The effect of probiotics supplementation on cancer-treatment complications: a critical umbrella review of interventional meta-analyses

References

• Alam, Z., X. Shang, K. Effat, F. Kanwal, X. He, Y. Li, C. Xu, W. Niu, A. R. War, and Y. Zhang. 2022. The potential role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in adjuvant cancer therapy especially colorectal cancer. Journal of Food Biochemistry 46 (10):e14302. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.14302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amitay, E. L., P. R. Carr, A. Gies, D. C. Laetsch, and H. Brenner. 2020. Probiotic/synbiotic treatment and postoperative complications in colorectal cancer patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology 11 (12):e00268. doi: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A., C. Mcnaught, P. Jain, and J. Macfie. 2004. Randomised clinical trial of synbiotic therapy in elective surgical patients. Gut 53 (2):241–5. doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.024620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoudia, N., A. Rieu, R. Briandet, J. Deschamps, J. Chluba, G. Jego, C. Garrido, and J. Guzzo. 2016. Biofilms of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum: Effect on stress responses, antagonistic effects on pathogen growth and immunomodulatory properties. Food Microbiology 53 (Pt A):51–9. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.04.009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Araújo, M. M., C. D. O. Vogado, M. M. Mendes, V. S. S. Gonçalves, and P. B. Botelho. 2022. Effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis supplementation on gastrointestinal symptoms: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews 80 (6):1619–33. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf, R., T. Vasiljevic, S. L. Day, S. C. Smith, and O. Donkor. 2014. Lactic acid bacteria and probiotic organisms induce different cytokine profile and regulatory t cells mechanisms. Journal of Functional Foods 6:395–409. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.11.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azad, M., M. Sarker, and D. Wan. 2018. Immunomodulatory effects of probiotics on cytokine profiles. BioMed Research International 2018:8063647. doi: 10.1155/2018/8063647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barroso, F. A. L., L. C. L. de Jesus, T. F. da Silva, V. L. Batista, J. Laguna, N. D. Coelho-Rocha, K. D. Vital, S. O. A. Fernandes, V. N. Cardoso, E. Ferreira, et al. 2022. Lactobacillus delbrueckii cidca 133 ameliorates chemotherapy-induced mucositis by modulating epithelial barrier and tlr2/4/myd88/nf-κb signaling pathway. Frontiers in Microbiology 13:858036. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.858036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartsch, B., C. K. Then, E. Harriss, C. Kartsonaki, and A. E. Kiltie. 2021. The role of dietary supplements, including biotics, glutamine, polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols, in reducing gastrointestinal side effects in patients undergoing pelvic radiotherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology 29:11–9. doi: 10.1016/j.ctro.2021.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begum, J., B. Buyamayum, M. C. Lingaraju, K. Dev, and A. Biswas. 2021. Probiotics: Role in immunomodulation and consequent effects: Probiotics and immunity. Letters in Animal Biology Jun 2;1(1):1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Bruno, J. S., G. H. Al-Qadami, A. M. Laheij, P. Bossi, E. R. Fregnani, and H. R. Wardill. 2023. From pathogenesis to intervention: The importance of the microbiome in oral mucositis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24 (9):8274. doi: 10.3390/ijms24098274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, X. 2020. Radiation intestinal injury in the era of precision radiotherapy. Zhonghua wei chang wai ke za zhi = Chinese Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 23 (8):734–6. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn.441530-20200505-00254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cappello, F., F. Rappa, F. Canepa, F. Carini, M. Mazzola, G. Tomasello, G. Bonaventura, G. Giuliana, A. Leone, D. Saguto, et al. 2019. Probiotics can cure oral aphthous-like ulcers in inflammatory bowel disease patients: A review of the literature and a working hypothesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 (20):5026. doi: 10.3390/ijms20205026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C., T. Wen, and Q. Zhao. 2020. Probiotics used for postoperative infections in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery. BioMed Research International 2020:5734718. doi: 10.1155/2020/5734718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosseau, C., D. A. Devine, E. Dullaghan, J. L. Gardy, A. Chikatamarla, S. Gellatly, L. L. Yu, J. Pistolic, R. Falsafi, J. Tagg, et al. 2008. The commensal Streptococcus salivarius k12 downregulates the innate immune responses of human epithelial cells and promotes host-microbe homeostasis. Infection and Immunity 76 (9):4163–75. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00188-08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Andrade Calaça, P. R., R. P. Bezerra, W. W. C. Albuquerque, A. L. F. Porto, and M. T. H. Cavalcanti. 2017. Probiotics as a preventive strategy for surgical infection in colorectal cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2 (8):67. doi: 10.21037/tgh.2017.08.01.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Devaraj, N. K., S. Suppiah, S. K. Veettil, S. M. Ching, K. W. Lee, R. K. Menon, M. J. Soo, I. Deuraseh, F. K. Hoo, and D. Sivaratnam. 2019. The effects of probiotic supplementation on the incidence of diarrhea in cancer patients receiving radiation therapy: A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients 11 (12):2886. doi: 10.3390/nu11122886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikeocha, I. J., A. M. Al-Kabsi, E. E. Eid, S. Hussin, and M. Alshawsh. 2022. Probiotics supplementation in patients with colorectal cancer: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition Reviews 80 (1):22–49. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, Y.-H., L.-Y. Qian, J. Pang, J.-Y. Lin, Q. Xu, L.-H. Wang, D.-S. Huang, and H. Zou. 2017. The regulation of immune cells by lactobacilli: A potential therapeutic target for anti-atherosclerosis therapy. Oncotarget 8 (35):59915–28. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.18346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diorio, C., K. M. Kelly, G. M. Afungchwi, E. J. Ladas, and S. Marjerrison. 2020. Nutritional traditional and complementary medicine strategies in pediatric cancer: A narrative review. Pediatric Blood & Cancer 67 Suppl 3 (S3):e28324. doi: 10.1002/pbc.28324.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dun, L., C. Mei-Jing, H. Si-Ting, Y. Xin-Yuan, and W. Yu-Xuan. 2022. Effects of different environmental intervention durations on the intestinal mucosal barrier and the brain-gut axis in rats with colorectal cancer. Scientific Reports 12 (1):20442. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24861-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, J., M. Gao, C. Zhao, J. Yang, H. Gao, X. Lu, R. Ju, X. Zhang, and Y. Zhang. 2022. Oral administration of probiotics reduces chemotherapy-induced diarrhea and oral mucositis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition 9:823288. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.823288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer, M. D., A. López-López, T. Nicolescu, S. Perez-Vilaplana, A. Boix-Amorós, M. Dzidic, S. Garcia, A. Artacho, C. Llena, and A. Mira. 2020. Topic application of the probiotic streptococcus dentisani improves clinical and microbiological parameters associated with oral health. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 10:465. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita, T., A. Hara, and Y. Yamazaki. 1999. The value of acute-phase protein measurements after curative gastric cancer surgery. Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill.: 1960) 134 (1):73–5. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.134.1.73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodman, C., G. Keating, E. Georgousopoulou, C. Hespe, and K. Levett. 2021. Probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 11 (8):e043054. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, N., J. Ferreira, C. H. L. Hong, and K. S. Tan. 2020. Lactobacillus reuteri dsm 17938 and atcc pta 5289 ameliorates chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Scientific Reports 10 (1):16189. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73292-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwede, C. K. 2003. Overview of radiation-and chemoradiation-induced diarrhea. Seminars in Oncology Nursing 19 (4 Suppl 3):6–10. doi: 10.1053/j.soncn.2003.09.008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamad, A., K. C. Fragkos, and A. Forbes. 2013. A systematic review and meta-analysis of probiotics for the management of radiation induced bowel disease. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 32 (3):353–60. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.02.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, H., J. Harris, E. Lyon, J. Beal, and A. D. Foey. 2013. Probiotics, prebiotics and immunomodulation of gut mucosal defences: Homeostasis and immunopathology. Nutrients 5 (6):1869–912. doi: 10.3390/nu5061869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, H., M. Rompola, A. Glaser, S. E. Kinsey, and R. Phillips. 