62
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Effects of protein morphological structures on the cereal processing, sensorial property and starch digestion: a review

, , , , ORCID Icon &

References

  • Ambika, S., G. Sheenu, S. Imran, V. Pritesh, and H. S. Dhaliwal. 2020. Effect of wheat grain protein composition on end-use quality. Journal of Food Science and Technology 57 (8):2771–85. doi: 10.1007/s13197-019-04222-6.
  • Balindong, J. L., R. M. Ward, L. Liu, T. J. Rose, L. A. Pallas, B. W. Ovenden, P. J. Snell, and D. L. E. Waters. 2018. Rice grain protein composition influences instrumental measures of rice cooking and eating quality. Journal of Cereal Science 79:35–42. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.09.008.
  • Berrios, J. D., B. G. Swanson, and W. A. Cheong. 1998. Structural characteristics of stored black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Scanning 20 (5):410–7. doi: 10.1002/sca.1998.4950200507.
  • Blanquet-Diot, S., O. François, S. Denis, M. Hennequin, and M. A. Peyron. 2021. Importance of oral phase in in vitro starch digestibility related to wholegrain versus refined pastas and mastication impairment. Food Hydrocolloids 112:106277. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106277.
  • Bresciani, A., D. Emide, F. Saitta, D. Fessas, S. Iametti, A. Barbiroli, and A. Marti. 2022. Impact of thermal treatment on the starch-protein interplay in red lentils: Connecting molecular features and rheological properties. Molecules 27 (4):1266. doi: 10.3390/molecules27041266.
  • Butardo, V. M., and N. Sreenivasulu. 2016. Tailoring grain storage reserves for a healthier rice diet and its comparative status with other cereals. In International review of cell and molecular biology, ed. K. W. Jeon, vol. 323, 31–70. United States: Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science.
  • Cabrera-Ramírez, A. H., F. G. Castro-Campos, M. Gaytán-Martínez, and E. Morales-Sánchez. 2020. Relationship between the corneous and floury endosperm content and the popped sorghum quality. Journal of Cereal Science 95:102999. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.102999.
  • Cáceres, P. J., E. Peñas, C. Martinez-Villaluenga, L. Amigo, and J. Frias. 2017. Enhancement of biologically active compounds in germinated brown rice and the effect of sun-drying. Journal of Cereal Science 73:1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.11.001.
  • Cao, H. W., Q. L. Huang, C. Wang, X. Guan, K. Huang, and Y. Zhang. 2023. Effect of compositional interaction on in vitro digestion of starch during the milling process of quinoa. Food Chemistry 403:134372. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134372.
  • Cao, Z. B., C. Yu, Z. Yang, J. J. Xing, X. N. Guo, and K. X. Zhu. 2021. Impact of gluten quality on textural stability of cooked noodles and the underlying mechanism. Food Hydrocolloids 119:106842. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106842.
  • Chang, L., Y. J. Liu, R. M. Niu, Q. H. Yang, J. B. Liang, R. Li, R. Zhang, P. Yang, and S. k Du. 2023. Antioxidant activities, structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of different millets (foxtail and proso). International Journal of Food Science & Technology 58 (10):5017–26. doi: 10.1111/ijfs.16597.
  • Chi, C. D., X. X. Li, Y. P. Zhang, L. Chen, and L. Li. 2018. Understanding the mechanism of starch digestion mitigation by rice protein and its enzymatic hydrolysates. Food Hydrocolloids. 84:473–80. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.06.040.
  • Derycke, V., W. S. Veraverbeke, G. E. Vandeputte, W. De Man, R. C. Hoseney, and J. A. Delcour. 2005. Impact of proteins on pasting and cooking properties of nonparboiled and parboiled rice. Cereal Chemistry 82 (4):468–74. doi: 10.1094/CC-82-0468.
  • Dhital, S., R. R. Bhattarai, J. Gorham, and M. J. Gidley. 2016. Intactness of cell wall structure controls the in vitro digestion of starch in legumes. Food & Function 7 (3):1367–79. doi: 10.1039/C5FO01104C.
