):e0248790.
  • Torres‐Salas, P., A. Pedrali, T. Bavaro, S. Ambrosini, G. Marrubini, V. M. Pappalardo, G. Massolini, M. Terreni, and D. Ubiali. 2014. Preparation of PUFA concentrates as acylglycerols via enzymatic hydrolysis of hempseed oil (Cannabis sativa L.) in a homogeneous low‐water medium. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 116 (11):1496–504. doi: 10.1002/ejlt.201400201.
  • Tourangeau, W. 2012. Resource governance and environmental sustainability: Experiences in Canada’s hemp industry.
  • Vahanvaty, U. S. 2009. Hemp seed and hemp milk: The new super foods? ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition 1 (4):232–4. doi: 10.1177/1941406409342121.
  • Valizadehderakhshan, M., A. Shahbazi, M. Kazem-Rostami, M. Scott Todd, A. Bhowmik, and L. Wang. 2021. Recent advances in cannabinoid extraction from hemp (Vol. 2, 1–43). Hyderabad India: Vide Leaf.
  • Vantreese, V. L. 2002. Hemp support: Evolution in EU regulation. Journal of Industrial Hemp 7 (2):17–31. doi: 10.1300/J237v07n02_03.
  • Vonapartis, E., M.-P. Aubin, P. Seguin, A. F. Mustafa, and J.-B. Charron. 2015. Seed composition of ten industrial hemp cultivars approved for production in Canada. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 39:8–12. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.11.004.
  • Wai, F. K. 2004. On Hua Tuo’s position in the history of Chinese medicine. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 32 (2):313–20. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X04001965.
  • Wang, J., T. Wu, L. Fang, C. Liu, X. Liu, H. Li, J. Shi, M. Li, and W. Min. 2020. Anti-diabetic effect by walnut (Juglans mandshurica Maxim.)-derived peptide LPLLR through inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase, and alleviating insulin resistance of hepatic HepG2 cells. Journal of Functional Foods 69:103944. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103944.
  • Wei, L.-H., Y. Dong, Y.-F. Sun, X.-S. Mei, X.-S. Ma, J. Shi, Q.-L. Yang, Y.-R. Ji, Z.-H. Zhang, H.-N. Sun, et al. 2021. Anticancer property of hemp bioactive peptides in Hep3B liver cancer cells through Akt/GSK3β/β‐catenin signaling pathway. Food Science & Nutrition 9 (4):1833–41. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.1976.
  • Wen, W., W. RuiZhi, W. Tong, W. LiQi, Z. XiuQing, S. YanGuo, and Y. DianYu. 2019. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of cold-pressed hemp seed cake for increased oil yield by response surface methodology. Shipin Kexue/Food Science 40 (8):242–7.
  • Werz, O., J. Seegers, A. M. Schaible, C. Weinigel, D. Barz, A. Koeberle, G. Allegrone, F. Pollastro, L. Zampieri, G. Grassi, et al. 2014. Cannflavins from hemp sprouts, a novel cannabinoid-free hemp food product, target microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 and 5-lipoxygenase. PharmaNutrition 2 (3):53–60. doi: 10.1016/j.phanu.2014.05.001.
  • Xue, R., M. Du, T.-Y. Zhou, W.-Z. Ai, Z.-S. Zhang, X.-W. Xiang, Y.-F. Zhou, and Z.-S. Wen. 2020. Polysaccharides from hemp seed protect against cyclophosphamide-induced intestinal oxidative damage via Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway in mice. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020:1–13. doi: 10.1155/2020/1813798.
  • Yin, S.-W., C.-H. Tang, J.-S. Cao, E.-K. Hu, Q.-B. Wen, and X.-Q. Yang. 2008. Effects of limited enzymatic hydrolysis with trypsin on the functional properties of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) protein isolate. Food Chemistry 106 (3):1004–13. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.030.
  • Yin, S.-W., C.-H. Tang, Q.-B. Wen, and X.-Q. Yang. 2007. Properties of cast films from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and soy protein isolates. A comparative study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55 (18):7399–404.
  • Zahari, I., F. Ferawati, A. Helstad, C. Ahlström, K. Östbring, M. Rayner, and J. K. Purhagen. 2020. Development of high-moisture meat analogues with hemp and soy protein using extrusion cooking. Foods 9 (6):772. doi: 10.3390/foods9060772.
  • Zając, M., P. Guzik, P. Kulawik, J. Tkaczewska, A. Florkiewicz, and W. Migdał. 2019. The quality of pork loaves with the addition of hemp seeds, de-hulled hemp seeds, hemp protein and hemp flour. LWT 105:190–9. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.02.013.
  • Zhang, W., L. Li, W. Ou, L. Song, and Q. Zhang. 2018. Hydrophobic modification of hemp powders for their application in the stabilization of Pickering emulsions. Cellulose 25 (7):4107–20. doi: 10.1007/s10570-018-1848-6.
  • Zhu, J., J. Yi, Q. Kang, J. Huang, Y. Cui, G. Zhang, Z. Wang, L. Zhang, Z. Zheng, J. Lu, et al. 2021. Anti-fatigue activity of hemp leaves water extract and the related biochemical changes in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 150:112054. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112054.