2018. Systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the efficacy and safety of probiotics in people with cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer: Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 26 (8):2503–9. doi: 10.1007/s00520-018-4216-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, D., H.-Y. Wang, J.-Y. Feng, M.-M. Zhang, Y. Zhou, and X.-T. Wu. 2013. Use of pro-/synbiotics as prophylaxis in patients undergoing colorectal resection for cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 37 (4):406–15. doi: 10.1016/j.clinre.2012.10.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hering, N. A., M. Fromm, and J. D. Schulzke. 2012. Determinants of colonic barrier function in inflammatory bowel disease and potential therapeutics. The Journal of Physiology 590 (5):1035–44. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P., J. Thomas, J. Chandler, M. Cumpston, T. Li, M. J. Page, and V. A. Welch. 2019. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Hoboken: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, A. J., D. S. Hong, and G. C. George. 2022. Dietary influences on symptomatic and non-symptomatic toxicities during cancer treatment: A narrative review. Cancer Treatment Reviews 108:102408. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurasawa, Y., Y. Maruoka, H. Sekiya, A. Negishi, H. Mukohyama, S. Shigematsu, J. Sugizaki, K. Karakida, M. Ohashi, M. Ueno, et al. 2020. Pneumonia prevention effects of perioperative oral management in approximately 25,000 patients following cancer surgery. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research 6 (2):165–73. doi: 10.1002/cre2.264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalla, R. V., J. Bowen, A. Barasch, L. Elting, J. Epstein, D. M. Keefe, D. B. McGuire, C. Migliorati, O. Nicolatou-Galitis, D. E. Peterson, et al. 2014. Mascc/isoo clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy. Cancer 120 (10):1453–61. doi: 10.1002/cncr.28592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, I., L. De Fátima Souto Maior, L. Gueiros, J. C. Leão, J. S. Higino, and A. Carvalho. 2021. Clinical applicability of natural products for prevention and treatment of oral mucositis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Oral Investigations 25 (6):4115–24. doi: 10.1007/s00784-020-03743-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, S., and Y. Shen. 2020. The efficacy and safety of probiotics for prevention of chemoradiotherapy-induced diarrhea in people with abdominal and pelvic cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on 23 randomized studies. International Journal of Surgery (London, England) 84:69–77. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.10.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, D., X.-Y. Jiang, L.-S. Zhou, J.-H. Song, and X. Zhang. 2016. Effects of probiotics on intestinal mucosa barrier in patients with colorectal cancer after operation: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine 95 (15):e3342. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, M.-M., S.-T. Li, Y. Shu, and H.-Q. Zhan. 2017. Probiotics for prevention of radiation-induced diarrhea: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PloS One 12 (6):e0178870. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, P. C., Y. K. Yan, Y. J. Ma, X. W. Wang, J. Geng, M. C. Wang, F. X. Wei, Y. W. Zhang, X. D. Xu, and Y. C. Zhang. 2017. Probiotics reduce postoperative infections in patients undergoing colorectal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2017:6029075–9. doi: 10.1155/2017/6029075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y.-C., C.-R. Wu, and T.-W. Huang. 2022. Preventive effect of probiotics on oral mucositis induced by cancer treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23 (21):13268. doi: 10.3390/ijms232113268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y.-Q., X.-L. Wang, D.-H. He, and Y.-X. Cheng. 2021. Protection against chemotherapy-and radiotherapy-induced side effects: A review based on the mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities of phytochemicals. Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology 80:153402. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., H. Qin, Z. Yang, Y. Xia, W. Liu, J. Yang, Y. Jiang, H. Zhang, Z. Yang, Y. Wang, et al. 2011. Randomised clinical trial: The effects of perioperative probiotic treatment on barrier function and post-operative infectious complications in colorectal cancer surgery–A double-blind study. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 33 (1):50–63. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04492.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, R. M., A. M. Stringer, J. M. Bowen, A. S.-J. Yeoh, R. J. Gibson, S. T. Sonis, and D. M. Keefe. 2007. The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cancer treatment-induced alimentary tract mucositis: Pathobiology, animal models and cytotoxic drugs. Cancer Treatment Reviews 33 (5):448–60. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, D., J. Yan, F. Liu, P. Ding, B. Chen, Y. Lu, and Z. Sun. 2019. Probiotics in preventing and treating chemotherapy-induced diarrhea: A meta-analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28 (4):701–10. doi: 10.6133/apjcn.201912_28(4).0005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, Y., X. Luo, D. Yang, Y. Li, T. Gong, B. Li, J. Cheng, R. Chen, X. Guo, and W. Yuan. 2022. Effects of probiotic supplementation on related side effects after chemoradiotherapy in cancer patients. Frontiers in Oncology 12:1032145. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1032145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg, J. O., M. Carlström, and E. Weitzberg. 2018. Metabolic effects of dietary nitrate in health and disease. Cell Metabolism 28 (1):9–22. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maria, O. M., N. Eliopoulos, and T. Muanza. 2017. Radiation-induced oral mucositis. Frontiers in Oncology 7:89. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowiak-Kopeć, P., and K. Śliżewska. 2020. The effect of probiotics on the production of short-chain fatty acids by human intestinal microbiome. Nutrients 12 (4):1107. doi: 10.3390/nu12041107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcnaught, C., N. Woodcock, J. Macfie, and C. Mitchell. 2002. A prospective randomised study of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on indices of gut barrier function in elective surgical patients. Gut 51 (6):827–31. doi: 10.1136/gut.51.6.827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcquade, R. M., V. Stojanovska, R. Abalo, J. C. Bornstein, and K. Nurgali. 2016. Chemotherapy-induced constipation and diarrhea: Pathophysiology, current and emerging treatments. Frontiers in Pharmacology 7:414. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mert, D., G. Iskender, S. Kolgelier, and M. Ertek. 2023. Evaluation of risk factors, causative pathogens, and treatment in recurrent percutaneous nephrostomy catheter-related urinary tract infections in cancer patients. Medicine 102 (14):e33002. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000033002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minervini, G., R. Franco, M. M. Marrapodi, L. Fiorillo, A. Badnjević, G. Cervino, and M. Cicciù. 2023. Probiotics in the treatment of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Pharmaceuticals 16 (5):654. doi: 10.3390/ph16050654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed, Ali I., et al. 2024. Systemic Anti Inflammatory Agents in the Prevention of Chemoradiation-Induced Mucositis: A Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Biomolecules 14 (5):560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., L. Shamseer, M. Clarke, D. Ghersi, A. Liberati, M. Petticrew, P. Shekelle, and L. A. Stewart. 2015. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (prisma-p) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews 4 (1):1–9. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojka, K. 2014. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics–characteristics and functions. Problemy Higieny i Epidemiologii 95:541–9.
   Google Scholar
• Molska, M., and J. Reguła. 2019. Potential mechanisms of probiotics action in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Nutrients 11 (10):2453. doi: 10.3390/nu11102453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montassier, E., T. Gastinne, P. Vangay, G. A. Al-Ghalith, S. Bruley Des Varannes, S. Massart, P. Moreau, G. Potel, M. F. de La Cochetière, E. Batard, et al. 2015. Chemotherapy-driven dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiome. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 42 (5):515–28. doi: 10.1111/apt.13302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang, X., Q. Li, M. Shi, D. Niu, W. Song, Q. Nian, X. Li, Z. Ding, X. Ai, and J. Wang. 2019. Probiotics for preventing postoperative infection in colorectal cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 34 (3):459–69. doi: 10.1007/s00384-018-3214-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouwehand AC, Invernici MM, Furlaneto FA, Messora MR. 2018. Effectiveness of multi-strain versus single-strain probiotics: current status and recommendations for the future. Journal of clinical gastroenterology. 1(52):S35–40.