  • Ding, X., Z. Y. Quan, W. P. Chang, L. Li, and J. Y. Qian. 2024. Effect of egg white protein on the protein structure of highland barley noodles during processing. Food Chemistry 433:137320. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137320.
  • Ding, Y. Y., G. P. Zhang, C. L. Ni, G. P. Yu, J. J. Cheng, and H. Y. Zheng. 2020. Understanding the mechanism of change in morphological structures, visualization features, and physicochemical characteristics of adlay seeds (Coix lacryma-jobi L.): The role of heat soaking. Journal of Cereal Science 91:102892. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102892.
  • Ding, Y. Y., J. J. Cheng, Q. Y. Lin, Q. Y. Wang, J. R. Wang, and G. P. Yu. 2021. Effects of endogenous proteins and lipids on structural, thermal, rheological, and pasting properties and digestibility of adlay seed (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) starch. Food Hydrocolloids 111:106254. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106254.
  • Do, D. T., A. Q. Ye, H. Singh, and A. Acevedo-Fani. 2024. Protein bodies from hemp seeds: Isolation, microstructure and physicochemical characterisation. Food Hydrocolloids 149:109597. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109597.
  • Do, D. T., and J. Singh. 2019. Legume microstructure. In Encyclopedia of food chemistry, ed. L. Melton, F. Shahidi, and P. Varelis, 15–21. Oxford: Academic Press.
  • Do, D. T., J. Singh, S. Johnson, and H. Singh. 2022. Probing the double-Layered cotyledon cell structure of navy beans: Barrier effect of the protein matrix on in vitro starch digestion. Nutrients 15 (1):105. doi: 10.3390/nu15010105.
  • Dou, Z., S. Tang, W. Z. Chen, H. X. Zhang, G. H. Li, Z. H. Liu, C. Q. Ding, L. Chen, S. H. Wang, H. C. Zhang, et al. 2018. Effects of open-field warming during grain-filling stage on grain quality of two japonica rice cultivars in lower reaches of Yangtze River delta. Journal of Cereal Science 81:118–26. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.04.004.
  • Duodu, K. G., A. Nunes, I. Delgadillo, M. L. Parker, E. N. C. Mills, P. S. Belton, and J. R. N. Taylor. 2002. Effect of grain structure and cooking on sorghum and maize protein in vitro digestibility. Journal of Cereal Science 35 (2):161–74. doi: 10.1006/jcrs.2001.0411.
  • Ezeogu, L. I., K. G. Duodu, and J. R. N. Taylor. 2005. Effects of endosperm texture and cooking conditions on the in vitro starch digestibility of sorghum and maize flours. Journal of Cereal Science 42 (1):33–44. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2005.02.002.
  • Ezeogu, L. I., K. G. Duodu, M. N. Emmambux, and J. R. N. Taylor. 2008. Influence of cooking conditions on the protein matrix of sorghum and maize endosperm flours. Cereal Chemistry 85 (3):397–402. doi: 10.1094/CCHEM-85-3-0397.
  • Fitzgerald, M. A., M. Martin, R. M. Ward, W. D. Park, and H. J. Shead. 2003. Viscosity of rice flour: A rheological and biological study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51 (8):2295–9. doi: 10.1021/jf020574i.
  • Furukawa, S., K. Tanaka, T. Masumura, Y. Ogihara, Y. Kiyokawa, and Y. Wakai. 2006. Influence of rice proteins on eating quality of cooked rice and on aroma and flavor of sake. Cereal Chemistry 83 (4):439–46. doi: 10.1094/CC-83-0439.
  • Furukawa, S., T. Mizuma, Y. Kiyokawa, T. Masumura, K. Tanaka, and Y. Wakai. 2003. Distribution of storage proteins in low-glutelin rice seed determined using a fluorescent antibody. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 96 (5):467–73. doi: 10.1016/s1389-1723(03)70133-9.
  • Gan, L., B. S. Huang, Z. J. Song, Y. C. Zhang, Y. J. Zhang, S. Chen, L. Q. Tong, Z. S. Wei, L. X. Yu, X. B. Luo, et al. 2021. Unique glutelin expression patterns and seed endosperm structure facilitate glutelin accumulation in polyploid rice seed. Rice 14 (1):61. doi: 10.1186/s12284-021-00500-0.
