Dietary sialic acids: distribution, structure, and functions

References

• Aagaard, K., J. Ma, K. M. Antony, R. Ganu, J. Petrosino, and J. Versalovic. 2014. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Science Translational Medicine (6) (237):237ra65. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abercrombie, M., and E. J. Ambrose. 1962. The surface properties of cancer cells: A review. Cancer Research 22:525–48. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5352.264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldredge, D. L., M. R. Geronimo, S. Hua, C. C. Nwosu, C. B. Lebrilla, and D. Barile. 2013. Annotation and structural elucidation of bovine milk oligosaccharides and determination of novel fucosylated structures. Glycobiology 23 (6):664–76. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwt007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alisson-Silva, F., K. Kawanishi, and A. Varki. 2016. Human risk of diseases associated with red meat intake: Analysis of current theories and proposed role for metabolic incorporation of a non-human sialic acid. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 51:16–30. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.07.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almagro-Moreno, S., and E. F. Boyd. 2010. Bacterial catabolism of nonulosonic (sialic) acid and fitness in the gut. Gut Microbes 1 (1):45–50. doi: 10.4161/gmic.1.1.10386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angata, T., and A. Varki. 2002. Chemical diversity in the sialic acids and related alpha-keto acids: An evolutionary perspective. Chemical Reviews 102 (2):439–69. doi: 10.1021/cr000407m.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angeloni, S., J. L. Ridet, N. Kusy, H. Gao, F. Crevoisier, S. Guinchard, S. Kochhar, H. Sigrist, and N. Sprenger. 2005. Glycoprofiling with micro-arrays of glycoconjugates and lectins. Glycobiology 15 (1):31–41. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwh143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appunni, S., M. Rubens, V. Ramamoorthy, R. Tonse, A. Saxena, P. Mcgranaghan, A. Kaiser, and R. Kotecha. 2021. Emerging evidence on the effects of dietary factors on the gut microbiome in colorectal cancer. Frontiers in Nutrition 8:718389. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.718389.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Artym, J., and M. Zimecki. 2005. The role of lactoferrin in the proper development of newborns. Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej (Online) 59:421–32. doi: 10.18267/j.pep.114.
   Google Scholar
• Artym, J., and M. Zimecki. 2013. Milk-derived proteins and peptides in clinical trials. Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej (Online) 67:800–16. doi: 10.5604/17322693.1061635.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asakuma, S., M. Akahori, K. Kimura, Y. Watanabe, T. Nakamura, M. Tsunemi, I. Arai, Y. Sanai, and T. Urashima. 2007. Sialyl oligosaccharides of human colostrum: Changes in concentration during the first three days of lactation. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 71 (6):1447–51. doi: 10.1271/bbb.60529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asakuma, S., T. Yokoyama, K. Kimura, Y. Watanabe, T. Nakamura, K. Fukuda, and T. Urashima. 2010. Effect of human milk oligosaccharides on messenger ribonucleic acid expression of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4, and of MD2 in the intestinal cell line HT-29. Journal of Applied Glycoscience 57 (3):177–83. doi: 10.5458/jag.57.177.
   Google Scholar
• Ballard, O., and A. L. Morrow. 2013. Human milk composition: Nutrients and bioactive factors. Pediatric Clinics of North America 60 (1):49–74. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2012.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banda, K., C. J. Gregg, R. Chow, N. M. Varki, and A. Varki. 2012. Metabolism of vertebrate amino sugars with N-glycolyl groups: Mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal incorporation of the non-human sialic acid xeno-autoantigen N-glycolylneuraminic acid. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 287 (34):28852–64. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.364182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardor, M., D. H. Nguyen, S. Diaz, and A. Varki. 2005. Mechanism of uptake and incorporation of the non-human sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid into human cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 (6):4228–37. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M412040200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barile, D., N. Tao, C. B. Lebrilla, J.-D. Coisson, M. Arlorio, and J. B. German. 2009. Permeate from cheese whey ultrafiltration is a source of milk oligosaccharides. International Dairy Journal 19 (9):524–30. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.03.008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barile, D., M. Marotta, C. Chu, R. Mehra, R. Grimm, C. B. Lebrilla, and J. B. German. 2010. Neutral and acidic oligosaccharides in Holstein-Friesian colostrum during the first 3 days of lactation measured by high performance liquid chromatography on a microfluidic chip and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Dairy Science 93 (9):3940–9. doi: 10.3168/jds.2010-3156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baydas, G., F. Karatas, M. F. Gursu, H. A. Bozkurt, N. Ilhan, A. Yasar, and H. Canatan. 2002. Antioxidant vitamin levels in term and preterm infants and their relation to maternal vitamin status. Archives of Medical Research 33 (3):276–80. doi: 10.1016/s0188-4409(02)00356-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Béjar, L. M., M. Gili, B. Infantes, and P. F. Marcott. 2012. Incidence of colorectal cancer and influence of dietary habits in fifteen European countries from 1971 to 2002. Gaceta Sanitaria 26 (1):69–73. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2011.04.016.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belfort, M. B., and T. E. Inder. 2022. Human milk and preterm infant brain development: A narrative review. Clinical Therapeutics 44 (4):612–21. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.02.011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benito-Garcia, E., D. Feskanich, F. B. Hu, L. A. Mandl, and E. W. Karlson. 2007. Protein, iron, and meat consumption and risk for rheumatoid arthritis: A prospective cohort study. Arthritis Research & Therapy 9 (1):R16. doi: 10.1186/ar2123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, P. K., R. Bansal, S. Sawardekar, C. Yonemitsu, A. Furst, H. E. Hampson, K. A. Schmidt, T. L. Alderete, L. Bode, M. I. Goran, et al. 2022. Associations of human milk oligosaccharides with infant brain tissue organization and regional blood flow at 1 month of age. Nutrients 14 (18):3820. doi: 10.3390/nu14183820.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhide, G., and K. Colley. 2017. Sialylation of N-glycans: Mechanism, cellular compartmentalization and function. Histochemistry and Cell Biology 147 (2):149–74. doi: 10.1007/s00418-016-1520-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blix, G., E. Lindberg, L. Odin, and I. Werner. 1955. Sialic acids. Nature 175 (4451):340–1. doi: 10.1038/175340a0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bode, L., C. Kunz, M. Muhly-Reinholz, K. Mayer, W. Seeger, and S. Rudloff. 2004a. Inhibition of monocyte, lymphocyte, and neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells by human milk oligosaccharides. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 92 (6):1402–10. doi: 10.1160/th04-01-0055.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bode, L., S. Rudloff, C. Kunz, S. Strobel, and N. Klein. 2004b. Human milk oligosaccharides reduce platelet-neutrophil complex formation leading to a decrease in neutrophil beta 2 integrin expression. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 76 (4):820–6. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0304198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bode, L. 2009. Human milk oligosaccharides: Prebiotics and beyond. Nutrition Reviews 67:S183–S191. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00239.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bode, L. 2012. Human milk oligosaccharides: Every baby needs a sugar mama. Glycobiology 22 (9):1147–62. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cws074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonfanti, L. 2006. PSA-NCAM in mammalian structural plasticity and neurogenesis. Progress in Neurobiology 80 (3):129–64. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.08.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borewicz, K., F. Gu, E. Saccenti, C. Hechler, R. Beijers, C. De Weerth, S. S. Van Leeuwen, H. A. Schols, and H. Smidt. 2020. The association between breastmilk oligosaccharides and faecal microbiota in healthy breastfed infants at two, six, and twelve weeks of age. Scientific Reports 10 (1):4270. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61024-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunngraber, E. G., L. A. Witting, C. Haberland, and B. Brown. 1972. Glycoproteins in Tay-sachs disease: Isolation and carbohydrate composition of glycopeptides. Brain Research 38 (1):151–62. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90596-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bulai, T., D. Bratosin, A. Pons, J. Montreuil, and J. P. Zanetta. 2003. Diversity of the human erythrocyte membrane sialic acids in relation with blood groups. FEBS Letters 534 (1-3):185–9. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03838-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlson, S. E., and S. G. House. 1986. Oral and intraperitoneal administration of N-acetylneuraminic acid: Effect on rat cerebral and cerebellar N-acetylneuraminic acid. The Journal of Nutrition 116 (5):881–6. doi: 10.1093/jn/116.5.881.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carr, L. E., M. D. Virmani, F. Rosa, D. Munblit, K. S. Matazel, A. A. Elolimy, and L. Yeruva. 2021. Role of human milk bioactives on infants’ gut and immune health. Frontiers in Immunology 12:604080. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.604080.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan, D. S. M., R. Lau, D. Aune, R. Vieira, D. C. Greenwood, E. Kampman, and T. Norat. 2011. Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: Meta-analysis of prospective studies. PloS One 6 (6):e20456. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charbonneau, M. R., D. O’donnell, L. V. Blanton, S. M. Totten, J. C. C. Davis, M. J. Barratt, J. Cheng, J. Guruge, M. Talcott, J. R. Bain, et al. 2016. Sialylated milk oligosaccharides promote microbiota-dependent growth in models of infant undernutrition. Cell 164 (5):859–71. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., and A. Varki. 2010. Advances in the biology and chemistry of sialic acids. ACS Chemical Biology 5 (2):163–76. doi: 10.1021/cb900266r.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., L. Pan, N. Liu, F. A. Troy, and B. Wang. 2014. LC-MS/MS quantification of N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycolylneuraminic acid and ketodeoxynonulosonic acid levels in the urine and potential relationship with dietary sialic acid intake and disease in 3- to 5-year-old children. The British Journal of Nutrition 111 (2):332–41. doi: 10.1017/s0007114513002468.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, Y. J., X. H. Zhou, B. Han, S. M. Li, T. Xu, H. X. Yi, P. Liu, L. W. Zhang, Y. Y. Li, S. L. Jiang, et al. 2020. Composition analysis of fatty acids and stereo-distribution of triglycerides in human milk from three regions of China. Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.) 133:109196. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109196.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, Z., Y. Chang, H. Liu, Y. You, Y. Liu, X. Yu, Y. Dou, D. Ma, L. Chen, X. Tong, et al. 2022. Distribution and influencing factors of the sialic acid content in the breast milk of preterm mothers at different stages. Frontiers in Nutrition 9:753919. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.753919.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng, L., M. B. G. Kiewiet, A. Groeneveld, A. Nauta, and P. De Vos. 2019. Human milk oligosaccharides and its acid hydrolysate LNT2 show immunomodulatory effects via TLRs in a dose and structure-dependent way. Journal of Functional Foods 59:174–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, L., M. B. G. Kiewiet, M. J. Logtenberg, A. Groeneveld, A. Nauta, H. A. Schols, M. T. C. Walvoort, H. J. M. Harmsen, and P. De Vos. 2020. Effects of different human milk oligosaccharides on growth of bifidobacteria in monoculture and co-culture with faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Frontiers in Microbiology 11:569700. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.569700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, L., R. Akkerman, C. Kong, M. T. C. Walvoort, and P. De Vos. 2021. More than sugar in the milk: Human milk oligosaccharides as essential bioactive molecules in breast milk and current insight in beneficial effects. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 61 (7):1184–200. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1754756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chichlowski, M., J. B. German, C. B. Lebrilla, and D. A. Mills. 2011. The influence of milk oligosaccharides on microbiota of infants: Opportunities for formulas. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 2:331–51. doi: 10.1146/annurev-food-022510-133743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, S., Z. Zhu, T. Li, K. Baluyot, B. R. Howell, H. C. Hazlett, J. T. Elison, J. Hauser, N. Sprenger, D. Wu, et al. 2021. Human milk 3’-Sialyllactose is positively associated with language development during infancy. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 114 (2):588–97. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, H. H., H. Takematsu, S. Diaz, J. Iber, E. Nickerson, K. L. Wright, E. A. Muchmore, D. L. Nelson, S. T. Warren, and A. Varki. 1998. A mutation in human CMP-sialic acid hydroxylase occurred after the Homo-Pan divergence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 (20):11751–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.20.11751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coker, J. K., O. Moyne, D. A. Rodionov, and K. Zengler. 2021. Carbohydrates great and small, from dietary fiber to sialic acids: How glycans influence the gut microbiome and affect human health. Gut Microbes 13 (1):1–18. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1869502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comstock, S. S., M. Li, M. Wang, M. H. Monaco, T. B. Kuhlenschmidt, M. S. Kuhlenschmidt, and S. M. Donovan. 2017. Dietary human milk oligosaccharides but not prebiotic oligosaccharides increase circulating natural killer cell and mesenteric lymph node memory T cell populations in noninfected and rotavirus-infected neonatal piglets. The Journal of Nutrition 147 (6):1041–7. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppa, G., P. Pierani, L. Zampini, I. Carloni, A. Carlucci, and O. Gabrielli. 1999. Oligosaccharides in human milk during different phases of lactation. Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992). Supplement 88 (430):89–94. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01307.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coppa, G. V., L. Zampini, T. Galeazzi, B. Facinelli, L. Ferrante, R. Capretti, and G. Orazio. 2006. Human milk oligosaccharides inhibit the adhesion to Caco-2 cells of diarrheal pathogens: Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, and Salmonella fyris. Pediatric Research 59 (3):377–82. doi: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000200805.45593.17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisà, A., C. Marchitelli, S. Failla, and M. Contò. 2022. Determination of N-acetylneuraminic and N-glycolylneuraminic acids in unprocessed milk of four cattle breeds. Journal of Dairy Research 89 (3)Sep:299–301. doi: 10.1017/S0022029922000620.
   Google Scholar
• Crocker, P. R., and A. Varki. 2001. Siglecs, sialic acids and innate immunity. Trends in Immunology 22 (6):337–42. doi: 10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01930-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, D., N. N. Nanthkumar, D. S. Newburg, and W. A. Walker. 2000. Role of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in intestinal host defense. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 30:S23–S33. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200003002-00005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, L., X. Chen, and A. Varki. 2013. Exploration of sialic acid diversity and biology using sialoglycan microarrays. Biopolymers 99 (10):650–65. doi: 10.1002/bip.22314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhar, C., A. Sasmal, and A. Varki. 2019. From “serum sickness” to “xenosialitis”: Past, present, and future significance of the non-human sialic acid Neu5Gc. Frontiers in Immunology 10:807. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, S. M. 2016. The role of lactoferrin in gastrointestinal and immune development and function: A preclinical perspective. The Journal of Pediatrics 173 Suppl:S16–S28. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.072.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duska-Mcewen, G., A. P. Senft, T. L. Ruetschilling, E. G. Barrett, and R. H. Buck. 2014. Human milk oligosaccharides enhance innate immunity to respiratory syncytial virus and influenza in vitro. Food and Nutrition Sciences 05 (14):1387–98. doi: 10.4236/fns.2014.514151.
   Google Scholar
• Ekmekcioglu, C., P. Wallner, M. Kundi, U. Weisz, W. Haas, and H.-P. Hutter. 2018. Red meat, diseases, and healthy alternatives: A critical review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 58 (2):247–61. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1158148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engfer, M. B., B. Stahl, B. Finke, G. Sawatzki, and H. Daniel. 2000. Human milk oligosaccharides are resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (6):1589–96. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ersoy, L., T. Ristau, Y. T. Lechanteur, M. Hahn, C. B. Hoyng, B. Kirchhof, A. I. Den Hollander, and S. Fauser. 2016. Corrigendum to “nutritional risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. BioMed Research International 2016:7589328. doi: 10.1155/2016/7589328.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandes, K. E., and D. A. Carter. 2017. The antifungal activity of lactoferrin and its derived peptides: Mechanisms of action and synergy with drugs against fungal pathogens. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:2. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, P. F., T. Uniacke-Lowe, P. L. H. Mcsweeney, and J. A. O’mahony. 2015. Dairy chemistry and biochemistry. 2nd ed. Switzerland: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-14892-2.