   Google Scholar
• Patra, S., N. Sahu, S. Saxena, B. Pradhan, S. K. Nayak, and A. Roychowdhury. 2022. Effects of probiotics at the interface of metabolism and immunity to prevent colorectal cancer-associated gut inflammation: A systematic network and meta-analysis with molecular docking studies. Frontiers in Microbiology 13:878297. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.878297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prieto-Callejero, B., F. Rivera, J. Fagundo-Rivera, A. Romero, M. Romero-Martín, J. Gómez-Salgado, and C. Ruiz-Frutos. 2020. Relationship between chemotherapy-induced adverse reactions and health-related quality of life in patients with breast cancer. Medicine 99 (33):e21695. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prisciandaro, L. D., M. S. Geier, R. N. Butler, A. G. Cummins, and G. S. Howarth. 2011. Evidence supporting the use of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 51 (3):239–47. doi: 10.1080/10408390903551747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, G., Y. Yu, Y. Wang, and X. Wang. 2019. The significance of probiotics in preventing radiotherapy-induced diarrhea in patients with cervical cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Surgery (London, England) 65:61–9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.03.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redman, M., E. Ward, and R. Phillips. 2014. The efficacy and safety of probiotics in people with cancer: A systematic review. Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology 25 (10):1919–29. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riehl T E, Alvarado D, Ee X, Zuckerman A, Foster L, Kapoor V, Thotala D, Ciorba MA, Stenson WF. 2019. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG protects the intestinal epithelium from radiation injury through release of lipoteichoic acid, macrophage activation and the migration of mesenchymal stem cells. Gut. 68 (6):1003–13.
   Google Scholar
• Rong, J., H. Zheng, M. Liu, X. Hu, T. Wang, X. Zhang, F. Jin, and L. Wang. 2015. Probiotic and anti-inflammatory attributes of an isolate lactobacillus helveticus ns8 from Mongolian fermented koumiss. BMC Microbiology 15 (1):196. doi: 10.1186/s12866-015-0525-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarao, L. K., and M. Arora. 2017. Probiotics, prebiotics, and microencapsulation: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 57 (2):344–71. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2014.887055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scartoni, D., I. Desideri, I. Giacomelli, V. Di Cataldo, L. Di Brina, A. Mancuso, I. Furfaro, P. Bonomo, G. Simontacchi, and L. Livi. 2015. Nutritional supplement based on zinc, prebiotics, probiotics and vitamins to prevent radiation-related gastrointestinal disorders. Anticancer Research 35 (10):5687–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scully, C., S. Sonis, and P. Diz. 2006. Oral mucositis. Oral Diseases 12 (3):229–41. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01258.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Şenel, S. 2021. An overview of physical, microbiological and immune barriers of oral mucosa. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22 (15):7821. doi: 10.3390/ijms22157821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahbazi, R., F. Sharifzad, R. Bagheri, N. Alsadi, H. Yasavoli-Sharahi, and C. Matar. 2021. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of fermented plant foods. Nutrients 13 (5):1516. doi: 10.3390/nu13051516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang, L., D. Deng, J. K. Buskermolen, M. M. Janus, B. P. Krom, S. Roffel, T. Waaijman, C. Van Loveren, W. Crielaard, and S. Gibbs. 2018. Multi-species oral biofilm promotes reconstructed human gingiva epithelial barrier function. Scientific Reports 8 (1):16061. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34390-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shea, B. J., B. C. Reeves, G. Wells, M. Thuku, C. Hamel, J. Moran, D. Moher, P. Tugwell, V. Welch, and E. J. B. Kristjansson. 2017. Amstar 2: A critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. 358.