  • Gulati, P., Y. Zhou, C. Elowsky, and D. J. Rose. 2018. Microstructural changes to proso millet protein bodies upon cooking and digestion. Journal of Cereal Science 80:80–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.02.001.
  • Guo, C. C., R. Q. Wuza, Z. L. Tao, X. J. Yuan, Y. H. Luo, F. J. Li, G. T. Yang, Z. K. Chen, Z. Y. Yang, Y. J. Sun, et al. 2023a. Effects of elevated nitrogen fertilizer on the multi-level structure and thermal properties of rice starch granules and their relationship with chalkiness traits. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 103 (14):7302–13. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.12886.
  • Guo, X., F. Y. Gu, Y. Li, Q. Z. Zhang, R. R. Hu, B. Jiao, F. Wang, and Q. Wang. 2023b. Precooking treatments affect the sensory and tensile properties of autoclaved recooked noodles via moisture distribution and protein structure. Food Chemistry 421:136218. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136218.
  • Hager, A. S., G. M. Bosmans, and J. A. Delcour. 2014. Physical and Molecular Changes during the Storage of Gluten-Free Rice and Oat Bread. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62 (24):5682–9. doi: 10.1021/jf502036x.
  • Hamaker, B. R., and V. K. Griffin. 1990. Changing the viscoelastic properties of cooked rice through protein disruption. Cereal Chemistry 67 (3):261–4. doi: 10.1016/0008-6215(90)84315-L.
  • Hernández-López, I., J. Ortiz-Solà, C. Alamprese, L. Barros, O. Shelef, L. Basheer, A. Rivera, M. Abadias, and I. Aguiló-Aguayo. 2022. Valorization of local legumes and nuts as key components of the mediterranean diet. Foods 11 (23):3858. doi: 10.3390/foods11233858.
  • Hori, K., K. Suzuki, K. Iijima, and K. Ebana. 2016. Variation in cooking and eating quality traits in Japanese rice germplasm accessions. Breeding Science 66 (2):309–18. doi: 10.1270/jsbbs.66.309.
  • Hou, Y. Q., M. J. Wei, Y. W. Wu, and J. Ouyang. 2024. In vitro digestibility of starch and protein in cooked wheat and oat whole flours: A comparative study. Food Chemistry 440:138203. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138203.
  • Hurkman, W. J., and D. F. Wood. 2011. High temperature during grain fill alters the morphology of protein and starch deposits in the starchy endosperm cells of developing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59 (9):4938–46. doi: 10.1021/jf102962t.
  • Ioerger, B., S. R. Bean, M. R. Tuinstra, J. F. Pedersen, J. Erpelding, K. M. Lee, and T. J. Herrman. 2007. Characterization of polymeric proteins from vitreous and floury sorghum endosperm. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55 (25):10232–9. doi: 10.1021/jf0716883.
  • Jekle, M., K. Mühlberger, and T. Becker. 2016. Starch-gluten interactions during gelatinization and its functionality in dough like model systems. Food Hydrocolloids. 54:196–201. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.10.005.
  • Jiao, G. A., X. J. Wei, S. Q. Tang, Z. H. Sheng, L. H. Xie, G. N. Shao, S. Fiaz, P. S. Hu, and Q. G. Xu. 2018. Stirring affects starch granule morphology and the functional properties of rice flour. Starch - Stärke 70 (3–4):1700247. doi: 10.1002/star.201700247.
  • Jin, Z. Q., F. L. Bai, Y. B. Chen, and B. X. Bai. 2019. Interactions between protein, lipid and starch in foxtail millet flour affect the in vitro digestion of starch. CyTA - Journal of Food 17 (1):640–7. doi: 10.1080/19476337.2019.1628107.
  • Kang, M. Y., C. W. Rico, C. E. Kim, and S. C. Lee. 2011. Physicochemical properties and eating qualities of milled rice from different Korean elite rice varieties. International Journal of Food Properties 14 (3):640–53. doi: 10.1080/10942910903312494.
  • Kim, E. H. J., J. R. Petrie, L. Motoi, M. P. Morgenstern, K. H. Sutton, S. Mishra, and L. D. Simmons. 2008. Effect of structural and physicochemical characteristics of the protein matrix in pasta on in vitro starch digestibility. Food Biophysics 3 (2):229–34. doi: 10.1007/s11483-008-9066-7.
  • Lending, C. R., and B. A. Larkins. 1989. Changes in the zein composition of protein bodies during maize endosperm development. The Plant Cell 1 (10):1011–23. doi: 10.1105/tpc.1.10.1011.
  • Li, C. F., P. P. Cao, P. Wu, W. W. Yu, R. G. Gilbert, and E. P. Li. 2021a. Effects of endogenous proteins on rice digestion during small intestine (in vitro) digestion. Food Chemistry 344:128687. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128687.
  • Li, C. F., Y. Ji, E. P. Li, and R. G. Gilbert. 2023b. Interactions between leached amylose and protein affect the stickiness of cooked white rice. Food Hydrocolloids 135:108215. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108215.
  • Li, C., Y. M. Hu, S. N. Li, X. E. Yi, S. B. Shao, W. W. Yu, and E. P. Li. 2023a. Biological factors controlling starch digestibility in human digestive system. Food Science and Human Wellness 12 (2):351–8. doi: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.07.037.
  • Li, D., M. J. Yao, Y. Yang, B. Wang, D. J. Zhang, and N. Zhang. 2023c. Changes of structure and functional properties of rice protein in the fresh edible rice during the seed development. Food Science and Human Wellness 12 (5):1850–60. doi: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.049.
  • Li, F., X. Guan, and C. Li. 2021b. Effects of degree of milling on the starch digestibility of cooked rice during (in vitro) small intestine digestion. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 188:774–82. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.079.
  • Li, H. T., S. Q. Chen, A. T. Bui, B. Xu, and S. Dhital. 2021c. Natural ‘capsule’ in food plants: Cell wall porosity controls starch digestion and fermentation. Food Hydrocolloids 117:106657. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106657.
  • Li, W. D., S. L. Sun, Z. B. Gu, L. Cheng, Z. F. Li, C. M. Li, and Y. Hong. 2023e. Effect of protein on the gelatinization behavior and digestibility of corn flour with different amylose contents. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 249:125971. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125971.
  • Li, W., Z. Gu, L. Cheng, Z. Li, C. Li, X. Ban, and Y. Hong. 2023d. Effect of endogenous proteins and heat treatment on the in vitro digestibility and physicochemical properties of corn flour. Food Hydrocolloids 135:108220. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108220.
  • Liang, H. L., B. Y. Gu, T. Y. Wang, L. Y. Rong, W. T. Sun, and Z. X. Wu. 2022. Relationship between protein structure and eating quality of rice under different nitrogen application rate. Cereal Chemistry 99 (3):692–703. doi: 10.1002/cche.10530.
  • Lin, R., M. Z. Nie, J. X. Li, A. X. Wang, X. Gong, F. Z. Wang, L. L. Wang, L. Y. Liu, B. Dang, X. J. Yang, et al. 2024. Effects of four highland barley proteins on the pasting properties and short-term retrogradation of highland barley starch. Molecules 29 (6):1211. doi: 10.3390/molecules29061211.
  • Liu, F. Y., Z. Yang, X. N. Guo, J. J. Xing, and K. X. Zhu. 2021a. Influence of protein type, content and polymerization on in vitro starch digestibility of sorghum noodles. Food Research International 142:110199. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110199.
  • Liu, H. Y., B. B. Liu, H. L. Zhou, Y. H. Huang, and X. L. Gao. 2024. Nitrogen fertilizer affects the cooking quality and starch properties of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). Food Science & Nutrition 12 (1):602–14. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3789.
  • Liu, K. L., J. B. Zheng, and F. S. Chen. 2021b. Heat-induced changes in the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of rice protein fractions. Journal of Food Science and Technology 58 (4):1368–77. doi: 10.1007/s13197-020-04648-3.
  • López-Barón, N., Y. C. Gu, T. Vasanthan, and R. Hoover. 2017. Plant proteins mitigate wheat starch digestibility. Food Hydrocolloids 69:19–27. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.01.015.
  • Lu, S. Y., J. Li, J. Y. Ji, Y. Y. Wen, H. Y. Li, J. Wang, and B. G. Sun. 2023a. Endogenous protein and lipid facilitate the digestion process of starch in cooked quinoa flours. Food Hydrocolloids 134:108099. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108099.
  • Lu, X. X., R. R. Ma, H. W. Qiu, C. R. Sun, and Y. Q. Tian. 2021. Mechanism of effect of endogenous/exogenous rice protein and its hydrolysates on rice starch digestibility. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 193 (Pt A):311–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.140.
  • Lu, X. X., R. R. Ma, J. L. Zhan, C. Liu, and Y. Q. Tian. 2023b. Starch digestion retarded by wheat protein hydrolysates with different degrees of hydrolysis. Food Chemistry 408:135153. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135153.
  • Lu, X. X., R. R. Ma, J. L. Zhan, F. Wang, and Y. Q. Tian. 2022. The role of protein and its hydrolysates in regulating the digestive properties of starch: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology 125:54–65. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.04.027.
  • Ma, Z. H., Z. Y. Zhu, W. W. Song, D. Luo, H. T. Cheng, X. J. Wang, and W. Y. Lyu. 2024a. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the endosperm composition and eating quality of rice varieties with different protein components. Agronomy 14 (3):469. doi: 10.3390/agronomy14030469.
  • Ma, Z. T., Y. Zhu, Z. J. Wang, X. Chen, J. L. Cao, G. D. Liu, G. Y. Li, H. Y. Wei, and H. C. Zhang. 2024b. Effect of starch and protein on eating quality of japonica rice in Yangtze River Delta. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 261 (Pt 2):129918. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129918.
  • Martin, M., and M. A. Fitzgerald. 2002. Proteins in rice grains influence cooking properties. Journal of Cereal Science 36 (3):285–94. doi: 10.1006/jcrs.2001.0465.
  • Mel, R., and M. Malalgoda. 2022. Oat protein as a novel protein ingredient: Structure, functionality, and factors impacting utilization. Cereal Chemistry 99 (1):21–36. doi: 10.1002/cche.10488.
  • Mitsuda, H., K. Yasumoto, K. Murakami, T. Kusano, and H. Kishida. 1967. Studies on the proteinaceous subcellular particles in rice endosperm: Electron-microscopy and isolation. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 31 (3):293–300. doi: 10.1080/00021369.1967.10858814.
  • Nadia, J., J. Bronlund, R. P. Singh, H. Singh, and G. M. Bornhorst. 2021. Structural breakdown of starch-based foods during gastric digestion and its link to glycemic response: In vivo and in vitro considerations. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 20 (3):2660–98. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12749.
  • Orenday-Ortiz, J. M., and C. F. Morris. 2018. Microwave fixation enhances gluten fibril formation in wheat endosperm. Cereal Chemistry 95 (4):536–42. doi: 10.1002/cche.10057.
  • Ozturk, O. K., S. G. Kaasgaard, L. G. Palmén, B. Vidal, and B. R. Hamaker. 2021. Protein matrix retains most starch granules within corn fiber from corn wet-milling process. Industrial Crops and Products 165:113429. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113429.
  • Paraman, I., N. S. Hettiarachchy, C. Schaefer, and M. I. Beck. 2006. Physicochemical properties of rice endosperm proteins extracted by chemical and enzymatic methods. Cereal Chemistry 83 (6):663–7. doi: 10.1094/CC-83-0663.
  • Paridhi, G., L. Aixia, D. Holding, S. Dipak, Z. Yue, and D. J. Rose. 2017. Heating reduces proso millet protein digestibility via formation of hydrophobic aggregates. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65 (9):1952–9. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05574.
  • Pernollet, J.-C. 1978. Protein bodies of seeds: Ultrastructure, biochemistry, biosynthesis and degradation. Phytochemistry 17 (9):1473–80. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94623-5.
  • Purwandari, F. A., C. Westerbos, K. Lee, V. Fogliano, and E. Capuano. 2023b. Proximate composition, microstructure, and protein and starch digestibility of seven collections of Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) with different optimal cooking times. Food Research International 170:112956. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112956.
  • Purwandari, F. A., V. Fogliano, N. C. A. de Ruijter, and E. Capuano. 2023a. Chemical and microstructural characterization of easy- and hard-to-cook Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) collections. LWT 189:115451. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115451.
  • Roustan, V., P.-J. Roustan, M. Weidinger, S. Reipert, E. Kapusi, A. Shabrangy, E. Stoger, W. Weckwerth, and V. Ibl. 2018. Microscopic and proteomic analysis of dissected developing barley endosperm layers reveals the starchy endosperm as prominent storage tissue for ER-derived hordeins alongside the accumulation of barley protein disulfide isomerase (HvPDIL1-1). Frontiers in Plant Science 9:1248. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01248.
  • Rovalino-Córdova, A. M., V. Fogliano, and E. Capuano. 2018. A closer look to cell structural barriers affecting starch digestibility in beans. Carbohydrate Polymers 181:994–1002. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.050.
  • Rovalino-Córdova, A. M., V. Fogliano, and E. Capuano. 2019. The effect of cell wall encapsulation on macronutrients digestion: A case study in kidney beans. Food Chemistry 286:557–66. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.057.
  • Saleh, M. I. 2017. Protein-starch matrix microstructure during rice flour pastes formation. Journal of Cereal Science 74:183–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.02.005.
  • Saleh, M. I., and J. F. Meullenet. 2007. Effect of protein disruption using proteolytic treatment on cooked rice texture properties. Journal of Texture Studies 38 (4):423–37. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4603.2007.00105.x.
  • Shapter, F. M., R. J. Henry, and L. S. Lee. 2008. Endosperm and starch granule morphology in wild cereal relatives. Plant Genetic Resources 6 (2):85–97. doi: 10.1017/S1479262108986512.
  • Shewry, P. R., and N. G. Halford. 2002. Cereal seed storage proteins: Structures, properties and role in grain utilization. Journal of Experimental Botany 53 (370):947–58. doi: 10.1093/jexbot/53.370.947.
  • Shi, S. J., E. T. Wang, C. X. Li, M. L. Cai, B. Cheng, C. G. Cao, and Y. Jiang. 2021. Use of protein content, amylose content, and RVA parameters to evaluate the taste quality of rice. Frontiers in Nutrition 8:758547. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.758547.
  • Shi, S. J., G. Y. Zhang, L. L. Chen, W. H. Zhang, X. D. Wang, K. Q. Pan, L. N. Li, J. Wang, J. Liu, C. G. Cao, et al. 2023. Different nitrogen fertilizer application in the field affects the morphology and structure of protein and starch in rice during cooking. Food Research International 163:112193. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112193.
  • Singh, N., N. Pal, G. Mahajan, S. Singh, and K. Shevkani. 2011. Rice grain and starch properties: Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application. Carbohydrate Polymers 86 (1):219–25. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.039.
  • Sissons, M., S. Cutillo, I. Marcotuli, and A. Gadaleta. 2021. Impact of durum wheat protein content on spaghetti in vitro starch digestion and technological properties. Journal of Cereal Science 98:103156. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.103156.
  • Sopiwnyk, E., L. Bourré, G. Young, Y. Borsuk, S. Lagassé, L. Boyd, A. Sarkar, S. Jones, A. Dyck, and L. Malcolmson. 2020. Flour and bread making properties of whole and split yellow peas treated with dry and steam heat used as premilling treatment. Cereal Chemistry 97 (6):1290–302. doi: 10.1002/cche.10357.
  • Sun, J. P., C. Y. Hou, and S. Y. Zhang. 2008. Effect of protein on the rheological properties of rice flour. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 32 (6):987–1001. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2008.00228.x.
  • Tagliasco, M., M. Tecuanhuey, R. Reynard, R. Zuliani, N. Pellegrini, and E. Capuano. 2022. Monitoring the effect of cell wall integrity in modulating the starch digestibility of durum wheat during different steps of bread making. Food Chemistry 396:133678. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133678.
  • Tanaka, K., T. Sugimoto, M. Ogawa, and Z. Kasai. 1980. Isolation and characterization of two types of protein bodies in the rice endosperm. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 44 (7):1633–9. doi: 10.1080/00021369.1980.10864167.
  • Van de Vondel, J., M. A. Lambrecht, and J. A. Delcour. 2022. Heat-induced denaturation and aggregation of protein in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds and whole meal. Food Chemistry 372:131330. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131330.
  • Wang, C., H. W. Cao, P. S. Wang, Z. H. Dai, X. Guan, K. Huang, Y. Zhang, and H. D. Song. 2023. Changes of components and organizational structure induced by different milling degrees on the physicochemical properties and cooking characteristics of quinoa. Food Structure 36:100316. doi: 10.1016/j.foostr.2023.100316.
  • Wang, H. H., Y. C. Huang, Q. Xiao, X. Huang, C. S. Li, X. Y. Gao, Q. Wang, X. L. Xiang, Y. D. Zhu, J. C. Wang, et al. 2020. Carotenoids modulate kernel texture in maize by influencing amyloplast envelope integrity. Nature Communications 11 (1):5346. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19196-9.
  • Wang, H., Z. Li, L. Wang, S. W. Cui, and J. Qiu. 2022. Different thermal treatments of highland barley kernel affect its flour physicochemical properties by structural modification of starch and protein. Food Chemistry 387:132835. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132835.
  • Wu, C. S., W. Z. Wang, J. Jia, L. N. Guo, C. Zhang, and J. Y. Qian. 2024. Effect of endogenous protein and lipid removal on the physicochemical and digestion properties of sand rice (Agriophyllum squarrosum) flour. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 266 (Pt 1):131269. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131269.
  • Wu, X. B., J. X. Liu, D. Q. Li, and C. M. Liu. 2016. Rice caryopsis development II: Dynamic changes in the endosperm. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 58 (9):786–98. doi: 10.1111/jipb.12488.
  • Xi, M., Z. M. Lin, X. C. Zhang, Z. H. Liu, G. H. Li, Q. S. Wang, S. H. Wang, and Y. F. Ding. 2015. Endosperm structure of white-belly and white-core rice grains shown by scanning electron microscopy. Plant Production Science 17 (4):285–90. doi: 10.1626/pps.17.285.
  • Xiang, G. Y., J. T. Li, Q. L. Lin, Y. L. Zhang, Y. Q. Ding, X. F. Guo, Q. R. Pan, Q. X. Liu, X. J. Fu, Y. Yang, et al. 2023. The effect of heat-moisture treatment changed the binding of starch, protein and lipid in rice flour to affect its hierarchical structure and physicochemical properties. Food Chemistry-X 19:100785. doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100785.
  • Xu, A. H., L. S. Lin, K. Guo, T. X. Liu, Z. T. Yin, and C. X. Wei. 2019. Physicochemical properties of starches from vitreous and floury endosperms from the same maize kernels. Food Chemistry 291:149–56. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.024.
  • Xu, X. L., S. Bean, X. R. Wu, and Y. C. Shi. 2022. Effects of protein digestion on digestibility of starch in sorghum differing in endosperm hardness and flour particle size. Food Chemistry 383:132635. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132635.
  • Yan, M. Y., Z. Y. Zhou, J. L. Feng, X. H. Bao, Z. R. Jiang, Z. W. Dong, M. J. Chai, M. Tan, L. B. Li, Y. L. Cao, et al. 2024. OsSHMT4 Is required for synthesis of rice storage protein and storage organelle formation in endosperm cells. Plants 13 (1):81. doi: 10.3390/plants13010081.
  • Yang, T., X. G. Wu, W. Q. Wang, and Y. R. Wu. 2023. Regulation of seed storage protein synthesis in monocot and dicot plants: A comparative review. Molecular Plant 16 (1):145–67. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.004.
  • Yang, Y. Y., A. Q. Jiao, Q. Liu, X. R. Ren, K. F. Zhu, and Z. Y. Jin. 2022. The effects of removing endogenous proteins, β-glucan and lipids on the surface microstructure, water migration and glucose diffusion in vitro of starch in highland barley flour. Food Hydrocolloids 127:107457. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107457.
  • Yang, Y. Y., Y. H. Wang, R. X. Zhang, A. Q. Jiao, and Z. Y. Jin. 2024. The impact of different soluble endogenous proteins and their combinations with β-glucan on the in vitro digestibility, microstructure, and physicochemical properties of highland barley starch. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 260 (Pt 1):129417. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129417.
  • Yao, M. D., M. Li, S. Dhital, Y. Tian, and B. L. Guo. 2020. Texture and digestion of noodles with varied gluten contents and cooking time: The view from protein matrix and inner structure. Food Chemistry 315:126230. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126230.
  • Ye, J. P., X. T. Hu, S. J. Luo, D. J. McClements, L. Liang, and C. M. Liu. 2018. Effect of endogenous proteins and lipids on starch digestibility in rice flour. Food Research International 106:404–9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.008.
  • Yin, X. T., X. Y. Chen, J. L. Hu, L. Zhu, H. Zhang, and Y. Hong. 2023. Effects of distribution, structure and interactions of starch, protein and cell walls on textural formation of cooked rice: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 253 (Pt 6):127403. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127403.
  • Yu, W. W., W. Zou, S. Dhital, P. Wu, M. J. Gidley, G. P. Fox, and R. G. Gilbert. 2018. The adsorption of α-amylase on barley proteins affects the digestion of starch in barley flour. Food Chemistry 241:493–501. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.021.
  • Yu, X. R., L. L. Wang, L. P. Ran, X. Y. Chen, J. Y. Sheng, Y. Yang, Y. F. Wu, G. Chen, and F. Xiong. 2020. New insights into the mechanism of storage protein biosynthesis in wheat caryopsis under different nitrogen levels. Protoplasma 257 (5):1289–308. doi: 10.1007/s00709-020-01489-x.
  • Zhang, B. J., D. L. Qiao, S. M. Zhao, Q. L. Lin, J. Wang, and F. W. Xie. 2021a. Starch-based food matrices containing protein: Recent understanding of morphology, structure, and properties. Trends in Food Science & Technology 114:212–31. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.05.033.
  • Zhang, L. X., C. Q. Zhang, Y. Yan, Z. J. Hu, K. Wang, J. H. Zhou, Y. Zhou, L. M. Cao, and S. J. Wu. 2021b. Influence of starch fine structure and storage proteins on the eating quality of rice varieties with similar amylose contents. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 101 (9):3811–8. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.11014.
  • Zhang, S. H., S. Zhu, F. Zhong, D. J. Huang, X. M. Chen, and Y. Li. 2023. Study on the mechanism of various exogenous proteins with different inhibitions on wheat starch digestion: From the distribution behaviors of protein in the starch matrix. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 242 (Pt 4):124909. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124909.
  • Zhao, H. F., C. Shen, Z. J. Wu, Z. Zhang, and C. M. Xu. 2020. Comparison of wheat, soybean, rice, and pea protein properties for effective applications in food products. Journal of Food Biochemistry 44 (4):e13157. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13157.
  • Zhong, Y. X., Y. H. Chen, M. S. Pan, H. T. Wang, J. Y. Sun, Y. Chen, J. Cai, Q. Zhou, X. Wang, and D. Jiang. 2023. Insights into the functional components in wheat grain: Spatial pattern, underlying mechanism and cultivation regulation. Plants 12 (11):2192. doi: 10.3390/plants12112192.
  • Zhu, D. W., X. Zheng, J. Yu, M. X. Chen, M. Li, and Y. F. Shao. 2023. Effects of starch molecular structure and physicochemical properties on eating quality of Indica rice with similar apparent amylose and protein contents. Foods 12 (19):3535. doi: 10.3390/foods12193535.
  • Zhu, L., G. C. Wu, L. L. Cheng, H. Zhang, L. Wang, H. F. Qian, and X. G. Qi. 2020a. Investigation on molecular and morphology changes of protein and starch in rice kernel during cooking. Food Chemistry 316:126262. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126262.
  • Zhu, L., Y. Y. Zhang, G. C. Wu, X. G. Qi, D. Dag, F. B. Kong, and H. Zhang. 2020b. Characteristics of pasting properties and morphology changes of rice starch and flour under different heating modes. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 149:246–55. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.161.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.