   Google Scholar
• Garrido, D., C. Nwosu, S. Ruiz-Moyano, D. Aldredge, J. B. German, C. B. Lebrilla, and D. A. Mills. 2012. Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases from infant gut-associated bifidobacteria release complex N-glycans from human milk glycoproteins. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics: MCP 11 (9):775–85. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M112.018119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaderi, D., R. E. Taylor, V. Padler-Karavani, S. Diaz, and A. Varki. 2010. Implications of the presence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins. Nature Biotechnology 28 (8):863–7. doi: 10.1038/nbt.1651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gila-Diaz, A., S. M. Arribas, A. Algara, M. A. Martin-Cabrejas, A. L. Lopez De Pablo, M. Saenz De Pipaon, and D. Ramiro-Cortijo. 2019. A review of bioactive factors in human breastmilk: A gocus on prematurity. Nutrients 11 (6):1307. doi: 10.3390/nu11061307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, C. K., and J. M. Olefsky. 2012. Inflammation and lipid signaling in the etiology of insulin resistance. Cell Metabolism 15 (5):635–45. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnoth, M. J., C. Kunz, E. Kinne-Saffran, and S. Rudloff. 2000. Human milk oligosaccharides are minimally digested in vitro. The Journal of Nutrition 130 (12):3014–20. doi: 10.1093/jn/130.12.3014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, C. A., and E. Riboli. 2010. Diet and cancer prevention: Contributions from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990) 46 (14):2555–62. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.07.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger, C. L., N. D. Embleton, J. M. Palmer, C. A. Lamb, J. E. Berrington, and C. J. Stewart. 2021. Maternal breastmilk, infant gut microbiome and the impact on preterm infant health. Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 110 (2):450–7. doi: 10.1111/apa.15534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, A., S. Suri, J. P. Dadhich, M. Trejos, and B. Nalubanga. 2019. The world breastfeeding trends initiative: Implementation of the global strategy for infant and young child feeding in 84 countries. Journal of Public Health Policy 40 (1):35–65. doi: 10.1057/s41271-018-0153-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gurnida, D. A., A. M. Rowan, P. Idjradinata, D. Muchtadi, and N. Sekarwana. 2012. Association of complex lipids containing gangliosides with cognitive development of 6-month-old infants. Early Human Development 88 (8):595–601. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.01.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavsson, M., S. C. Hodgkinson, B. Fong, C. Norris, J. Guan, C. U. Krageloh, B. H. Breier, M. Davison, P. Mcjarrow, and M. H. Vickers. 2010. Maternal supplementation with a complex milk lipid mixture during pregnancy and lactation alters neonatal brain lipid composition but lacks effect on cognitive function in rats. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) 30 (4):279–89. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern, M. D., and P. W. Denning. 2015. The role of intestinal epithelial barrier function in the development of NEC. Tissue Barriers 3 (1-2):e1000707. doi: 10.1080/21688370.2014.1000707.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hauser, J., E. Pisa, A. Arias Vásquez, F. Tomasi, A. Traversa, V. Chiodi, F. P. Martin, N. Sprenger, O. Lukjancenko, A. Zollinger, et al. 2021. Sialylated human milk oligosaccharides program cognitive development through a non-genomic transmission mode. Molecular Psychiatry 26 (7):2854–71. doi: 10.1038/s41380-021-01054-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayakawa, T., Y. Satta, P. Gagneux, A. Varki, and N. Takahata. 2001. Alu-mediated inactivation of the human CMP- N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (20):11399–404. doi: 10.1073/pnas.191268198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayakawa, T., I. Aki, A. Varki, Y. Satta, and N. Takahata. 2006. Fixation of the human-specific CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase pseudogene and implications of haplotype diversity for human evolution. Genetics 172 (2):1139–46. doi: 10.1534/genetics.105.046995.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hedlund, M., P. Tangvoranuntakul, H. Takematsu, J. M. Long, G. D. Housley, Y. Kozutsumi, A. Suzuki, A. Wynshaw-Boris, A. F. Ryan, R. L. Gallo, et al. 2007. N-glycolylneuraminic acid deficiency in mice: Implications for human biology and evolution. Molecular and Cellular Biology 27 (12):4340–6. doi: 10.1128/mcb.00379-07.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hildebrandt, H., and A. Dityatev. 2015. Polysialic acid in brain development and synaptic plasticity. Topics in Current Chemistry 366:55–96. doi: 10.1007/128_2013_446.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hinde, K., and J. B. German. 2012. Food in an evolutionary context: Insights from mother’s milk. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92 (11):2219–23. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5720.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holscher, H. D., L. Bode, and K. A. Tappenden. 2017. Human milk oligosaccharides influence intestinal epithelial cell maturation in vitro. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 64 (2):296–301. doi: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang, Y.-L., C. Chassard, M. Hausmann, M. Von Itzstein, and T. Hennet. 2015. Sialic acid catabolism drives intestinal inflammation and microbial dysbiosis in mice. Nature Communications 6:8141. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idota, T., H. Kawakami, Y. Murakami, and M. Sugawara. 1995. Inhibition of cholera toxin by human milk fractions and sialyllactose. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 59 (3):417–9. doi: 10.1271/bbb.59.417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, S., and M. Iwasaki. 1978. Isolation of a novel glycoprotein from the eggs of rainbow trout: Occurrence of disialosyl groups on all carbohydrate chains. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 83 (3):1018–23. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91497-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inoue, S., and Y. Inoue. 1997. Fish glycoproteins. New Comprehensive Biochemistry 29:143–61. Amsterdam: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/S0167-7306(08)60620-1.
   Google Scholar
• Irie, A., S. Koyama, Y. Kozutsumi, T. Kawasaki, and A. Suzuki. 1998. The molecular basis for the absence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in humans. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 (25):15866–71. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.25.15866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwata, K., and M. Goto. 2019. Did the ban on serving raw beef liver in restaurants decrease Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection in Japan?: An interrupted time-series analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases 19 (1):949. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4576-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jakszyn, P., L. Luján-Barroso, A. Agudo, H. B. Bueno-De-Mesquita, E. Molina, M. J. Sánchez, A. Fonseca-Nunes, P. D. Siersema, A. Matiello, R. Tumino, et al. 2013. Meat and heme iron intake and esophageal adenocarcinoma in the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. International Journal of Cancer 133 (11):2744–50. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28291.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jantscher-Krenn, E., M. Zherebtsov, C. Nissan, K. Goth, Y. S. Guner, N. Naidu, B. Choudhury, A. V. Grishin, H. R. Ford, and L. Bode. 2012. The human milk oligosaccharide disialyllacto-N-tetraose prevents necrotising enterocolitis in neonatal rats. Gut 61 (10):1417–25. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelen, P. 1996. Handbook of milk composition. International Dairy Journal 6 (11-12):1223–4. doi: 10.1016/S0958-6946(96)00027-1.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, R. G. 1995. Handbook of milk composition – Milk lipids, 495–542. New York: Acdemic Press Inc. doi: 10.1016/b978-012384430-9/50023-8.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, R. G., B. Blanc, and S. Patton. 1995. Particulate constituents in human and bovine milks. Chemistry 50–62. doi: 10.1016/B978-012384430-9/50005-6.
   Google Scholar
• Ji, S., F. Wang, Y. Chen, C. Yang, P. Zhang, X. Zhang, F. A. Troy, and B. Wang. 2017. Developmental changes in the level of free and conjugated sialic acids, Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc and KDN in different organs of pig: A LC-MS/MS quantitative analyses. Glycoconjugate Journal 34 (1):21–30. doi: 10.1007/s10719-016-9724-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jost, T., C. Lacroix, C. Braegger, and C. Chassard. 2015. Impact of human milk bacteria and oligosaccharides on neonatal gut microbiota establishment and gut health. Nutrition Reviews 73 (7):426–37. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juge, N., L. Tailford, and C. D. Owen. 2016. Sialidases from gut bacteria: A mini-review. Biochemical Society Transactions 44 (1):166–75. doi: 10.1042/BST20150226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juneja, L. R., M. Koketsu, K. Nishimoto, M. Kim, T. Yamamoto, and T. Itoh. 1991. Large-scale preparation of sialic acid from chalaza and egg-yolk membrane. Carbohydrate Research 214 (1):179–86. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90540-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamerling, J. P., R. Schauer, J. F. Vliegenthart, and K. Hotta. 1980. Identification of the sialic acids from the egg jelly coat of the sea urchin Pseudocentrotus depressus (Okayama). Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschrift Fur Physiologische Chemie 361 (10):1511–6. doi: 10.1515/bchm2.1980.361.2.1511.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kato, A., S. Oda, Y. Yamanaka, N. Matsudomi, and K. Kobayashi. 1985. Functional and structural properties of ovomucin. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 49 (12):3501–4. doi: 10.1080/00021369.1985.10867297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanaugh, D. W., J. O’callaghan, L. F. Buttó, H. Slattery, J. Lane, M. Clyne, M. Kane, L. Joshi, and R. M. Hickey. 2013. Exposure of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis to milk oligosaccharides increases adhesion to epithelial cells and induces a substantial transcriptional response. PloS One 8 (6):e67224. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawanishi, K., C. Dhar, R. Do, N. Varki, P. Gordts, and A. Varki. 2019. Human species-specific loss of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase enhances atherosclerosis via intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116 (32):16036–45. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1902902116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawanishi, K., J. K. Coker, K. V. Grunddal, C. Dhar, J. Hsiao, K. Zengler, N. Varki, A. Varki, and P. Gordts. 2021. Dietary Neu5Ac intervention protects against Atherosclerosis associated with human-like Neu5Gc loss-brief report. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 41 (11):2730–9. doi: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315280.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, S., D.-B. Oh, H. A. Kang, and O. Kwon. 2011. Features and applications of bacterial sialidases. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 91 (1):1–15. doi: 10.1007/s00253-011-3307-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiss, J. Z., and G. Rougon. 1997. Cell biology of polysialic acid. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 7 (5):640–6. doi: 10.1016/s0959-4388(97)80083-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kitajima, K., S. Inoue, and Y. Inoue. 1989. Isolation and characterization of a novel type of sialoglycoproteins (hyosophorin) from the eggs of medaka, Oryzias latipes: Nonapeptide with a large N-linked glycan chain as a tandem repeat unit. Developmental Biology 132 (2):544–53. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(89)90249-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knapp, R. D., and T. W. Hutchens. 1994. Maternal lactoferrin in the urine of preterm infants. Evidence for retention of structure and function. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 357:177–81. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2548-6_17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobayashi, K., M. Hattori, Y. Hara-Kudo, T. Okubo, S. Yamamoto, T. Takita, and Y. Sugita-Konishi. 2004. Glycopeptide derived from hen egg ovomucin has the ability to bind enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (18):5740–6. doi: 10.1021/jf0353335.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koketsu, M., L. R. Juneja, H. Kawanami, M. Kim, and T. Yamamoto. 1992. Preparation of N-acetylneuraminic acid from delipidated egg yolk. Glycoconjugate Journal 9 (2):70–4. doi: 10.1007/BF00731701.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kracun, I., H. Rosner, V. Drnovsek, Z. Vukelic, C. Cosovic, M. Trbojevic-Cepe, and M. Kubat. 1992. Gangliosides in the human brain development and aging. Neurochemistry International 20 (3):421–31. doi: 10.1016/0197-0186(92)90057-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota, M., K. Takeuchi, S. Watanabe, S. Ohno, R. Matsuoka, D. Kohda, S. Nakakita, H. Hiramatsu, Y. Suzuki, T. Nakayama, et al. 2016. Trisaccharide containing alpha 2,3-linked sialic acid is a receptor for mumps virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (41):11579–84. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1608383113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kulinich, A., and L. Liu. 2016. Human milk oligosaccharides: The role in the fine-tuning of innate immune responses. Carbohydrate Research 432 (2):62–70. doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.07.009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunz, C., and S. Rudloff. 1993. Biological functions of oligosaccharides in human milk. Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992) 82 (11):903–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12597.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunz, C., S. Rudloff, W. Baier, N. Klein, and S. Strobel. 2000. Oligosaccharides in human milk: Structural, functional, and metabolic aspects. Annual Review of Nutrition 20 (1):699–722. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laegreid, A., A. B. Otnaess, and J. Fuglesang. 1986. Human and bovine milk: Comparison of ganglioside composition and enterotoxin-inhibitory activity. Pediatric Research 20 (5):416–21. doi: 10.1203/00006450-198605000-00008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larsson, S. C., and A. Wolk. 2012. Red and processed meat consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer: Meta-analysis of prospective studies. British Journal of Cancer 106 (3):603–7. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2011.585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H., H. J. An, L. A. Lerno, J. B. German, and C. B. Lebrilla. 2011. Rapid profiling of bovine and human milk gangliosides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 305 (2-3):138–50. doi: 10.1016/j.ijms.2010.10.020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, H., J. B. German, R. Kjelden, C. B. Lebrilla, and D. Barile. 2013. Quantitative analysis of gangliosides in bovine milk and colostrum-based dairy products by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61 (40):9689–96. doi: 10.1021/jf402255g.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H., E. Padhi, Y. Hasegawa, J. Larke, M. Parenti, A. D. Wang, O. Hernell, B. Lonnerdal, and C. Slupsky. 2018. Compositional dynamics of the milk fat globule and its role in infant development. Frontiers in Pediatrics 6:313. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levonis, S. M., J. Pittet, B. C. M. Pointon, and S. S. Schweiker. 2019. Combining versatility with cost-effectiveness: Determination of both free and bound sialic acids, N-acetylneuraminic and N-glycolylneuraminic in unprocessed bovine milk. Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 1104:130–3. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.11.019.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, H., and X. Fan. 2014. Quantitative analysis of sialic acids in Chinese conventional foods by HPLC-FLD. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 04 (02):57–63. doi: 10.4236/ojpm.2014.42009.
   Google Scholar
• Li, H., Q. Zhu, R. Chang, K. E. Hu, X. Zhu, A. Xu, S. Xu, and P. Tang. 2021a. Effects of dietary 5’-CMP on Neu5Gc contents in the muscle and viscera of Xiang Pigs. Journal of Food Protection 84 (1):23–30. doi: 10.4315/jfp-20-191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, N., Q. Xie, L. Zhao, J. Shi, S. E. Evivie, X. Lv, G. Huo, and B. Li. 2021b. Human milk and infant formula modulate the intestinal microbiota and immune systems of human microbiota-associated mice. Food & Function 12 (6):2784–98. doi: 10.1039/d0fo03004j.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, Y., W. Wang, X. Gou, N. Lin, S. Le, N. Du, H. Yan, and J. Zhang. 2017. Determination of N-acetylneuraminic acid in poultry eggs by Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Chemistry 72 (8):886–9. doi: 10.1134/S1061934817080081.
   Google Scholar
• Liao, H., J. Winkler, J. Wißfeld, A. Shahraz, C. Klaus, and H. Neumann. 2021. Low molecular weight polysialic acid prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory dopaminergic neurodegeneration in humanized SIGLEC11 transgenic mice. Glia 69 (12):2845–62. doi: 10.1002/glia.24073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, X., H. Yao, J. Guo, Y. Huang, W. Wang, B. Yin, X. Li, T. Wang, C. Li, X. Xu, et al. 2022. Protein glycosylation and gut microbiota utilization can limit the in vitro and in vivo metabolic cellular incorporation of Neu5Gc. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 66 (5):e2100615. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.202100615.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ling, A. J. W., L. S. Chang, A. S. Babji, J. Latip, M. Koketsu, and S. J. Lim. 2022. Review of sialic acid’s biochemistry, sources, extraction and functions with special reference to edible bird’s nest. Food Chemistry 367 (15):130755. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130755.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lis-Kuberka, J., and M. Orczyk-Pawiłowicz. 2019. Sialylated oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates of human milk. The impact on infant and newborn protection, development and well-being. Nutrients 11 (2):306. doi: 10.3390/nu11020306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löfling, J. C., A. W. Paton, N. M. Varki, J. C. Paton, and A. Varki. 2009. A dietary non-human sialic acid may facilitate hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Kidney International 76 (2):140–4. doi: 10.1038/ki.2009.131.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lovallo, C., C. Marchitelli, F. Napolitano, S. Claps, and A. Crisà. 2022. Sialyloligosaccharides content in mature milk of different cow breeds. Sustainability 14 (5):2805. doi: 10.3390/su14052805.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, Y., J. Liu, Z. Li, W. Li, J. Liu, L. Huang, and Z. Wang. 2022. Comparative mass spectrometry analysis and immunomodulatory effects of casein glycomacropeptide O-glycans in bovine and caprine whey powder. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 70 (28):8746–54. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07975.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyons, K. E., C. A. Ryan, E. M. Dempsey, R. P. Ross, and C. Stanton. 2020. Breast milk, a source of beneficial microbes and associated benefits for infant health. Nutrients 12 (4):1039. doi: 10.3390/nu12041039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, F., and D. Liu. 2012. Sketch of the edible bird’s nest and its important bioactivities. Food Research International 48 (2):559–67. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.06.001.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, J., S. Gong, Y. He, W. Gao, W. Hao, and X. Lan. 2021. Effects of oral sialic acid on gut development, liver function and gut microbiota in mice. Letters in Applied Microbiology 73 (1):20–5. doi: 10.1111/lam.13447.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magnúsdóttir, S., A. Heinken, L. Kutt, D. A. Ravcheev, E. Bauer, A. Noronha, K. Greenhalgh, C. Jäger, J. Baginska, P. Wilmes, et al. 2017. Generation of genome-scale metabolic reconstructions for 773 members of the human gut microbiota. Nature Biotechnology 35 (1):81–9. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3703.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin-Sosa, S., M. J. Martin, L. A. Garcia-Pardo, and P. Hueso. 2004. Distribution of sialic acids in the milk of Spanish mothers of full term infants during lactation. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 39 (5):499–503. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200411000-00010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martín-Sosa, S., M. J. Martín, L. A. García-Pardo, and P. Hueso. 2003. Sialyloligosaccharides in human and bovine milk and in infant formulas: Variations with the progression of lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 86 (1):52–9. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73583-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín, M. J., S. Martín-Sosa, L. A. García-Pardo, and P. Hueso. 2001. Distribution of bovine milk sialoglycoconjugates during lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (5):995–1000. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74558-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masson, P. L., J. F. Heremans, and C. H. Dive. 1966. An iron-binding protein common to many external secretions. Clinica Chimica Acta 14 (6):735–9. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(66)90004-0.
   Google Scholar
• Matrosovich, M., G. Herrler, and H. D. Klenk. 2015. SialoGlyco chemistry and biology II Sialic acid receptors of viruses. Topics in Current Chemistry 367:1–28. doi: 10.1007/128_2013_466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matrosovich, M. N., A. S. Gambaryan, A. B. Tuzikov, N. E. Byramova, L. V. Mochalova, A. A. Golbraikh, M. D. Shenderovich, J. Finne, and N. V. Bovin. 1993. Probing of the receptor-binding sites of the H1 and H3 influenza A and influenza B virus hemagglutinins by synthetic and natural sialosides. Virology 196 (1):111–21. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuki, T., K. Yahagi, H. Mori, H. Matsumoto, T. Hara, S. Tajima, E. Ogawa, H. Kodama, K. Yamamoto, T. Yamada, et al. 2016. A key genetic factor for fucosyllactose utilization affects infant gut microbiota development. Nature Communications 7:11939. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcdonald, N. D., J.-B. Lubin, N. Chowdhury, and E. F. Boyd. 2016. Host-derived sialic acids are an important nutrient source required for optimal bacterial fitness in vivo. mBio 7 (2):e02237–e02215. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02237-15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mcjarrow, P., and J. Van Amelsfort-Schoonbeek. 2004. Bovine sialyl oligosaccharides: Seasonal variations in their concentrations in milk, and a comparison of the colostrums of Jersey and Friesian cows. International Dairy Journal 14 (7):571–9. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2003.11.006.
   Google Scholar
• Mckeown-Eyssen, G. E., and E. Bright-See. 1985. Dietary factors in colon cancer: International relationships. Nutrition and Cancer 6 (3):160–70. doi: 10.1080/01635588509513819.
   Google Scholar
• Meyerhardt, J. A., D. Niedzwiecki, D. Hollis, L. B. Saltz, F. B. Hu, R. J. Mayer, H. Nelson, R. Whittom, A. Hantel, J. Thomas, et al. 2007. Association of dietary patterns with cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer. JAMA 298 (7):754–64. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.7.754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mingruo, G. 2020. Human milk biochemistry and infant formula manufacturing technology (2nd ed.), 19–59. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Ltd. doi: 10.1016/C2018-0-01277-3.
   Google Scholar
• Montemurro, M., A. Schwaighofer, A. Schmidt, M. J. Culzoni, H. K. Mayer, and B. Lendl. 2019. High-throughput quantitation of bovine milk proteins and discrimination of commercial milk types by external cavity-quantum cascade laser spectroscopy and chemometrics. The Analyst 144 (18):5571–9. doi: 10.1039/c9an00746f.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan, B. L., and M. Winick. 1980. Effects of administration of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) on brain NANA content and behavior. The Journal of Nutrition 110 (3):416–24. doi: 10.1093/jn/110.3.416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morozov, V., G. Hansman, F.-G. Hanisch, H. Schroten, and C. Kunz. 2018. Human milk oligosaccharides as promising antivirals. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 62 (6):e1700679. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201700679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrissey, P. A. 1973. The N-acetyl neuraminic-acid content of the milk of various species. Journal of Dairy Research 40 (3):421–5. doi: 10.1017/S0022029900014795.
   Google Scholar
• Murrey, H. E., and L. C. Hsieh-Wilson. 2008. The chemical neurobiology of carbohydrates. Chemical Reviews 108 (5):1708–31. doi: 10.1021/cr078215f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mysore, J. V., T. Wigginton, P. M. Simon, D. Zopf, L. M. Heman-Ackah, and A. Dubois. 1999. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in rhesus monkeys using a novel antiadhesion compound. Gastroenterology 117 (6):1316–25. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70282-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nadano, D., M. Iwasaki, S. Endo, K. Kitajima, S. Inoue, and Y. Inoue. 1986. A naturally occurring deaminated neuraminic acid, 3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulosonic acid (KDN). Its unique occurrence at the nonreducing ends of oligosialyl chains in polysialoglycoprotein of rainbow trout eggs. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 261 (25):11550–7. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)67278-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natividad, J. M., A. Rytz, S. Keddani, G. Bergonzelli, and C. L. Garcia-Rodenas. 2020. Blends of human milk oligosaccharides confer intestinal epithelial barrier protection in vitro. Nutrients 12 (10):3047. doi: 10.3390/nu12103047.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newburg, D. S. 1996. Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in human milk: Their role in host defense. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 1 (3):271–83. doi: 10.1007/BF02018080.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ninonuevo, M. R., Y. Park, H. Yin, J. Zhang, R. E. Ward, B. H. Clowers, J. B. German, S. L. Freeman, K. Killeen, R. Grimm, et al. 2006. A strategy for annotating the human milk glycome. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 (20):7471–80. doi: 10.1021/jf0615810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obelitz-Ryom, K., S. B. Bering, S. H. Overgaard, S. F. Eskildsen, S. Ringgaard, J. L. Olesen, K. Skovgaard, S. Pankratova, B. Wang, A. Brunse, et al. 2019. Bovine milk oligosaccharides with sialyllactose improvescognition in preterm pigs. Nutrients 11 (6):1335. doi: 10.3390/nu11061335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okerblom, J., and A. Varki. 2017. Biochemical, cellular, physiological, and pathological consequences of human loss of N-glycolylneuraminic acid. Chembiochem: A European Journal of Chemical Biology 18 (13):1155–71. doi: 10.1002/cbic.201700077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveros, E., E. Vazquez, A. Barranco, M. Ramirez, A. Gruart, J. M. Delgado-Garcia, R. Buck, R. Rueda, and M. J. Martin. 2018. Sialic acid and sialylated oligosaccharide supplementation during lactation improves learning and memory in rats. Nutrients 10 (10):1519. doi: 10.3390/nu10101519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orczyk-Pawiłowicz, M., and I. Kątnik-Prastowska. 2011. Terminal monosaccharide expression on amniotic glycoproteins as biomarkers of fetus maturity. Biochemical Society Transactions 39 (1):344–8. doi: 10.1042/BST0390344.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Padler-Karavani, V., H. Yu, H. Cao, H. A. Chokhawala, F. Karp, N. Varki, X. Chen, and A. Varki. 2008. Diversity in specificity, abundance, and composition of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in normal humans: Potential implications for disease. Glycobiology 18 (10):818–30. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwn072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padler-Karavani, V., N. Hurtado-Ziola, M. Pu, H. Yu, S. Huang, S. Muthana, H. A. Chokhawala, H. Cao, P. Secrest, D. Friedmann-Morvinski, et al. 2011. Human xeno-autoantibodies against a non-human sialic acid serve as novel serum biomarkers and immunotherapeutics in cancer. Cancer Research 71 (9):3352–63. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-4102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parente, F., C. Cucino, A. Anderloni, G. Grandinetti, and G. B. Porro. 2003. Treatment of helicobacter pylori infection using a novel antiadhesion compound (3’-sialyllactose sodium salt). A double blind, placebo-controlled clinical. Helicobacter 8 (4):252–6. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.2003.00152.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parkkinen, J., and J. Finne. 1987. Isolation of sialyl oligosaccharides and sialyl oligosaccharide phosphates from bovine colostrum and human urine. Methods in Enzymology 138:289–300. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)38024-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paul, A., and V. Padler-Karavani. 2018. Evolution of sialic acids: Implications in xenotransplant biology. Xenotransplantation 25 (6):e12424. doi: 10.1111/xen.12424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picariello, G., P. Ferranti, G. Mamone, P. Roepstorff, and F. Addeo. 2008. Identification of N-linked glycoproteins in human milk by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Proteomics 8 (18):3833–47. doi: 10.1002/pmic.200701057.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pisa, E., A. Martire, V. Chiodi, A. Traversa, V. Caputo, J. Hauser, and S. Macrì. 2021. Exposure to 3’-sialyllactose-poor milk during lactation impairs cognitive capabilities in adulthood. Nutrients 13 (12):4191. doi: 10.3390/nu13124191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Powell, H., H. Liu, and A. Pekosz. 2021. Changes in sialic acid binding associated with egg adaptation decrease live attenuated influenza virus replication in human nasal epithelial cell cultures. Vaccine 39 (24):3225–35. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.057.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puente, R., L. A. García-Pardo, and P. Hueso. 1992. Gangliosides in bovine milk. Changes in content and distribution of individual ganglioside levels during lactation. Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler 373 (5):283–8. doi: 10.1515/bchm3.1992.373.1.283.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puente, R., and P. Hueso. 1993. Lactational changes in the N-glycoloylneuraminic acid content of bovine milk gangliosides. Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler 374 (7):475–8. doi: 10.1515/bchm3.1993.374.7-12.475.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray, C., J. A. Kerketta, S. Rao, S. Patel, S. Dutt, K. Arora, F. Pournami, and P. Bhushan. 2019. Human milk oligosaccharides: The journey ahead. International Journal of Pediatrics 2019 (1):1–8. doi: 10.1155/2019/2390240.
   Google Scholar
• Robbe, C., C. Capon, E. Maes, M. Rousset, A. Zweibaum, J.-P. Zanetta, and J.-C. Michalski. 2003. Evidence of regio-specific glycosylation in human intestinal mucins: Presence of an acidic gradient along the intestinal tract. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 (47):46337–48. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M302529200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson, D. S., and J. B. Monsey. 1971. Studies on the composition of egg-white ovomucin. The Biochemical Journal 121 (3):537–47. doi: 10.1042/bj1210537.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson, R. C., N. A. Poulsen, E. Colet, C. Duchene, L. B. Larsen, and D. Barile. 2019. Profiling of aminoxyTMT-labeled bovine milk oligosaccharides reveals substantial variation in oligosaccharide abundance between dairy cattle breeds. Scientific Reports 9 (1):5465. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41956-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rocha, V. Z., and P. Libby. 2009. Obesity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Nature Reviews. Cardiology 6 (6):399–409. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2009.55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosario-Capellan, M., J. Carlos-Raboca, and A. Litonjua. 2009. Total sialic acid and other inflammatory markers as predictors of gestational diabetes. Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine 47 (1). doi: 10.3860/pjim.v47i1.878.
   Google Scholar
• Rudloff, S., and C. Kunz. 2012. Milk oligosaccharides and metabolism in infants. Advances in Nutrition 3 (3):398S–405S. doi: 10.3945/an.111.001594.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rueda, R., J. L. Sabatel, J. Maldonado, J. A. Molina-Font, and A. Gil. 1998. Addition of gangliosides to an adapted milk formula modifies levels of fecal Escherichia coli in preterm newborn infants. The Journal of Pediatrics 133 (1):90–4. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70184-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samraj, A. N., H. Läubli, N. Varki, and A. Varki. 2014. Involvement of a non-human sialic acid in human cancer. Frontiers in Oncology 4:33. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00033.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samraj, A. N., O. M. T. Pearce, H. Läubli, A. N. Crittenden, A. K. Bergfeld, K. Banda, C. J. Gregg, A. E. Bingman, P. Secrest, S. L. Diaz, et al. 2015. A red meat-derived glycan promotes inflammation and cancer progression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (2):542–7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1417508112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samraj, A. N., K. A. Bertrand, R. Luben, Z. Khedri, H. Yu, D. Nguyen, C. J. Gregg, S. L. Diaz, S. Sawyer, X. Chen, et al. 2018. Polyclonal human antibodies against glycans bearing red meat-derived non-human sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid are stable, reproducible, complex and vary between individuals: Total antibody levels are associated with colorectal cancer risk. PloS One 13 (6):e0197464. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, C., and K. Kitajima. 2013. Disialic, oligosialic and polysialic acids: Distribution, functions and related disease. Journal of Biochemistry 154 (2):115–36. doi: 10.1093/jb/mvt057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer, R., G. V. Srinivasan, B. Coddeville, J. P. Zanetta, and Y. Guerardel. 2009. Low incidence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in birds and reptiles and its absence in the platypus. Carbohydrate Research 344 (12):1494–500. doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.05.020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schauer, R., and J. P. Kamerling. 2018. Exploration of the sialic acid world. Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry 75:1–213. doi: 10.1016/bs.accb.2018.09.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnaar, R. L. 2016. Gangliosides of the vertebrate nervous system. Journal of Molecular Biology 428 (16):3325–36. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.05.020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schnaar, R. L. 2019. The biology of gangliosides. Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry 76:113–48. doi: 10.1016/bs.accb.2018.09.002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seko, A., M. Koketsu, M. Nishizono, Y. Enoki, H. R. Ibrahim, L. R. Juneja, M. Kim, and T. Yamamoto. 1997. Occurence of a sialylglycopeptide and free sialylglycans in hen’s egg yolk. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1335 (1-2):23–32. doi: 10.1016/s0304-4165(96)00118-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimamura, M., Y. Inoue, and S. Inoue. 1985. Evidence for unique homologous peptide sequences around the glycosylated seryl and threonyl residues in polysialoglycoproteins isolated from the unfertilized eggs of the Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus keta. Biochemistry 24 (20):5470–80. doi: 10.1021/bi00341a029.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simon, P. M., P. L. Goode, A. Mobasseri, and D. Zopf. 1997. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori binding to gastrointestinal epithelial cells by sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides. Infection and Immunity 65 (2):750–7. doi: 10.1128/iai.65.2.750-757.1997.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siqueiros-Cendón, T., S. Arévalo-Gallegos, B. F. Iglesias-Figueroa, I. A. García-Montoya, J. Salazar-Martínez, and Q. Rascón-Cruz. 2014. Immunomodulatory effects of lactoferrin. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 35 (5):557–66. doi: 10.1038/aps.2013.200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smilowitz, J. T., C. B. Lebrilla, D. A. Mills, J. B. German, and S. L. Freeman. 2014. Breast milk oligosaccharides: Structure-function relationships in the neonate. Annual Review of Nutrition 34 (1):143–69. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105721.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soyyılmaz, B., M. H. Mikš, C. H. Röhrig, M. Matwiejuk, A. Meszaros-Matwiejuk, and L. K. Vigsnæs. 2021. The mean of milk: A review of human milk oligosaccharide concentrations throughout lactation. Nutrients 13 (8):2737. doi: 10.3390/nu13082737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spichtig, V., J. Michaud, and S. Austin. 2010. Determination of sialic acids in milks and milk-based products. Analytical Biochemistry 405 (1):28–40. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.06.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stehle, T., Y. Yan, T. L. Benjamin, and S. C. Harrison. 1994. Structure of murine polyomavirus complexed with an oligosaccharide receptor fragment. Nature 369 (6476):160–3. doi: 10.1038/369160a0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steijns, J. M., and A. C. Van Hooijdonk. 2000. Occurrence, structure, biochemical properties and technological characteristics of lactoferrin. The British Journal of Nutrition 84 Suppl 1:S11–S7. doi: 10.1017/s0007114500002191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, X., M. Gänzle, C. J. Field, and J. Wu. 2016. Effect of proteolysis on the sialic acid content and bifidogenic activity of ovomucin hydrolysates. Food Chemistry 212:78–86. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, X., M. Gänzle, and J. Wu. 2017. Identification and characterization of glycopeptides from egg protein ovomucin with anti-agglutinating activity against porcine K88 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65 (4):777–83. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, X., S. Zhang, J. Ren, and C. C. Udenigwe. 2022. Sialic acid-based strategies for the prevention and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: Emerging trends in food industry. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 62 (7):1713–24. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1846157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundekilde, U. K., D. Barile, M. Meyrand, N. A. Poulsen, L. B. Larsen, C. B. Lebrilla, J. B. German, and H. C. Bertram. 2012. Natural variability in bovine milk oligosaccharides from Danish Jersey and Holstein-Friesian breeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60 (24):6188–96. doi: 10.1021/jf300015j.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taguchi, T., A. Seko, K. Kitajima, Y. Muto, S. Inoue, K. H. Khoo, H. R. Morris, A. Dell, and Y. Inoue. 1994. Structural studies of a novel type of pentaantennary large glycan unit in the fertilization-associated carbohydrate-rich glycopeptide isolated from the fertilized eggs of Oryzias latipes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 (12):8762–71. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37034-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tailford, L. E., C. D. Owen, J. Walshaw, E. H. Crost, J. Hardy-Goddard, G. Le Gall, W. M. De Vos, G. L. Taylor, and N. Juge. 2015. Discovery of intramolecular trans-sialidases in human gut microbiota suggests novel mechanisms of mucosal adaptation. Nature Communications 6:7624. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8624.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takiishi, T., C. I. M. Fenero, and N. O. S. Câmara. 2017. Intestinal barrier and gut microbiota: Shaping our immune responses throughout life. Tissue Barriers 5 (4):e1373208. doi: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1373208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamburini, S., N. Shen, H. C. Wu, and J. C. Clemente. 2016. The microbiome in early life: Implications for health outcomes. Nature Medicine 22 (7):713–22. doi: 10.1038/nm.4142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, K. T., L. N. Liang, Y. Q. Cai, and S. F. Mou. 2008. Determination of sialic acid in milk and products using high performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 36 (11):1535–8. doi: 10.1016/S1872-2040(09)60005-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangvoranuntakul, P., P. Gagneux, S. Diaz, M. Bardor, N. Varki, A. Varki, and E. Muchmore. 2003. Human uptake and incorporation of an immunogenic nonhuman dietary sialic acid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (21):12045–50. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2131556100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanizaki, H., H. Tanaka, H. Iwata, and A. Kato. 1997. Activation of macrophages by sulfated glycopeptides in ovomucin, yolk membrane, and chalazae in chicken eggs. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 61 (11):1883–9. doi: 10.1271/bbb.61.1883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao, N., E. J. Depeters, S. Freeman, J. B. German, R. Grimm, and C. B. Lebrilla. 2008. Bovine milk glycome. Journal of Dairy Science 91 (10):3768–78. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tao, N., E. J. Depeters, J. B. German, R. Grimm, and C. B. Lebrilla. 2009. Variations in bovine milk oligosaccharides during early and middle lactation stages analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-chip/mass spectrometry. Journal of Dairy Science 92 (7):2991–3001. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1642.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Theobald, H. 2004. Functional dairy products. Nutrition Bulletin 29 (3):282– doi: 10.1111/j.1467-3010.2004.00411.x.
   Google Scholar
• Thiesler, H., J. Beimdiek, and H. Hildebrandt. 2021. Polysialic acid and Siglec-E orchestrate negative feedback regulation of microglia activation. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS 78 (4):1637–53. doi: 10.1007/s00018-020-03601-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thurl, S., B. Muller-Werner, and G. Sawatzki. 1996. Quantification of individual oligosaccharide compounds from human milk using high-pH anion-exchange chromatography. Analytical Biochemistry 235 (2):202–6. doi: 10.1006/abio.1996.0113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurl, S., M. Munzert, G. Boehm, C. Matthews, and B. Stahl. 2017. Systematic review of the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk. Nutrition Reviews 75 (11):920–33. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nux044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, X.-L., L. Wang, T.-B. Gao, Y.-G. Qin, Y.-Q. Qi, and Y.-P. Xu. 2009. Potential function of amniotic fluid in fetal development-novel insights by comparing the composition of human amniotic fluid with umbilical cord and maternal serum at mid and late gestation. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association: JCMA 72 (7):368–73. doi: 10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70389-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuge, Y., M. Shimoyamada, and K. Watanabe. 1997. Bindings of ovomucin to Newcastle disease virus and anti-ovomucin antibodies and its heat stability based on binding abilities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45 (12):4629–34. doi: 10.1021/jf970445f.
   Google Scholar
• Underwood, M. A., J. B. German, C. B. Lebrilla, and D. A. Mills. 2015. Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis: Champion colonizer of the infant gut. Pediatric Research 77 (1-2):229–35. doi: 10.1038/pr.2014.156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urashima, T., T. Saito, T. Nakamura, and M. Messer. 2001. Oligosaccharides of milk and colostrum in non-human mammals. Glycoconjugate Journal 18 (5):357–71. doi: 10.1023/a:1014881913541.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valk-Weeber, R. L., T. Eshuis-De Ruiter, L. Dijkhuizen, and S. S. Van Leeuwen. 2020. Dynamic temporal variations in bovine lactoferrin glycan structures. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68 (2):549–60. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Strate, B. W., L. Beljaars, G. Molema, M. C. Harmsen, and D. K. Meijer. 2001. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral Research 52 (3):225–39. doi: 10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00195-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Leeuwen, S. S., R. J. Schoemaker, C. J. Timmer, J. P. Kamerling, and L. Dijkhuizen. 2012. Use of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin affinity chromatography in the structural analysis of the bovine lactoferrin N-linked glycosylation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1820 (9):1444–55. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.12.014.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Niekerk, E., C. A. Autran, D. G. Nel, G. F. Kirsten, R. Blaauw, and L. Bode. 2014. Human milk oligosaccharides differ between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected mothers and are related to necrotizing enterocolitis incidence in their preterm very-low-birth-weight infants. The Journal of Nutrition 144 (8):1227–33. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.187799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenplas, Y., B. Berger, V. P. Carnielli, J. Ksiazyk, H. Lagström, M. Sanchez Luna, N. Migacheva, J.-M. Mosselmans, J.-C. Picaud, M. Possner, et al. 2018. Human milk oligosaccharides: 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) in infant formula. Nutrients 10 (9):1161. doi: 10.3390/nu10091161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varki, A. 1992. Diversity in the sialic acids. Glycobiology 2 (1):25–40. doi: 10.1093/glycob/2.1.25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varki, A. 2007. Glycan-based interactions involving vertebrate sialic-acid-recognizing proteins. Nature 446 (7139):1023–9. doi: 10.1038/nature05816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varki, A., and P. Gagneux. 2012. Multifarious roles of sialic acids in immunity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1253 (1):16–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06517.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Varki, A. 2017. Biological roles of glycans. Glycobiology 27 (1):3–49. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cww086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verduci, E., G. Banderali, S. Barberi, G. Radaelli, A. Lops, F. Betti, E. Riva, and M. Giovannini. 2014. Epigenetic effects of human breast milk. Nutrients 6 (4):1711–24. doi: 10.3390/nu6041711.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vossen, E., S. Goethals, J. De Vrieze, N. Boon, T. Van Hecke, and S. De Smet. 2020. Red and processed meat consumption within two different dietary patterns: Effect on the colon microbial community and volatile metabolites in pigs. Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.) 129:108793. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vranken, L., T. Avermaete, D. Petalios, and E. Mathijs. 2014. Curbing global meat consumption: Emerging evidence of a second nutrition transition. Environmental Science & Policy 39:95–106. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2014.02.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B., J. Brand-Miller, P. Mcveagh, and P. Petocz. 2001a. Concentration and distribution of sialic acid in human milk and infant formulas. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (4):510–5. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/74.4.510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B., J. B. Miller, Y. Sun, Z. Ahmad, P. Mcveagh, and P. Petocz. 2001b. A longitudinal study of salivary sialic acid in preterm infants: Comparison of human milk-fed versus formula-fed infants. The Journal of Pediatrics 138 (6):914–6. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2001.113044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B., and J. Brand-Miller. 2003. The role and potential of sialic acid in human nutrition. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57 (11):1351–69. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B., P. Mcveagh, P. Petocz, and J. Brand-Miller. 2003. Brain ganglioside and glycoprotein sialic acid in breastfed compared with formula-fed infants. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78 (5):1024–9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/78.5.1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B., B. Yu, M. Karim, H. Hu, Y. Sun, P. Mcgreevy, P. Petocz, S. Held, and J. Brand-Miller. 2007. Dietary sialic acid supplementation improves learning and memory in piglets. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85 (2):561–9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.2.561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B. 2009. Sialic acid is an essential nutrient for brain development and cognition. Annual Review of Nutrition 29:177–222. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B. 2012. Molecular mechanism underlying sialic acid as an essential nutrient for brain development and cognition. Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) 3 (3):465s–72s. doi: 10.3945/an.112.001875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, F., P. Yu, X. Gui, Y. Wang, C. Xue, and J. Wang. 2016. Sialoglycoprotein isolated from the eggs of Carassius auratus prevents bone loss: An effect associated with the regulation of gut microbiota in ovariectomized rats. Food & Function 7 (12):4764–71. doi: 10.1039/c6fo01103a.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, M., Y. Zhang, H. Yao, L. Liu, and J. Voglmeir. 2021. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of N-propionyl-neuraminic acid derivative and its application in the determination of sialic acid content in poultry eggs. Science and Technology of Food Industry 42 (1):28–34. 41 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2020010142.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., C. H. Xue, Z. J. Li, and J. Xu. 2008. Phosphatidylcholine levels and their fatty acid compositions in squid egg: A comparison study with pollack roe and sturgeon caviar. Journal of Food Lipids 15 (2):222–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2008.00114.x.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X., T. Ma, H. Yu, Z. Chen, B. Zhu, W. Chen, S. Sun, and Z. Li. 2020. Purification of sialoglycoproteins from bovine milk using serotonin-functionalized magnetic particles and their application against influenza A virus. Food & Function 11 (8):6911–20. doi: 10.1039/d0fo01447h.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warren, L. 1963. The distribution of sialic acids in nature. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 10 (2):153–71. doi: 10.1016/0010-406x(63)90238-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wasik, B. R., K. N. Barnard, and C. R. Parrish. 2016. Effects of sialic acid modifications on virus binding and infection. Trends in Microbiology 24 (12):991–1001. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.07.005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watanabe, K., Y. Tsuge, M. Shimoyamada, N. Ogama, and T. Ebina. 1998. Antitumor effects of pronase-treated fragments, glycopeptides, from ovomucin in hen egg white in a double grafted tumor system. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46 (8):3033–8. doi: 10.1021/jf9800615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinborn, V., Y. H. Li, I. M. Shah, H. Yu, D. C. Dallas, J. B. German, D. A. Mills, X. Chen, and D. Barile. 2020. Production of functional mimics of human milk oligosaccharides by enzymatic glycosylation of bovine milk oligosaccharides. International Dairy Journal 102 (10):104583. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104583.
   Google Scholar
• Wiseman, M. 2008. The second world cancer research fund/American institute for cancer research expert report. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: A global perspective. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 67 (3):253–6. doi: 10.1017/s002966510800712x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkin, S. S., I. M. Linhares, A. M. Bongiovanni, C. Herway, and D. Skupski. 2011. Unique alterations in infection-induced immune activation during pregnancy. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 118 (2):145–53. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02773.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolk, A. 2017. Potential health hazards of eating red meat. Journal of Internal Medicine 281 (2):106–22. doi: 10.1111/joim.12543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J., X. Zhan, L. Liu, and X. Xia. 2018. Bioproduction, purification, and application of polysialic acid. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 102 (22):9403–9. doi: 10.1007/s00253-018-9336-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xia, G. H., S. S. Wang, M. He, X. C. Zhou, Y. L. Zhao, J. F. Wang, and C. H. Xue. 2015. Anti-osteoporotic activity of sialoglycoproteins isolated from the eggs of Carassius auratus by promoting osteogenesis and increasing OPG/RANKL ratio. Journal of Functional Foods 15:137–50. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, G. H., J. F. Wang, S. H. Sun, Y. L. Zhao, Y. M. Wang, Z. Yu, S. S. Wang, and C. H. Xue. 2016. Sialoglycoproteins prepared from the eggs of Carassius auratus prevent bone loss by inhibiting the NF-kappa B pathway in ovariectomized rats. Food & Function 7 (2):704–12. doi: 10.1039/c5fo00955c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, Q., Y. Xu, W. Zhang, M. Zhu, X. Wang, J. Huang, Y. Zhuang, H. Lan, X. Chen, D. Guo, et al. 2022. Concentration and distribution of sialic acid in human milk and its correlation with dietary intake. Frontiers in Nutrition 9:929661. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.929661.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu, G., J. C. Davis, E. Goonatilleke, J. T. Smilowitz, J. B. German, and C. B. Lebrilla. 2017. Absolute quantitation of human milk oligosaccharides reveals phenotypic variations during lactation. The Journal of Nutrition 147 (1):117–24. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.238279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, S., J. A. Lane, J. Chen, Y. Zheng, H. Wang, X. Fu, Q. Huang, S. Dhital, F. Liu, and B. Zhang. 2022. In vitro infant fecal fermentation characteristics of human milk oligosaccharides were controlled by initial microbiota composition more than chemical structure. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 66 (19):e2200098. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.202200098.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang, M., S. H. Cheung, S. C. Li, and H. Y. Cheung. 2014. Establishment of a holistic and scientific protocol for the authentication and quality assurance of edible bird’s nest. Food Chemistry 151:271–8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, W. H., Z. C. Tu, D. J. Mcclements, and I. A. Kaltashov. 2021. A systematic assessment of structural heterogeneity and IgG/IgE-binding of ovalbumin. Food & Function 12 (17):8130–40. doi: 10.1039/d0fo02980g.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yao, H. L., L. P. Conway, M. M. Wang, K. Huang, L. Liu, and J. Voglmeir. 2016. Quantification of sialic acids in red meat by UPLC-FLD using indoxylsialosides as internal standards. Glycoconjugate Journal 33 (2):219–26. doi: 10.1007/s10719-016-9659-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu, Z. T., C. Chen, and D. S. Newburg. 2013. Utilization of major fucosylated and sialylated human milk oligosaccharides by isolated human gut microbes. Glycobiology 23 (11):1281–92. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwt065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, H., P. Wang, L. Zhang, D. Ning, W. Cai, Y. Wang, and J. Wang. 2021. Sialoglycoproteins isolated from the eggs of Carassius auratus alleviates CCL4-induced liver injury via downregulation of the IRE-α/NF-κB signaling pathway. Journal of Food Biochemistry 45 (12):e13964. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13964.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zakarija-Grković, I., A. Cattaneo, M. E. Bettinelli, C. Pilato, C. Vassallo, M. Borg Buontempo, H. Gray, C. Meynell, P. Wise, S. Harutyunyan, et al. 2020. Are our babies off to a healthy start? The state of implementation of the Global strategy for infant and young child feeding in Europe. International Breastfeeding Journal 15 (1):51. doi: 10.1186/s13006-020-00282-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zaramela, L. S., C. Martino, F. Alisson-Silva, S. D. Rees, S. L. Diaz, L. Chuzel, M. B. Ganatra, C. H. Taron, P. Secrest, C. Zuñiga, et al. 2019. Gut bacteria responding to dietary change encode sialidases that exhibit preference for red meat-associated carbohydrates. Nature Microbiology 4 (12):2082–9. doi: 10.1038/s41564-019-0564-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zibadi, S., R. Watson, and V. R. Preedy. 2013. [Human Health Handbooks] Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk Vol.5 ǁ Secretion and fluid transport mechanisms in the mammary gland.35–56. Netherland: Wageningen Academic Publishers. doi: 10.3920/978-90-8686-764-6_02.
   Google Scholar