   Google Scholar
• Shu, Z., P. Li, B. Yu, S. Huang, and Y. Chen. 2020. The effectiveness of probiotics in prevention and treatment of cancer therapy-induced oral mucositis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncology 102:104559. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.104559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sime, W. T., H. Biazin, T. A. Zeleke, and Z. Desalegn. 2020. Urinary tract infection in cancer patients and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PloS One 15 (12):e0243474. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonis, S. T. 2002. The biologic role for nuclear factor-kappab in disease and its potential involvement in mucosal injury associated with anti-neoplastic therapy. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine: An Official Publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists 13 (5):380–9. doi: 10.1177/154411130201300502.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staudinger, T., and F. Pène. 2014. Current insights into severe sepsis in cancer patients. Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva 26 (4):335–8. doi: 10.5935/0103-507X.20140051.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein, A., W. Voigt, and K. Jordan. 2010. Chemotherapy-induced diarrhea: Pathophysiology, frequency and guideline-based management. Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology 2 (1):51–63. doi: 10.1177/1758834009355164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomsen, M., and L. Vitetta. 2018. Adjunctive treatments for the prevention of chemotherapy-and radiotherapy-induced mucositis. Integrative Cancer Therapies 17 (4):1027–47. doi: 10.1177/1534735418794885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thursky, K., S. Lingaratnam, J. Jayarajan, G. M. Haeusler, B. Teh, M. Tew, G. Venn, A. Hiong, C. Brown, V. Leung, et al. 2018. Implementation of a whole of hospital sepsis clinical pathway in a cancer hospital: Impact on sepsis management, outcomes and costs. BMJ Open Quality 7 (3):e000355. doi: 10.1136/bmjoq-2018-000355.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Meir, H., R. A. Nout, M. J. P. Welters, N. M. Loof, M. L. de Kam, J. J. van Ham, S. Samuels, G. G. Kenter, A. F. Cohen, C. J. M. Melief, et al. 2017. Impact of (chemo) radiotherapy on immune cell composition and function in cervical cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 6 (2):e1267095. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2016.1267095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veziant, J., M. Bonnet, B. V. Occean, C. Dziri, B. Pereira, and K. Slim. 2022. Probiotics/synbiotics to reduce infectious complications after colorectal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Nutrients 14 (15):3066. doi: 10.3390/nu14153066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanebo, H. J., A. S. Glicksman, M. P. Vezeridis, J. Clark, L. Tibbetts, R. J. Koness, and A. Levy. 2000. Preoperative chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical resection of locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill.: 1960) 135 (1):81–7; discussion 88. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.135.1.81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., N. Yao, K. Wei, L. Jiang, S. Hanif, Z. Wang, and C. Pei. 2016. The efficacy and safety of probiotics for prevention of chemoradiotherapy-induced diarrhea in people with abdominal and pelvic cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70 (11):1246–53. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardill, H. R., Y. Z. Van Sebille, M. A. Ciorba, and J. M. Bowen. 2018. Prophylactic probiotics for cancer therapy-induced diarrhoea: A meta-analysis. Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 12 (2):187–97. doi: 10.1097/SPC.0000000000000338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, X. D., W. Xu, M. M. Liu, K. J. Hu, Y. Y. Sun, X. F. Yang, G. Q. Zhu, Z. W. Wang, and W. Huang. 2018. Efficacy of prophylactic probiotics in combination with antibiotics versus antibiotics alone for colorectal surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Surgical Oncology 117 (7):1394–404. doi: 10.1002/jso.25038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, H., T. Chen, Y. Zuo, Y. Tu, H. Ai, Y. Lin, and Y. Chen. 2022. A systematic review and meta-analysis of acupuncture treatment for oral ulcer. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: ECAM 2022:6082179. doi: 10.1155/2022/6082179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang, D., XY. Meng, Y. Wang, J. Zhang, Y. Zhao, ZC. Zheng, and T. Zhang. 2022. Effects of probiotics on gastric cancer‐related inflammation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Food Biochemistry 46 (5):e14034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, J., Y. Ji, B. Liang, G. Zhang, D. Chen, M. Zhu, S. Wu, and W. Kuang. 2021. The effect of pro/synbiotics on postoperative infections in colorectal cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 43:101370. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar